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Naiki-Ito A, Yeewa R, Xiaochen K, Taychaworaditsakul W, Naiki T, Kato H, Nagayasu Y, Chewonarin T, Takahashi S. Hexane insoluble fraction from purple rice extract improves steatohepatitis and fibrosis via inhibition of NF-κB and JNK signaling. Food Funct 2024; 15:8562-8571. [PMID: 39072556 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo00292j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is fatty liver mainly related to metabolic syndrome. NAFLD with inflammation and hepatocellular damage is defined as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. We have previously reported that a hexane insoluble fraction from an anthocyanin-rich purple rice ethanolic extract (PRE-HIF) can suppress prostate carcinogenesis. However, the extract's effect on NASH has not yet been established. In the present study, we investigated the chemopreventive effect of a PRE-HIF on NASH and liver fibrosis using a connexin 32 (Cx32) dominant negative transgenic (Cx32ΔTg) rat NASH model. Seven-week-old male Cx32ΔTg rats were fed a control diet, a high-fat diet (HFD), or an HFD with 1% PRE-HIF and intraperitoneal administration of dimethylnitrosamine for 17 weeks. Histological findings of NASH such as fat deposition, lobular inflammation, hepatocyte ballooning injury, and bridging fibrosis were observed in the HFD group but not in the control group, and all histological parameters were significantly improved by PRE-HIF treatment. Corresponding to the histological changes, increased expression of inflammatory cytokine mRNAs (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-18, IFN-γ, IL-1β, TGF-β1, TIMP1, TIMP2, COL1A1), along with and activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling were observed in the HFD group, which was significantly decreased by PRE-HIF. The number and area of hepatic precancerous glutathione S-transferase placental form-positive foci tended to be decreased by PRE-HIF. These results indicate that intake of purple rice as a dietary supplement may reduce steatohepatitis, liver injury, and fibrosis in NASH by inactivation of NF-κB or JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Naiki-Ito
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku 467-8601, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Ranchana Yeewa
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku 467-8601, Nagoya, Japan.
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Intravaroros Rd., Sripoom, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Kuang Xiaochen
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku 467-8601, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Weerakit Taychaworaditsakul
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku 467-8601, Nagoya, Japan.
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Intravaroros Rd., Sripoom, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Taku Naiki
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku 467-8601, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku 467-8601, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Yuko Nagayasu
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku 467-8601, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Teera Chewonarin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Intravaroros Rd., Sripoom, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku 467-8601, Nagoya, Japan.
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Kasote D, Tiozon RN, Sartagoda KJD, Itagi H, Roy P, Kohli A, Regina A, Sreenivasulu N. Food Processing Technologies to Develop Functional Foods With Enriched Bioactive Phenolic Compounds in Cereals. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:771276. [PMID: 34917106 PMCID: PMC8670417 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.771276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Cereal grains and products provide calories globally. The health benefits of cereals attributed to their diverse phenolic constituents have not been systematically explored. Post-harvest processing, such as drying, storing, and milling cereals, can alter the phenolic concentration and influence the antioxidant activity. Furthermore, cooking has been shown to degrade thermo-labile compounds. This review covers several methods for retaining and enhancing the phenolic content of cereals to develop functional foods. These include using bioprocesses such as germination, enzymatic, and fermentation treatments designed to enhance the phenolics in cereals. In addition, physical processes like extrusion, nixtamalization, and parboiling are discussed to improve the bioavailability of phenolics. Recent technologies utilizing ultrasound, micro- or nano-capsule polymers, and infrared utilizing processes are also evaluated for their effectiveness in improving the phenolics content and bio-accessibility. We also present contemporary products made from pigmented cereals that contain phenolics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kasote
- Centre of Excellence in Rice Value Addition (CERVA), International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)—South Asia Regional Centre (ISARC), Varanasi, India
| | - Rhowell N. Tiozon
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | - Hameeda Itagi
- Centre of Excellence in Rice Value Addition (CERVA), International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)—South Asia Regional Centre (ISARC), Varanasi, India
| | - Priyabrata Roy
- Centre of Excellence in Rice Value Addition (CERVA), International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)—South Asia Regional Centre (ISARC), Varanasi, India
| | - Ajay Kohli
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Ahmed Regina
- Centre of Excellence in Rice Value Addition (CERVA), International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)—South Asia Regional Centre (ISARC), Varanasi, India
| | - Nese Sreenivasulu
- Centre of Excellence in Rice Value Addition (CERVA), International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)—South Asia Regional Centre (ISARC), Varanasi, India
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines
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The chemopreventive effect of thymol against dimethylhydrazine and/or high fat diet-induced colon cancer in rats: Relevance to NF-κB. Life Sci 2021; 274:119335. [PMID: 33713663 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM Evaluating the possible protective effect of thymol as an approach against 1,2 N,N-dimethylhydrazine and/or high-fat diet (HFD)-induced colon cancer. MAIN METHODS Adult male Wistar rats were divided into 7 groups, namely a normal control group, colon cancer groups received DMH (40 mg/kg i.p., twice weekly), 20% HFD and DMH/HFD, thymol (20 mg/kg/day, p.o.), thymol/DMH and thymol/DMH/HFD (treatment of all groups continued for 16 weeks). KEY FINDINGS Thymol significantly reduced the elevated serum levels of colon related tumor markers carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as well as the apoptotic marker, caspase-3 compared with the colon cancer group. In addition, it mitigated colonic tissue oxidative stress markers and inflammatory mediators. Moreover, the histopathological study revealed reduction of mucous secretion with elongated nuclei, frequent mitotic figures, focal nuclear stratification, mild interstitial edema, and markedly dilated congested blood vessels, aberrant crypt foci (ACF); adenoma with moderate to severe dysplasia of colon corrected by thymol treatment. SIGNIFICANCE The administration of thymol had a promising preclinical protective efficacy and could be considered as a new strategy for the prophylaxis from colon cancer in clinical practices.
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Yeewa R, Sakuludomkan W, Kiriya C, Khanaree C, Chewonarin T. Attenuation of benign prostatic hyperplasia by hydrophilic active compounds from pigmented rice in a testosterone implanted rat model. Food Funct 2020; 11:1585-1598. [PMID: 32003376 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02820j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common chronic disease in aging men. The present study aimed to identify the active fraction of a purple rice extract and determine its anti-prostatic hyperplasia effect in a testosterone implanted rat model. The hexane insoluble fraction (HIF) which mainly contains hydrophilic phytochemicals from the purple rice crude ethanolic extract was defined as the active fraction, due to a potent effect on the downregulation of androgen receptor (AR) expression in malignant prostate cells, in addition to low toxicity for normal fibroblast cells. To induce BPH, subcutaneous implanting of a testosterone containing tube was performed in the castrated rats. Oral administration of HIF of at least 0.1 g kg-1 retarded prostate enlargement and improved histological changes induced by testosterone, without any effects on the serum testosterone levels. A lower proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) labelling index and the downregulated expression of AR, cyclinD1, and fatty acid synthase were clearly observed in the prostates of HIF-fed rats. Additionally, the mRNA levels of inflammation-related cytokines and enzymes in the prostate tissues significantly decreased after HIF treatment. Taken together, these findings demonstrate molecular mechanisms underlying the potential protective effects of the purple rice active fraction against testosterone-induced BPH in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranchana Yeewa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Intravaroros Road, Sripoom, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Wannachai Sakuludomkan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Intravaroros Road, Sripoom, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Chanarat Kiriya
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Intravaroros Road, Sripoom, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand. and Research Administration Section, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Intravaroros Road, Sripoom, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Chakkrit Khanaree
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Intravaroros Road, Sripoom, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand. and The School of Traditional and Alternative Medicine, Chiang Rai Rajabhat University, 80 Phaholyothin Road, Ban Du, Muang, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Teera Chewonarin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Intravaroros Road, Sripoom, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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Hexane Insoluble Fraction from Purple Rice Extract Retards Carcinogenesis and Castration-Resistant Cancer Growth of Prostate Through Suppression of Androgen Receptor Mediated Cell Proliferation and Metabolism. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020558. [PMID: 32093357 PMCID: PMC7071398 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer and castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remain major health challenges in men. In this study, the inhibitory effects of a hexane insoluble fraction from a purple rice ethanolic extract (PRE-HIF) on prostate carcinogenesis and CRPC were investigated both in vivo and in vitro. In the Transgenic Rat for Adenocarcinoma of Prostate (TRAP) model, 1% PRE-HIF mixed diet-fed rats showed a significantly higher percentage of low-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and obvious reduction in the incidence of adenocarcinoma in the lateral lobes of the prostate. Additionally, 1% PRE-HIF supplied diet significantly suppressed the tumor growth in a rat CRPC xenograft model of PCai1 cells. In LNCaP and PCai1 cells, PRE-HIF treatment suppressed cell proliferation and induced G0/G1 cell-cycle arrest. Furthermore, androgen receptor (AR), cyclin D1, cdk4, and fatty acid synthase expression were down-regulated while attenuation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and AMP-activated protein kinase α activation occurred in PRE-HIF treated prostate cancer cells, rat prostate tissues, and CRPC tumors. Due to consistent results with PRE-HIF in PCai1 cells, cyanidin-3-glucoside was characterized as the active compound. Altogether, we surmise that PRE-HIF blocks the development of prostate cancer and CRPC through the inhibition of cell proliferation and metabolic pathways.
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Kiriya C, Yeewa R, Khanaree C, Chewonarin T. Purple rice extract inhibits testosterone-induced rat prostatic hyperplasia and growth of human prostate cancer cell line by reduction of androgen receptor activation. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e12987. [PMID: 31489669 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The preventive effects of purple rice crude ethanolic extract (PRE) were firstly investigated on testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in castrated rats. As compared to vehicle-treated rats, lower prostate weights were found in the BPH rats that received PRE 1 g/kg bw. In addition, the PRE treatment down-regulated the androgen receptor (AR) expression in the dorsolateral prostate of those rats. In human prostate cancer cell line, LNCaP, PRE could reduce the cell growth, down-regulate the expression of AR and suppress prostate-specific antigen (PSA) secretion. Moreover, PRE also inhibited an activity of 5α-reductase from rat liver microsomes and the mutagenicity of Salmonella Typhimurium induced by standard mutagen. These results demonstrate that PRE altered testosterone-induced BPH in rats and retarded prostate cancer cell growth by modulating AR expression. It is therefore recommended that further investigation is undertaken into the chemopreventive potential of PRE in androgen-AR mediated diseases. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This study revealed the mechanisms of purple rice extract on testosterone-induced rat benign prostatic hyperplasia. Such information, purple rice components show promise as an effective chemopreventive agent for prostatic hyperplasia prevention by alternating the influence of testosterone through its receptor. Thus, purple rice might be developed as food supplement for reduction of prostatic hyperplasia or cancer in elder men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanarat Kiriya
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiangmai, Thailand.,Faculty of Medicine, Research Administration Section, Chiang Mai University, Chiangmai, Thailand
| | - Ranchana Yeewa
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiangmai, Thailand
| | - Chakkrit Khanaree
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiangmai, Thailand.,The School of Traditional and Alternative Medicine, Chiangrai Rajabhat University, Chiangmai, Thailand
| | - Teera Chewonarin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiangmai, Thailand
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Rao S, Chinkwo K, Santhakumar A, Johnson S, Blanchard C. Apoptosis Induction Pathway in Human Colorectal Cancer Cell Line SW480 Exposed to Cereal Phenolic Extracts. Molecules 2019; 24:E2465. [PMID: 31277499 PMCID: PMC6651285 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cereal phenolic extracts have previously been investigated for their potential anticancer properties; however, the exact mechanisms involved in the inhibition of tumour growth are unclear. One possible mechanism is the induction of apoptosis which is characterised by cell shrinkage, protein fragmentation, and DNA degradation followed by rapid engulfment of cell debris by macrophages. This study examines the ability of phenolic extracts from four cereals: rice, barley, oats and sorghum to induce apoptosis on colorectal cancer cells SW480. Wholegrain extracts from pigmented varieties of red rice, purple rice, black sorghum, and brown sorghum showed a significant reduction in cancer cell proliferation. Morphological observation using APOPercentage™ dye indicated positive for apoptosis. Further analyses of Yunlu29 (rice), Shawaya Short Black 1 and IS1136 (sorghum) showed expression of p53 and confirmed activation of multiple caspases, specifically for caspase 3 and 7. Purple rice, on the other hand, did not upregulate caspase 3 and 7, hence, suggestive of cell cycle arrest. Therefore, phenolic compounds present in cereals such as pigmented rice and sorghum may suppress cancer cell proliferation through the activation of the apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwangni Rao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Australian Research Council (ARC) Industrial Transformation Training Centre (ITTC) for Functional Grains, Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Kenneth Chinkwo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Australian Research Council (ARC) Industrial Transformation Training Centre (ITTC) for Functional Grains, Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia.
| | - Abishek Santhakumar
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Australian Research Council (ARC) Industrial Transformation Training Centre (ITTC) for Functional Grains, Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Stuart Johnson
- Agriculture and Food Discipline, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Christopher Blanchard
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Australian Research Council (ARC) Industrial Transformation Training Centre (ITTC) for Functional Grains, Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
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Rao S, Santhakumar AB, Chinkwo KA, Vanniasinkam T, Luo J, Blanchard CL. Chemopreventive Potential of Cereal Polyphenols. Nutr Cancer 2018; 70:913-927. [PMID: 30273076 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2018.1491609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It has been identified that diet is one of the major contributing factors associated with the development of cancer and other chronic pathologies. In the recent years, supplementing regular diet with food and/or its components that contain chemopreventive properties has been considered an effective approach in reducing the incidence of cancer and other lifestyle associated diseases. This systematic review provides an exhaustive summary of the chemopreventive properties exhibited by everyday dietary ingredients such as rice, barley, oats, and sorghum. The studies both in vitro and in vivo reviewed have highlighted the potential role of their polyphenolic content as chemopreventive agents. Polyphenolic compounds including anthocyanins, tricin, protocatechualdehyde, avenanthramide, and 3-deoxyanthocyanins found in rice, barley, oats, and sorghum, respectively, were identified as compounds with potent bioactivity. Studies demonstrated that cereal polyphenols are likely to have chemopreventive activities, particularly those found in pigmented varieties. In conclusion, findings suggest that the consumption of pigmented cereals could potentially have an important role as a natural complementary cancer preventive therapeutic. However, further studies to develop a complete understanding of the mechanisms by which phenolic compounds inhibit cancerous cell proliferation are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwangni Rao
- a School of Biomedical Sciences , Charles Sturt University , Wagga Wagga , New South Wales , Australia.,b Australian Research Council (ARC) Industrial Transformation Training Centre (ITTC) for Functional Grains, Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University , Wagga Wagga , New South Wales , Australia
| | - Abishek B Santhakumar
- a School of Biomedical Sciences , Charles Sturt University , Wagga Wagga , New South Wales , Australia.,b Australian Research Council (ARC) Industrial Transformation Training Centre (ITTC) for Functional Grains, Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University , Wagga Wagga , New South Wales , Australia
| | - Kenneth A Chinkwo
- a School of Biomedical Sciences , Charles Sturt University , Wagga Wagga , New South Wales , Australia.,b Australian Research Council (ARC) Industrial Transformation Training Centre (ITTC) for Functional Grains, Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University , Wagga Wagga , New South Wales , Australia
| | - Thiru Vanniasinkam
- a School of Biomedical Sciences , Charles Sturt University , Wagga Wagga , New South Wales , Australia
| | - Jixun Luo
- c New South Wales Department of Primary Industries , Yanco Agricultural Institute , Yanco , New South Wales , Australia
| | - Christopher L Blanchard
- a School of Biomedical Sciences , Charles Sturt University , Wagga Wagga , New South Wales , Australia.,b Australian Research Council (ARC) Industrial Transformation Training Centre (ITTC) for Functional Grains, Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University , Wagga Wagga , New South Wales , Australia
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Kang HW, Lim WC, Lee JK, Ho JN, Lim EJ, Cho HY. Germinated Waxy Black Rice Ameliorates Hyperglycemia and Dyslipidemia in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 40:1846-1855. [PMID: 29093331 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the anti-diabetic effect of germinated waxy black rice (GWBR) using streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. In the diabetic rats, GWBR supplementation for 8 weeks reduced plasma blood glucose concentrations, improved glucose clearance and prevented diabetes-induced weight loss. Rats with STZ-induced diabetes who received GWBR supplementation exhibited decreased expression of sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) and glucose transporter (GLUT) 2 genes and proteins in the small intestine via decreases in hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-1α, HNF-1β, and HNF-4α, transcriptional factors that are involved in the regulation of SGLT1 and GLUT2, compared with the rats with STZ-induced diabetes that did not receive GWBR supplements. GWBR supplementation also enhanced the expression of GLUT4 and the genes and proteins involved in GLUT4 translocation, such as insulin receptor (IR) and insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), and increased the phosphorylation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (PKB, Akt) proteins in skeletal muscle. GWBR further increased glycogen synthase (GS) 1 by decreasing glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β in skeletal muscle. Interestingly, GWBR recovered STZ-impaired pancreatic β-cells, resulting in increased insulin synthesis and secretion. In addition, GWBR reduced serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, aspartate transferase and alanine transferase concentrations and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. Taken together, these findings suggest that GWBR could be a candidate for improving the diabetic condition by regulating glucose uptake in the intestine and muscle and regulating the secretion of insulin from the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Won Kang
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
| | - Won-Chul Lim
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cheil General Hospital & Women's Healthcare Center, Dankook University, College of Medicine
| | - Jin-Kyu Lee
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University
| | - Jin-Nyoung Ho
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital
| | - Eun-Jeong Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang Women's University
| | - Hong-Yon Cho
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University
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Tao J, Li Y, Li S, Li HB. Plant foods for the prevention and management of colon cancer. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Phannasorn W, Khanaree C, Wongnoppavich A, Chewonarin T. The effect of purple rice (Oryza sativa L. indica) extract on the inflammatory response in a colon cancer cell line and dextran sulfate-induced tumor promotion in the rat colon. Mol Cell Toxicol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-017-0047-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Punvittayagul C, Sankam P, Taya S, Wongpoomchai R. Anticlastogenicity and Anticarcinogenicity of Purple Rice Extract in Rats. Nutr Cancer 2016; 68:646-53. [PMID: 27115481 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2016.1158289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Oryza sativa L. var. indica cv. Kum Doi Saket is a pigmented rice variety grown in northern Thailand. Our previous study found that the methanol extract of purple rice seed had the highest level of antimutagenicity in a Salmonella mutation assay. The present study was designed to evaluate its in vivo anticlastogenic and anticarcinogenic potentials. The purple rice extract had no acute toxicity on rats. The oral administration of 1,000 mg/kg body weight (bw) of the extract for 28 days did not increase the number of micronucleated hepatocytes. Interestingly, it significantly reduced the amount of micronucleus formation in the liver of diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-treated rats. The inhibitory mechanism involved the induction of hepatic glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity. In addition, oral administration of 500 mg/kg bw extract for 10 weeks significantly decreased the number of hepatic GST placental form positive foci, but did not modulate the number of colonic aberrant crypt foci in DEN- and dimethylhydrazine-initiated rats. In conclusion, the methanol extract of purple rice seed showed no toxicity, clastogenicity, or carcinogenicity in laboratory rats. It did display chemopreventive activity against the early stages of rat hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charatda Punvittayagul
- a Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Paweena Sankam
- a Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand.,b Wanghin Wittayakom School , The Secondary Education Service Area Office 42, Uthai Thani , Thailand
| | - Sirinya Taya
- a Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Rawiwan Wongpoomchai
- a Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
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Chamberland JP, Moon HS. Down-regulation of malignant potential by alpha linolenic acid in human and mouse colon cancer cells. Fam Cancer 2015; 14:25-30. [PMID: 25336096 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-014-9762-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids (also called ω-3 fatty acis or n-3 fatty acid) are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with a double bond (C=C) at the third carbon atom from the end of the carbon chain. Numerous test tube and animal studies have shown that omega-3 fatty acids may prevent or inhibit the growth of cancers, suggesting that omega-3 fatty acids are important in cancer physiology. Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is one of an essential omega-3 fatty acid and organic compound found in seeds (chia and flaxseed), nuts (notably walnuts), and many common vegetable oils. ALA has also been shown to down-regulate cell proliferation of prostate, breast, and bladder cancer cells. However, direct evidence that ALA suppresses to the development of colon cancer has not been studied. Also, no previous studies have evaluated whether ALA may regulate malignant potential (adhesion, invasion and colony formation) in colon cancer cells. In order to address the questions above, we conducted in vitro studies and evaluated whether ALA may down-regulate malignant potential in human (HT29 and HCT116) and mouse (MCA38) colon cancer cell lines. We observed that treatment with 1-5 mM of ALA inhibits cell proliferation, adhesion and invasion in both human and mouse colon cancer cell lines. Interestingly, we observed that ALA did not decrease total colony numbers when compared to control. By contrast, we found that size of colony was significantly changed by ALA treatment when compared to control in all colon cancer cell lines. We suggest that our data enhance our current knowledge of ALA's mechanism and provide crucial information to further the development of new therapies for the management or chemoprevention of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Chamberland
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
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