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Xiao M, Lai D, Yu Y, Wu Q, Zhang C. Pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension caused by left heart disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1079142. [PMID: 36937903 PMCID: PMC10020203 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1079142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension has high disability and mortality rates. Among them, pulmonary hypertension caused by left heart disease (PH-LHD) is the most common type. According to the 2022 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension, PH-LHD is classified as group 2 pulmonary hypertension. PH-LHD belongs to postcapillary pulmonary hypertension, which is distinguished from other types of pulmonary hypertension because of its elevated pulmonary artery wedge pressure. PH-LHD includes PH due to systolic or diastolic left ventricular dysfunction, mitral or aortic valve disease and congenital left heart disease. The primary strategy in managing PH-LHD is optimizing treatment of the underlying cardiac disease. Recent clinical studies have found that mechanical unloading of left ventricle by an implantable non-pulsatile left ventricular assist device with continuous flow properties can reverse pulmonary hypertension in patients with heart failure. However, the specific therapies for PH in LHD have not yet been identified. Treatments that specifically target PH in LHD could slow its progression and potentially improve disease severity, leading to far better clinical outcomes. Therefore, exploring the current research on the pathogenesis of PH-LHD is important. This paper summarizes and classifies the research articles on the pathogenesis of PH-LHD to provide references for the mechanism research and clinical treatment of PH-LHD, particularly molecular targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Disheng Lai
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yumin Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingqing Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Caojin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Caojin Zhang,
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Jarabicová I, Horváth C, Veľasová E, Bies Piváčková L, Vetešková J, Klimas J, Křenek P, Adameová A. Analysis of necroptosis and its association with pyroptosis in organ damage in experimental pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:2633-2645. [PMID: 35393789 PMCID: PMC9077306 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a role of cell loss due to necroptosis and its linkage with pyroptosis in organ damage under the conditions of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) was examined. Monocrotaline (MCT) was used to induce PAH in Wistar rats, and depending on the severity of the disease progression, they were further divided into two subgroups: MCT group-sacrificed 4 weeks after MCT administration and ptMCT group-prematurely sacrificed due to rapid deterioration in vital functions (on Day 24,11 ± 0,7). The elevation of respiratory rate and right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy were more evident in ptMCT group, while the heart rate and cardiac haemodynamic stress markers were comparably higher in both diseased groups. Detailed immunoblotting analysis revealed that the upregulation of pThr231 /Ser232 -RIP3 proceeded into necroptosis execution in the RVs, unlike in the lungs of both PAH stages. The elevated pulmonary pThr231 /Ser232 -RIP3 levels in both PAH subgroups were associated rather with GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis. On the contrary, other inflammasome forms, such as AIM2 and NLRC4, were higher in the RV, unlike in the lungs, of diseased groups. The PAH-induced increase in the plasma RIP3 levels was more pronounced in ptMCT group, and positively correlated with RV hypertrophy, but not with haemodynamic stress. Taken together, we indicated for the first time that pThr231 /Ser232 -RIP3 upregulation resulting in two different necrosis-like cell death modes might underlie the pathomechanisms of PAH and that the plasma RIP3 might serve as an additional diagnostic and prognostic marker of cardiac injury under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Jarabicová
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Csaba Horváth
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Veľasová
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Bies Piváčková
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Vetešková
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ján Klimas
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Křenek
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Adriana Adameová
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Nestin-Expressing Cells in the Lung: The Bad and the Good Parts. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123413. [PMID: 34943921 PMCID: PMC8700449 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nestin is a member of the intermediate filament family, which is expressed in a variety of stem or progenitor cells as well as in several types of malignancies. Nestin might be involved in tissue homeostasis or repair, but its expression has also been associated with processes that lead to a poor prognosis in various types of cancer. In this article, we review the literature related to the effect of nestin expression in the lung. According to most of the reports in the literature, nestin expression in lung cancer leads to an aggressive phenotype and resistance to chemotherapy as well as radiation treatments due to the upregulation of phenomena such as cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Furthermore, nestin may be involved in the pathogenesis of some non-cancer-related lung diseases. On the other hand, evidence also indicates that nestin-positive cells may have a role in lung homeostasis and be capable of generating various types of lung tissues. More research is necessary to establish the true value of nestin expression as a prognostic factor and therapeutic target in lung cancer in addition to its usefulness in therapeutic approaches for pulmonary diseases.
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Kmecova Z, Veteskova J, Lelkova-Zirova K, Bies Pivackova L, Doka G, Malikova E, Paulis L, Krenek P, Klimas J. Disease severity-related alterations of cardiac microRNAs in experimental pulmonary hypertension. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:6943-6951. [PMID: 32395887 PMCID: PMC7299706 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Right ventricular (RV) failure is the primary cause of death in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). We hypothesized that heart‐relevant microRNAs, that is myomiRs (miR‐1, miR‐133a, miR‐208, miR‐499) and miR‐214, can have a role in the right ventricle in the development of PAH. To mimic PAH, male Wistar rats were injected with monocrotaline (MCT, 60 mg/kg, s.c.); control group received vehicle. MCT rats were divided into two groups, based on the clinical presentation: MCT group terminated 4 weeks after MCT administration and prematurely terminated group (ptMCT) displaying signs of terminal disease. Myocardial damage genes and candidate microRNAs expressions were determined by RT‐qPCR. Reduced blood oxygen saturation, breathing disturbances, RV enlargement as well as elevated levels of markers of myocardial damage confirmed PH in MCT animals and were more pronounced in ptMCT. MyomiRs (miR‐1/miR‐133a/miR‐208a/miR‐499) were decreased and the expression of miR‐214 was increased only in ptMCT group (P < 0.05). The myomiRs negatively correlated with Fulton index as a measure of RV hypertrophy in MCT group (P < 0.05), whereas miR‐214 showed a positive correlation (P < 0.05). We conclude that the expression of determined microRNAs mirrored the disease severity and targeting their pathways might represent potential future therapeutic approach in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Kmecova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Veteskova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Lelkova-Zirova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Bies Pivackova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Gabriel Doka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Malikova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ludovit Paulis
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Krenek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jan Klimas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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