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Ouyang J, Zaongo SD, Zhang X, Qi M, Hu A, Wu H, Chen Y. Microbiota-Meditated Immunity Abnormalities Facilitate Hepatitis B Virus Co-Infection in People Living With HIV: A Review. Front Immunol 2022; 12:755890. [PMID: 35069530 PMCID: PMC8770824 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.755890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection is fairly common in people living with HIV (PLWH) and affects millions of people worldwide. Identical transmission routes and HIV-induced immune suppression have been assumed to be the main factors contributing to this phenomenon. Moreover, convergent evidence has shown that people co-infected with HIV and HBV are more likely to have long-term serious medical problems, suffer more from liver-related diseases, and have higher mortality rates, compared to individuals infected exclusively by either HIV or HBV. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the comorbid infection of HIV and HBV have not been fully elucidated. In recent times, the human gastrointestinal microbiome is progressively being recognized as playing a pivotal role in modulating immune function, and is likely to also contribute significantly to critical processes involving systemic inflammation. Both antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve HIV-infected subjects and ART-treated individuals are now known to be characterized by having gut microbiomic dysbiosis, which is associated with a damaged intestinal barrier, impaired mucosal immunological functioning, increased microbial translocation, and long-term immune activation. Altered microbiota-related products in PLWH, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), have been associated with the development of leaky gut syndrome, favoring microbial translocation, which in turn has been associated with a chronically activated underlying host immune response and hence the facilitated pathogenesis of HBV infection. Herein, we critically review the interplay among gut microbiota, immunity, and HIV and HBV infection, thus laying down the groundwork with respect to the future development of effective strategies to efficiently restore normally diversified gut microbiota in PLWH with a dysregulated gut microbiome, and thus potentially reduce the prevalence of HBV infection in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ouyang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Silvere D Zaongo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Miaomiao Qi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Aizhen Hu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaokai Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
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Alegre F, Martí-Rodrigo A, Polo M, Ortiz-Masiá D, Bañuls C, Pinti M, Álvarez Á, Apostolova N, Esplugues JV, Blas-García A. Macrophages Modulate Hepatic Injury Involving NLRP3 Inflammasome: The Example of Efavirenz. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10010109. [PMID: 35052789 PMCID: PMC8772956 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) constitutes a clinical challenge due to the incomplete characterization of the mechanisms involved and potential risk factors. Efavirenz, an anti-HIV drug, induces deleterious actions in hepatocytes that could underlie induction of the NLRP3 inflammasome, an important regulator of inflammatory responses during liver injury. We assessed the potential of efavirenz to modulate the inflammatory and fibrogenic responses of major liver cell types involved in DILI. The effects of efavirenz were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Efavirenz triggered inflammation in hepatocytes, in a process that involved NF-κB and the NLRP3 inflammasome, and activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), thereby enhancing expression of inflammatory and fibrogenic markers. The NLRP3 inflammasome was not altered in efavirenz-treated macrophages, but these cells polarized towards the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype and displayed upregulated anti-inflammatory mediators. Conversely, no evidence of damage was observed in efavirenz-treated animals, except when macrophages were depleted, which resulted in the in vivo manifestation of the deleterious effects detected in hepatocytes and HSCs. Efavirenz elicits a cell-specific activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in hepatocytes and HSCs, but macrophages appear to counteract efavirenz-induced liver injury. Our results highlight the dynamic nature of the interaction among liver cell populations and emphasize the potential of targeting macrophage polarization as a strategy to treat NLRP3 inflammasome-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Alegre
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Servicio de Endocrinología, FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain
| | - Alberto Martí-Rodrigo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Miriam Polo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Servicio de Endocrinología, FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain
| | - Dolores Ortiz-Masiá
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Celia Bañuls
- Servicio de Endocrinología, FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Ángeles Álvarez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Nadezda Apostolova
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Servicio de Endocrinología, FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan V Esplugues
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Servicio de Endocrinología, FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Blas-García
- Servicio de Endocrinología, FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Mitochondrial stress response in drug-induced liver injury. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:6949-6958. [PMID: 34432218 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06674-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) caused by the ingestion of medications, herbs, chemicals or dietary supplements, is a clinically widespread health problem. The underlying mechanism of DILI is the formation of reactive metabolites, which trigger mitochondrial oxidative stress and the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pores through direct toxicity or immune response, leading to cell inflammation, apoptosis, and necrosis. Traditionally, mitochondria play an indispensable role in maintaining the physiological and biochemical functions of cells by producing ATP and mediating intracellular signal transduction; drugs can typically stimulate the mitochondria and, in the case of sustained stress, can eventually cause impairment of mitochondrial function and metabolic activity. Meanwhile, the mitochondrial stress response, as an adaptive protective mechanism, occurs when mitochondrial homeostasis is threatened. In this review, we summarize the relevant frontier researches of the protective effects of mitochondrial stress response in DILI as well as the potential related mechanisms, thus providing some thoughts for the clinical treatment of DILI.
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