1
|
Chen H, Wang Y, Zhang M, Wang N, Hao X, Xue Z, Fang K, Liu Y. Translation and psychometric validation of the Chinese version of the meaningful and enjoyable activities scale for mild dementia. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1148838. [PMID: 36993922 PMCID: PMC10040571 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1148838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
ObjectivesTo translate 20-item Meaningful and Enjoyable Activities Scale into Chinese and evaluate its psychometric properties amongst Chinese with mild dementia.MethodsA cross-sectional study of 450 people with mild dementia recruited from a memory disorders clinic was conducted with the C-MEAS. Raw data were randomly divided into two parts for exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, to evaluate the construct validity. Content validity and reliability were tested by content validity index and Cronbach’s α coefficients, respectively.ResultsAdaptation results showed that the Chinese version of the scale is adequate for linguistic and content validation. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a significantly good fit for a three-factor model. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.84 for the overall scale.ConclusionThe C-MEAS for people with mild dementia is a reliable and valid instrument with satisfactory psychometric properties. Future studies should recruit a more representative sample of people with mild dementia in China to verify the applicability of the scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Nursing, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Minyi Zhang
- Department of Nursing, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xixi Hao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhihan Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kui Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Kui Fang,
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Yan Liu,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tierney L, MacAndrew M, Doherty K, Fielding E, Beattie E. Characteristics and value of 'meaningful activity' for people living with dementia in residential aged care facilities: "You're still part of the world, not just existing". DEMENTIA 2023; 22:305-327. [PMID: 36473712 DOI: 10.1177/14713012221144488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Most residential aged care facilities support residents to participate in activities and the importance of activities that are suited to individual preferences and abilities is widely acknowledged. Participating in activities, including those considered to be 'meaningful' has the potential to improve residents' quality of life. However, what makes activities meaningful for people living with dementia in residential aged care facilities is unclear. The aim of this study was to understand the key characteristics of 'meaningful activity' in residential aged care facilities and the perceived value of residents participating in these activities. Using a qualitative study design, this study explored 'meaningful activities' from the perspectives of people living with dementia in residential aged care facilities, their family members and staff. Across four residential aged care facilities, residents (n = 19) and family members (n = 17) participated in individual interviews while staff (n = 15) participated in focus group interviews. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed using a qualitative content analysis approach. Participant responses suggest that the meaning of an activity is subjective, varying over time and between individuals. Key characteristics of an activity that makes it meaningful include being enjoyable, social and engaging, aligning with the persons' interests, preferences, and abilities. To be considered meaningful, activities need to do more than occupy the person. The activity needs to be linked to a personally relevant goal and an aspect of the individuals' identity. Participating in 'meaningful activities' was perceived as valuable to encourage participation and socialising, provide a sense of normality for residents and improve their wellbeing. The findings of this study further our understanding of the concept of 'meaningful activity' for people living with dementia in residential aged care facilities. Understanding the key attributes of 'meaningful activity' can also provide practical guidance for those supporting people with dementia to participate in these types of activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tierney
- Faculty of Health, School of Nursing, 1969Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Margaret MacAndrew
- Faculty of Health, School of Nursing, 1969Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kathleen Doherty
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, 3925University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Elaine Fielding
- Faculty of Health, School of Nursing, 1969Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Beattie
- Faculty of Health, School of Nursing, 1969Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Finnanger-Garshol B, Pedersen I, Patil G, Eriksen S, Ellingsen-Dalskau LH. Emotional well-being in people with dementia - A comparative study of farm-based and regular day care services in Norway. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2022; 30:e1734-e1745. [PMID: 34622521 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.13601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There is a focus on how to provide care for the increasing number of people with dementia, and day care services have been highlighted as an important service. The present study aims to provide an in-depth comparison of the emotional well-being of participants at farm-based and regular day care services related to different aspects of the care environments. We used the Maastricht Electronic Daily Life Observation-tool to observe and register aspects of the care environment at the services. Observations took place at ten farm-based day care services, with 42 participants, and seven regular day care centres, with 46 participants. Observed mood was considered an indicator for the emotional well-being of the participants and used as the primary outcome. The analyses showed a general positive mood for all participants, regardless of type of day care service. The unadjusted analyses showed more emotional well-being for the participants at farm-based day care across a range of factors compared to regular day care. The linear mixed model found that regardless of service type the activities (1) exercise and dancing, and (2) quiz, music and spiritual activities were associated with emotional well-being. In addition, social interaction, either with one person or two or more people, were also associated with emotional well-being regardless of service type. The mixed model further demonstrated an association between attending farm-based day care services and positive mood compared to regular day care services. Based on the findings social interaction and social activities seem important to emotional well-being. This highlights the social aspect of the day care services and future research should investigate how one can facilitate good social interactions at day care services. The positive association between farm-based day care services and emotional well-being may potentially reflect a positive influence of the farm setting and the farm service providers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ingeborg Pedersen
- Department of Public Health Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Grete Patil
- Department of Public Health Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Siren Eriksen
- National Advisory Unit for Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tan DGH, Boo BMB, Chong CS, Tan MMLL, Wong BS. Effectiveness of home-based, non-exercise interventions for dementia: A systematic review. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:846271. [PMID: 36034133 PMCID: PMC9403464 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.846271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dementia is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by cognitive decline and increased functional dependency. With most persons living with dementia (PLWDs) residing at home, home-based interventions provide a convenient and individualized alternative for person-centered care. Most of the evidence focused on specific interventions or exercise-based activities; there remains a gap in understanding the impacts of a broader range of non-exercise interventions on PLWDs and their caregivers. This review aimed to understand the impacts of home-based, non-exercise interventions on the behavioral, functional, cognitive, and mood outcomes of PLWDs, and their caregiver's quality of life (QoL), burden and mood. Methods Search for studies published up to June 2020 was conducted on CINAHL, PsycArticles, PubMed, SAGE Journals, Science Direct, and Web of Science. A search was also done manually based on the bibliographies of selected articles. The inclusion criteria for the systematic review were: (i) participants with a medical diagnosis of dementia, (ii) participants who resided at own home, (iii) intervention in the home setting, (iv) investigate interventions other than physical exercise, (v) randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-experimental studies, and (vi) full-text study published in English and in a peer-reviewed journal. Results and discussion Eighteen studies consisting of 14 RCTs and 4 quasi-experimental studies were included. Interventions included were occupational therapy, cognitive rehabilitation, tailored activity program, cognitive stimulation therapy, personalized reminiscence, music therapy, reality orientation, biobehavioral and multicomponent interventions. Results were mixed, but important intervention features were highlighted. Personalized activities for PLWDs that are aligned to their interest and ability appeared to contribute to intervention effectiveness especially in reducing behavioral symptoms and improving functional status. Involvement of caregivers in interventions is another feature of effective interventions for both the PLWDs and the caregivers' QoL, provided it is not deemed demanding or challenging to the caregivers. The inclusion of caregiver's education was effective in reducing caregivers' burden, particularly when the interventions improved the PLWD's functional status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davynn Gim Hoon Tan
- Health and Social Sciences, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Cheyenne Shuen Chong
- Health and Social Sciences, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Boon-Seng Wong
- Health and Social Sciences, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Amor Gaviola M, Searles A, Dilworth S, Higgins I, Holliday E, Jill Inder K. Estimating the cost of an individualised music intervention for aged care residents with dementia. Nurs Older People 2022; 34:13-19. [PMID: 35673896 DOI: 10.7748/nop.2022.e1397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individualised music listening has been shown to reduce agitation and improve mood in people with dementia. However, there is a paucity of research describing the cost of implementing such interventions in residential care settings for older people. AIM To determine the cost of implementing an individualised music intervention for older people with dementia in residential aged care in Australia. METHOD A simple cost analysis was undertaken to determine the cost of delivering the individualised music intervention to 32 older people with dementia at two residential aged care facilities in New South Wales. The analysis took into consideration the operating, training and delivery costs, as well as the costs of purchasing the music equipment and downloads. RESULTS The cost of delivering the individualised music intervention was found to be AU$6,623.76 per year - or AU$3.98 per resident per week, at 2017 values. At 2022 values, this equates to an annual cost of AU$7,130.07 (£4,031.85) for 32 residents and a weekly cost of AU$4.28 (£2.42) per resident per week. CONCLUSION The cost of implementing the individualised music intervention was relatively low compared with the overall cost of residential aged care for older people with dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minah Amor Gaviola
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Andrew Searles
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Sophie Dilworth
- College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Wallsend, Australia
| | - Isabel Higgins
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | | | - Kerry Jill Inder
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fischl C, Blusi M, Lindgren H, Nilsson I. Tailoring to support digital technology-mediated occupational engagement for older adults - a multiple case study. Scand J Occup Ther 2020; 27:577-590. [PMID: 32396419 DOI: 10.1080/11038128.2020.1760347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: With the evolution of contemporary occupations mediated by digital technologies (DTs), there is a need for occupational therapists to develop and structure knowledge on how to support older adults' engagement in occupations and social participation in a digitalised society.Objective: The objective of this study is to explore how tailoring to support older adults' engagement in DT-mediated occupations could be schematised.Material and methods: The study employed a multiple case study methodology. There were nine cases, with each case involving an older adult undergoing a collaborative process to support engagement in DT-mediated occupations. The collaborative process was initiated through questionnaires, observations, and dialogues. Meetings and tailoring strategies were documented in fieldnotes and memos on tailoring, respectively. Semi-structured interviews concluded data collection. Cross-case synthesis was used in data analysis.Results: The result is a proposed scheme for tailoring to support older adults' engagement in digital technology-mediated occupations, wherein strategies undertaken in the collaborative processes were synthesised and described.Conclusion and significance: The proposed scheme for tailoring could contribute to occupational therapists' knowledge on how to support older adults' engagement in contemporary occupations. Testing the model in various practice settings is recommended in order to enhance occupational therapy practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Fischl
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Occupational Therapy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Rehabilitation, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Madeleine Blusi
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Occupational Therapy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Computing Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Association of Local Authorities in Västernorrland County, Härnösand, Sweden
| | - Helena Lindgren
- Department of Computing Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ingeborg Nilsson
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Occupational Therapy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tierney L, Beattie E. Enjoyable, engaging and individualised: A concept analysis of meaningful activity for older adults with dementia. Int J Older People Nurs 2020; 15:e12306. [PMID: 32022414 DOI: 10.1111/opn.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM The term "meaningful activity" is widely used in policy, practice and the research literature. However, definition and use of the term is unclear and inconsistent. A concept analysis was conducted to explore the fundamental attributes that make an activity meaningful for older adults with dementia and propose a conceptual model for understanding "meaningful activity" in this population. METHODS This study followed Walker and Avant's method of concept analysis. Searches were conducted in the Scopus, MEDLINE, CINAHL, PubMed, Academic Search Elite and Web of Science databases for literature using the term "meaningful activity." Papers published before 1996 were excluded. RESULTS Twenty-nine papers concerned with "meaningful activity" were analysed. This analysis identified five attributes that make activities meaningful for people with dementia: (a) enjoyable; (b) suited to the individual's skills, abilities and preferences; (c) related to personally relevant goals; (d) engaging; and (e) related to an aspect of identity. The conceptual model illustrates how individual and opportunity factors influence participation in "meaningful activity" and the consequences of this participation as discussed in the existing literature. CONCLUSION The findings of this concept analysis provide insight into what characteristics make an activity meaningful. Specific activities that are meaningful are different for each person and participation in personally 'meaningful activities' has the potential to positively impact the lives of people with dementia. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE This understanding of 'meaningful activity' can be used by those involved in research, planning or delivery of services and care for people with dementia to encourage and support participation in activities that are meaningful to individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tierney
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Perspectives of Healthcare Professionals on Meaningful Activities for Persons with Dementia in Transition from Home to a Nursing Home: An Explorative Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2019; 7:healthcare7030098. [PMID: 31430855 PMCID: PMC6787678 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare7030098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Meaningful activities can enhance quality of life, a sense of connectedness, and personhood for persons with dementia. Healthcare professionals play an important role in maintaining meaningful activities, but little is currently known about the impact of the transition from home to nursing home on these activities. This study explored the experiences of professionals in four Dutch nursing homes, identifying facilitators and barriers to the maintenance of meaningful activities during the transition. A qualitative explorative design was used. Data were collected using focus groups and analyzed using thematic analysis. Twenty-two professionals participated in four focus groups, and three themes were identified: (1) a lack of awareness and attention for meaningful activities; (2) activities should be personalized and factors such as person characteristics, interests, the social and physical environment, and specific information such as roles, routines, activities, and personal issues play an important role in maintaining activities; (3) in the organization of care, a person-centered care vision, attitudes of professionals and interdisciplinary collaboration facilitate maintenance of meaningful activities. Healthcare professionals felt that meaningful activities are difficult to maintain and that improvements are needed. Our study provides suggestions on how to maintain meaningful activities for persons with dementia prior, during and after the transition.
Collapse
|
9
|
Gaviola MA, Inder KJ, Dilworth S, Holliday EG, Higgins I. Impact of individualised music listening intervention on persons with dementia: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Australas J Ageing 2019; 39:10-20. [PMID: 30912616 DOI: 10.1111/ajag.12642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarise the evidence regarding the impact of individualised music listening on persons with dementia. METHODS Six electronic databases (CINAHL, Medline, ProQuest, PsycINFO, Music Periodicals and Cochrane) were searched up to July 2018 for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the efficacy of individualised music listening compared to other music and non-music-based interventions. RESULTS Four studies were included. Results showed evidence of a positive impact of individualised music listening on behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSDs) including agitation, anxiety and depression and physiological outcomes. Evidence for other outcomes such as cognitive function and quality of life was limited. CONCLUSIONS The limited evidence suggests individualised music listening has comparable efficacy to more resource-intensive interventions. However, there was a small number of RCTs and some outcomes were evaluated by a single study. This limits the conclusions drawn, warranting more RCTs evaluating other outcomes beyond the BPSDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minah Amor Gaviola
- School of Nursing & Midwifery, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kerry J Inder
- School of Nursing & Midwifery, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sophie Dilworth
- Hunter Aged Care Assessment Team, Hunter New England Local Health District, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elizabeth G Holliday
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Isabel Higgins
- School of Nursing & Midwifery, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Han A, Brown D. Perspectives of caregivers and volunteers on Stepping Stones for people with dementia. Hong Kong J Occup Ther 2019; 31:86-96. [PMID: 30643496 PMCID: PMC6322113 DOI: 10.1177/1569186118812948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale Current knowledge in experiences and potential benefits of group-based activity programmes on people with dementia and their caregivers is inconsistent, depending on the quality of interventions. Lacking standardisation in the programme's content and structure, therefore, requires research in a structured group-based activity programme with more details. Objectives This study explored perspectives of spouses of people with dementia and older volunteers about Stepping Stones, involving a theme-based activity group and a support group.Methodology: Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to analyse individual interview data with 12 people. Results Findings suggest that (1) Stepping Stones promotes participation of people with dementia in a happy, comfortable and accepting environment; (2) Stepping Stones fulfils a deep need of family caregivers; (3) Stepping Stones is well organised with a purpose and expertise and (4) The partnership between the community and the university makes the programme unique. Conclusion Programmes like Stepping Stones can be beneficial by promoting participation of people with dementia and fulfilling a need of caregivers. These findings contribute to evidence of group-based activity programmes, in which activities were well planned by a faculty and students in occupational therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Areum Han
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Yonsei University, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Diane Brown
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Master of Occupational Therapy Program, University of Texas at Tyler, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Park J, Cohen I. Effects of Exercise Interventions in Older Adults with Various Types of Dementia: Systematic Review. ACTIVITIES, ADAPTATION & AGING 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/01924788.2018.1493897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juyoung Park
- Phyllis and Harvey Sandler School of Social Work, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | - Iris Cohen
- Phyllis and Harvey Sandler School of Social Work, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Scales K, Zimmerman S, Miller SJ. Evidence-Based Nonpharmacological Practices to Address Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2018; 58:S88-S102. [PMID: 29361069 PMCID: PMC5881760 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnx167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives To draw from systematic and other literature reviews to identify, describe, and critique nonpharmacological practices to address behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSDs) and provide evidence-based recommendations for dementia care especially useful for potential adopters. Research Design and Methods A search of systematic and other literature reviews published from January 2010 through January 2017. Nonpharmacological practices were summarized to describe the overall conceptual basis related to effectiveness, the practice itself, and the size and main conclusions of the evidence base. Each practice was also critically reviewed to determine acceptability, harmful effects, elements of effectiveness, and level of investment required, based on time needed for training/implementation, specialized care provider requirements, and equipment/capital requirements. Results Nonpharmacological practices to address BPSDs include sensory practices (aromatherapy, massage, multi-sensory stimulation, bright light therapy), psychosocial practices (validation therapy, reminiscence therapy, music therapy, pet therapy, meaningful activities), and structured care protocols (bathing, mouth care). Most practices are acceptable, have no harmful effects, and require minimal to moderate investment. Discussion and Implications Nonpharmacological practices are person-centered, and their selection can be informed by considering the cause and meaning of the individual's behavioral and psychological symptoms. Family caregivers and paid care providers can implement evidence-based practices in home or residential care settings, although some practices require the development of more specific protocols if they are to become widely used in an efficacious manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sheryl Zimmerman
- School of Social Work, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Stephanie J Miller
- Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| |
Collapse
|