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Zheng Y, Davis CR, Howarter JA, Erk KA, Martinez CJ. Spontaneous Emulsions: Adjusting Spontaneity and Phase Behavior by Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Difference-Guided Surfactant, Salt, and Oil Selection. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:4276-4286. [PMID: 35357182 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c03444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous emulsion behavior has been difficult to predict and could be influenced by many variables including salinity, temperature, and chemical composition of the oil and surfactant. In this work, the hydrophilic-lipophilic difference (HLD) framework was used to predict the formation of spontaneous emulsions using a mixture of Span-80 and SLES surfactants. The spontaneity and emulsion behavior of different systems were modeled by estimating the HLDmix. The influence of surfactant ratio, salinity, and oil type was investigated. Spontaneous emulsification could only be observed when the HLDmix was between -0.96 and 1.04. Within this range, a negative HLDmix resulted in a greater spontaneity to form o/w emulsion, and a w/o emulsion was more likely to form when the HLDmix was positive. When the HLDmix was close to 0 (between -0.22 and 0.56 in our systems), emulsions were formed in both the oil and aqueous phases with high spontaneity. A combined effect of ultralow interfacial tension, Span-80 micelle swelling, and interfacial turbulence due to Marangoni effects is likely the main mechanism of the spontaneous emulsification observed in this study. A synergistic reduction in interfacial tension was observed between Span-80 and SLES (<1 mN/m). When the HLD of the system was close to 0, a bicontinuous emulsion phase was formed at the oil-water interface. The bicontinuous emulsion broke-up over time due to the ultralow interfacial tension and interfacial turbulence, forming dispersed oil and water droplets. Results from this work provide a practical method to suggest what surfactant composition, salinity, and oil type could promote (or eliminate) the conditions favorable for spontaneous emulsification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zheng
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Cole R Davis
- Naval Surface Warfare Center, Crane Division, 300 Highway 361, Crane, Indiana 47522, United States
| | - John A Howarter
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kendra A Erk
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Carlos J Martinez
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Sarango-Granda P, Silva-Abreu M, Calpena AC, Halbaut L, Fábrega MJ, Rodríguez-Lagunas MJ, Díaz-Garrido N, Badia J, Espinoza LC. Apremilast Microemulsion as Topical Therapy for Local Inflammation: Design, Characterization and Efficacy Evaluation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:484. [PMID: 33371334 PMCID: PMC7767333 DOI: 10.3390/ph13120484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Apremilast (APR) is a selective phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor administered orally in the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis and active psoriatic arthritis. The low solubility and permeability of this drug hinder its dermal administration. The purpose of this study was to design and characterize an apremilast-loaded microemulsion (APR-ME) as topical therapy for local skin inflammation. Its composition was determined using pseudo-ternary diagrams. Physical, chemical and biopharmaceutical characterization were performed. Stability of this formulation was studied for 90 days. Tolerability of APR-ME was evaluated in healthy volunteers while its anti-inflammatory potential was studied using in vitro and in vivo models. A homogeneous formulation with Newtonian behavior and droplets of nanometric size and spherical shape was obtained. APR-ME released the incorporated drug following a first-order kinetic and facilitated drug retention into the skin, ensuring a local effect. Anti-inflammatory potential was observed for its ability to decrease the production of IL-6 and IL-8 in the in vitro model. This effect was confirmed in the in vivo model histologically by reduction in infiltration of inflammatory cells and immunologically by decrease of inflammatory cytokines IL-8, IL-17A and TNFα. Consequently, these results suggest that this formulation could be used as an attractive topical treatment for skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Sarango-Granda
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (P.S.-G.); (M.S.-A.); (L.H.); (L.C.E.)
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcelle Silva-Abreu
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (P.S.-G.); (M.S.-A.); (L.H.); (L.C.E.)
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Cristina Calpena
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (P.S.-G.); (M.S.-A.); (L.H.); (L.C.E.)
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lyda Halbaut
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (P.S.-G.); (M.S.-A.); (L.H.); (L.C.E.)
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María-José Fábrega
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, University Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08005 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - María J. Rodríguez-Lagunas
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.J.R.-L.); (N.D.-G.); (J.B.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Natalia Díaz-Garrido
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.J.R.-L.); (N.D.-G.); (J.B.)
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefa Badia
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.J.R.-L.); (N.D.-G.); (J.B.)
| | - Lupe Carolina Espinoza
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (P.S.-G.); (M.S.-A.); (L.H.); (L.C.E.)
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador
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Li Z, Xu D, Yuan Y, Wu H, Hou J, Kang W, Bai B. Advances of spontaneous emulsification and its important applications in enhanced oil recovery process. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 277:102119. [PMID: 32045722 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Emulsions, including oil-in-water (O/W) and water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions, can play important roles in both controlling reservoir conformance and displacing residual oil for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) projects. However, current methods, like high-shear mixing, high-pressure homogenizing, sonicators and others, often use lots of extra energy to prepare the emulsions with high costs but very low energy efficiency. In recent decades, spontaneous emulsification methods, which allow one to create micro- and nano-droplets with very low or even no mechanical energy input, have been launched as an overall less expensive and more efficient alternatives to current high extra energy methods. Herein, we primarily review the basic concepts on spontaneous emulsification, including mechanisms, methods and influenced parameters, which are relevant for fundamental applications for industrials. The spontaneity of the emulsification process is influenced by the following variables: surfactant structure, concentration and initial location, oil phase composition, addition of co-surfactant and non-aqueous solvent, as well as salinity and temperature. Then, we focus on the description of importance for emulsions in EOR processes from advances and categories to improving oil recovery mechanisms, including both sweep efficiency and displacement efficiency aspects. Finally, we systematically address the applications and outlooks based on the use of spontaneous emulsification in the practical oil reservoirs for EOR processes, in which conventional, heavy, high-temperature, high-salinity and low-permeability oil reservoirs, as well as wastewater treatments after EOR processes are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- Unconventional Petroleum Research Institute, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, PR China
| | - Derong Xu
- Unconventional Petroleum Research Institute, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, PR China
| | - Yongjie Yuan
- Unconventional Petroleum Research Institute, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, PR China
| | - Hairong Wu
- Unconventional Petroleum Research Institute, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, PR China
| | - Jirui Hou
- Unconventional Petroleum Research Institute, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, PR China
| | - Wanli Kang
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, PR China.
| | - Baojun Bai
- Unconventional Petroleum Research Institute, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, PR China; Department of Geosciences and Geological and Petroleum Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65401, United States
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A Study on the Adjustment of Emulsification Degree to Interlayer Interference in Class III Reservoir. INT J POLYM SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/6186018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Emulsions play an important role in enhancing oil recovery during the reservoir flooding process. In order to reveal the profile control ability and the effect of adjustments to the interlayer interference during the migration of the emulsion in the porous media, a stable emulsion system and an alkali-surfactant-polymer (ASP) system were selected to simulate the underground emulsification process by verifying influencing factors of the emulsion. A parallel-core displacement experiment was used to investigate the oil displacement efficiency and the difference of fractional flow in each layer under different emulsification degrees and different permeability contrasts. The results indicate that the stability of the emulsion is related to the shearing strength, the water content, and the type and concentration of chemical system. The oil displacement efficiency of emulsion flooding is better than that of ASP flooding. For parallel core with an average permeability of 40 mD and a permeability contrast of 2, the emulsion flooding can enhance oil recovery by 21.16% compared to water flooding. With increasing permeability contrast, the oil recovery percent of emulsion flooding will further increase. The emulsion system has good profile control ability. Within a certain range, the stronger the heterogeneity of porous media, the better the effect of emulsification on the adjustment of the interlayer interference.
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