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Boschetti E, Righetti PG. Low-Abundance Protein Enrichment for Medical Applications: The Involvement of Combinatorial Peptide Library Technique. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10329. [PMID: 37373476 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of low- and very low-abundance proteins in medical applications is considered a key success factor in various important domains. To reach this category of proteins, it is essential to adopt procedures consisting of the selective enrichment of species that are present at extremely low concentrations. In the past few years pathways towards this objective have been proposed. In this review, a general landscape of the enrichment technology situation is made first with the presentation and the use of combinatorial peptide libraries. Then, a description of this peculiar technology for the identification of early-stage biomarkers for well-known pathologies with concrete examples is given. In another field of medical applications, the determination of host cell protein traces potentially present in recombinant therapeutic proteins, such as antibodies, is discussed along with their potentially deleterious effects on the health of patients on the one hand, and on the stability of these biodrugs on the other hand. Various additional applications of medical interest are disclosed for biological fluids investigations where the target proteins are present at very low concentrations (e.g., protein allergens).
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Svobodova Z, Novotny J, Ospalkova B, Slovakova M, Bilkova Z, Foret F. Affiblot: a dot blot-based screening device for selection of reliable antibodies. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:3874-3884. [PMID: 34528947 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00955a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The key factor in the development of antibody-based assays is to find an antibody that has an appropriate affinity, high specificity, and low cross-reactivity. However, this task is not easy to carry out since the research antibodies on the market may suffer from low specificity and reproducibility. Here, we report on a palm-sized dot blot-based device, called the affiblot, that has a specially designed lid that allows simultaneous semi-quantitative comparison of up to five antibodies from different suppliers regarding their affinity/avidity, cross-reactivity, and batch-to-batch reliability. The only required peripheral equipment is a vacuum pump, a camera, and densitometry software. The affiblot device was tested for its functionality and its measurements were compared against those obtained by standard dot blot and ELISA. The benefit over these methods, when various antibodies are evaluated, is in its simplicity. It allows easy antigen deposition, fast application and the discarding of the solutions, a compact undivided membrane, and therefore significant decrease of labor. The device was tested with specific anti-ApoE, anti-EpCAM, anti-Salmonella, anti-E. coli, and anti-Listeria antibodies from different suppliers. Their properties were compared for their ability to interact specifically with antigen and/or non-target structures and the best-suited antibody for the intended application was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Svobodova
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 573, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Zborovska 2089, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Novotny
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 573, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS, v. v. i., Veveri 967/97, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Ospalkova
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 573, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Marcela Slovakova
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 573, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Zuzana Bilkova
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 573, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Frantisek Foret
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS, v. v. i., Veveri 967/97, Brno, Czech Republic
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Abstract
Autoantibody detection is a useful and obligatory tool for clinicians and researchers in diagnosing autoimmune diseases. Line blotting is a simple, sensitive, and flexible technique for fast semiquantitative detection of multiple antibodies. Line blotting enables the detection of antibodies on membrane strips coated with thin parallel lines of several purified, biochemically characterized antigens, which are fixed onto a synthetic support. Each strip can contain more than ten antigens, thus allowing simultaneous screening for multiple antibodies. Here, we describe the principle of line blotting and how the buffer composition can interfere with the results of autoantibody detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tina Friis
- Department of Autoimmunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gunnar Houen
- Department of Autoimmunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Abstract
Vaccine research entered a new era when the complete genome of a pathogenic bacterium was published in 1995. Since then, more than 97 bacterial pathogens have been sequenced and at least 110 additional projects are now in progress. Genome sequencing has also dramatically accelerated: high-throughput facilities can draft the sequence of an entire microbe (two to four megabases) in 1 to 2 days. Vaccine developers are using microarrays, immunoinformatics, proteomics and high-throughput immunology assays to reduce the truly unmanageable volume of information available in genome databases to a manageable size. Vaccines composed by novel antigens discovered from genome mining are already in clinical trials. Within 5 years we can expect to see a novel class of vaccines composed by genome-predicted, assembled and engineered T- and Bcell epitopes. This article addresses the convergence of three forces--microbial genome sequencing, computational immunology and new vaccine technologies--that are shifting genome mining for vaccines onto the forefront of immunology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S De Groot
- TB/HIV Research Laboratory, Brown University, Providence, RI 20903, USA.
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Ebner A, Kienberger F, Stroh CM, Gruber HJ, Hinterdorfer P. Monitoring of glass derivatization with pulsed force mode atomic force microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2005; 65:246-51. [PMID: 15630686 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Non-specific adsorption of proteins at solid/liquid interfaces is a major problem in the use of synthetic biomaterials and in ultrasensitive detection methods. Grafting surfaces with a dense layer of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) or other polymers is a most widely used strategy to solve this task. While such modified surfaces have been characterized by their ability to resist protein adsorption, the polymer layers themselves have rarely been studied in fine detail. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) using the pulsed force mode (PFM), is an ideal technique to investigate structural features and physiochemical properties of surfaces because topology and adhesion are simultaneously detected with high lateral resolution. In the present study, PFM-AFM was applied to thoroughly characterize different stages of glass derivatization, up to the formation of a dense PEG layer. Lateral inhomogeneities in topology and/or adhesion were observed at all stages before PEG attachment. The covalently bound PEG, however, was seen to form a densely packed monolayer with maximal thickness, smooth surface, and weak adhesion. Thus, PFM-AFM appears to be a valuable tool for the characterization of protein-repelling surfaces in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ebner
- University of Linz, Institute for Biophysics, 4040 Linz, Austria
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Ohta Y, Hayakawa S, Karasaki-Suzuki M, Sugita K, Komine S, Chishima F, Hatta Y, Horie T, Seo N, Sheikh A, Nemoto N, Yamamoto T. Granulocyte Colony-stimulating Factor Suppresses Autologous Tumor Killing Activity of the Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes in the Patients with Ovarian Carcinoma. Am J Reprod Immunol 2004; 52:81-7. [PMID: 15214947 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2004.00191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is often administered to patients with chemotherapy-induced leukocytopenia. However, adequate attention has not been paid to its effects on cancer immunology. Reported by us and others, G-CSF often induces immunosuppression and down-regulation of response T helper (Th)2 directed immune reaction both in vivo and in vitro. In this study, we analyzed the effects of G-CSF on interferon (IFN)-gamma production and autologous tumor killing (ATK) activities of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). METHODS OF STUDY In order to evaluate the cytokine-induced activation of peripheral T and natural killer (NK) cells, we analyzed IFN-gamma production by interleukin (IL)-2- and IL-12-stimulated PBMCs, using the ELISPOT assay. Specific killing of autologous tumor cells was evaluated by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. RESULTS The PBMC collected from both cancer-bearing patients and healthy subjects showed IL-2- and/or IL-12-induced IFN-gamma production. The frequency of IFN-gamma producing cells was significantly higher in the normal subjects compared with the patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma. The ATK activity was also enhanced in IL-2- and/or IL-12-stimulated PBMCs of patients with ovarian carcinoma. G-CSF almost completely abolished IFN-gamma production and ATK activity of PBMC stimulated with IL-2 and/or IL-12. CONCLUSIONS The G-CSF appears to be a suppressor of antitumor immunity. Routine administration of G-CSF to cancer patients may not be recommended, except for febrile neutropenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Ohta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Sugita K, Hayakawa S, Karasaki-Suzuki M, Hagiwara H, Chishima F, Aleemuzaman S, Li JA, Nishinarita S, Yamamoto T. Granulocyte colony stimulation factor (G-CSF) suppresses interleukin (IL)-12 and/or IL-2 induced interferon (IFN)-γproduction and cytotoxicity of decidual mononuclear cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 2003; 50:83-9. [PMID: 14506932 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0897.2003.00024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM The placenta is one of the few non-hematopoietic tissues to express granulocyte colony stimulation factor (G-CSF). Placental G-CSF production is considered to be one of the major causes of granulocytosis during pregnancy although its physiological role in pregnancy has not yet been examined. METHOD OF STUDY The effects of G-CSF on interleukin (IL)-2 and/or IL-12 induced interferon (IFN)-gamma production of magnetic cell sorting (MACS) sorted decidual lymphocytes was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot-forming cell assay (ELISPOT). The effect of G-CSF on cytotoxicity of decidual lymphocytes against the choriocarcinoma cell line JEG-3 was examined by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. RESULTS As previously reported by us, IL-2 and/or IL-12 activated decidual mononuclear cells were capable of killing choriocarcinoma cells. We observed that G-CSF abolished IFN-gamma production and cytotoxicity of decidual mononuclear cells and MACS sorted CD56+ cells. CONCLUSIONS In addition to its well-known trophic effects on hematopoiesis, our results suggest about new roles of G-CSF in reproductive immunology.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- CD3 Complex/analysis
- CD56 Antigen/analysis
- Cell Line, Tumor/cytology
- Cell Line, Tumor/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Decidua/immunology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Interactions
- Female
- Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interleukin-12/pharmacology
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Pregnancy
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Sugita
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Mahajan SD, Schwartz SA, Nair MP. Immunological assays for chemokine detection in in-vitro culture of CNS cells. Biol Proced Online 2003; 5:90-102. [PMID: 12734551 PMCID: PMC153847 DOI: 10.1251/bpo50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2003] [Revised: 02/25/2003] [Accepted: 03/12/2003] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we review the various methods currently in use for determining the expression of chemokines by CNS cells in vitro. Chemokine detection assays are used in conjuction with one another to provide a comprehensive, biologically relevant assessment of the chemokines which is necessary for correct data interpretation of a specific observed biological effect. The methods described include bioassays for soluble chemokine receptors, RNA extraction, RT-PCR, Real - time quantitative PCR, gene array analysis, northern blot analysis, Ribonuclease Protection assay, Flow cytometry, ELISPOT, western blot analysis, and ELISA. No single method of analysis meets the criteria for a comprehensive, biologically relevant assessment of the chemokines, therefore more than one assay might be necessary for correct data interpretation, a choice that is based on development of a scientific rationale for the method with emphasis on the reliability and relevance of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya D. Mahajan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology. 301 Multi Research Bldg., Buffalo General Hospital, 100 High Street, Buffalo, NY 14203. USA
| | - Stanley A. Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology. 301 Multi Research Bldg., Buffalo General Hospital, 100 High Street, Buffalo, NY 14203. USA
| | - Madhavan P.N. Nair
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology. 301 Multi Research Bldg., Buffalo General Hospital, 100 High Street, Buffalo, NY 14203. USA
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