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Geisler S, Aussieker T, Paldauf S, Scholz S, Kurz M, Jungs S, Rissmeyer M, Achtzehn S, Zinner C. Salivary testosterone and cortisol concentrations after two different resistance training exercises. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2019; 59:1030-1035. [DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08786-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Nuzzo JL, Taylor JL, Gandevia SC. CORP: Measurement of upper and lower limb muscle strength and voluntary activation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:513-543. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00569.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle strength, the maximal force-generating capacity of a muscle or group of muscles, is regularly assessed in physiological experiments and clinical trials. An understanding of the expected variation in strength and the factors that contribute to this variation is important when designing experiments, describing methodologies, interpreting results, and attempting to replicate methods of others and reproduce their findings. In this review (Cores of Reproducibility in Physiology), we report on the intra- and inter-rater reliability of tests of upper and lower limb muscle strength and voluntary activation in humans. Isometric, isokinetic, and isoinertial strength exhibit good intra-rater reliability in most samples (correlation coefficients ≥0.90). However, some tests of isoinertial strength exhibit systematic bias that is not resolved by familiarization. With the exception of grip strength, few attempts have been made to examine inter-rater reliability of tests of muscle strength. The acute factors most likely to affect muscle strength and serve as a source of its variation from trial-to-trial or day-to-day include attentional focus, breathing technique, remote muscle contractions, rest periods, temperature (core, muscle), time of day, visual feedback, body and limb posture, body stabilization, acute caffeine consumption, dehydration, pain, fatigue from preceding exercise, and static stretching >60 s. Voluntary activation, the nervous system’s ability to drive a muscle to create its maximal force, exhibits good intra-rater reliability when examined with twitch interpolation (correlation coefficients >0.80). However, inter-rater reliability has not been formally examined. The methodological factors most likely to influence voluntary activation are myograph compliance and sensitivity; stimulation location, intensity, and inadvertent stimulation of antagonists; joint angle (muscle length); and the resting twitch.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L. Nuzzo
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Janet L. Taylor
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Simon C. Gandevia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- Prince of Wales Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Abstract
Knowledge about possible brain mechanisms involved in the regulation of exercise intensity has vastly grown over the last decade. The current review attempts to condense this knowledge currently published with a focus on brain imaging studies. A number of psychological manipulations known to influence exercise intensity are discussed with respect to their possibly underlying brain structures. Although far from forming a complete picture, current knowledge allows to speculate on various possible influences and their corresponding neural bases. Especially, the roles of the insular cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex structures are discussed. Interoceptive signals processed in the insular cortex can influence motor activity likely via anterior cingulate cortex with themselves being influenced by higher order prefrontal cortical regions (e.g., when mediating expectancy effects). Such higher order prefrontal regions can also modulate motivation and thus motor activity by influencing valuation processes in the midbrain and other structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lutz
- Vascular Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Cereneo center for interdisciplinary research (cefir), Vitznau, Switzerland; Cereneo center for neurology and rehabilitation, Vitznau, Switzerland.
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Tod D, Edwards C, McGuigan M, Lovell G. A Systematic Review of the Effect of Cognitive Strategies on Strength Performance. Sports Med 2015; 45:1589-602. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0356-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Radcliffe JN, Comfort P, Fawcett T. Psychological Strategies Included by Strength and Conditioning Coaches in Applied Strength and Conditioning. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29:2641-54. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hammoudi-Nassib S, Chtara M, Nassib S, Briki W, Hammoudi-Riahi S, Tod D, Chamari K. Time interval moderates the relationship between psyching-up and actual sprint performance. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:3245-54. [PMID: 25029002 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study attempted to test whether the strongest effect of psyching-up (PU) strategy on actual sprint performance can be observed when the strategy is used immediately (or almost) before performance compared with when there is a delay between PU and performance. To do so, 16 male sprinters (age, 20.6 ± 1.3 years; body mass, 77.5 ± 7.1 kg; height, 180.8 ± 5.6 cm) were enrolled in a counterbalanced experimental design in which participants were randomly assigned to 10 sessions (2 [Experimental Condition: imagery vs. distraction] × 5 [Time Intervals: no interval, 1 minute, 2 minutes, 3 minutes, and 5 minutes]). Before performing the experimental tasks, participants rated: (a) the Hooper index, (b) their degree of self-confidence, and (c) after the completion of the experimental test; they rated their perceived effort. Findings showed that the imagery significantly improved sprint performance. Specifically, the imagery enhanced performance on the phase of acceleration (0-10 m) and on the overall sprint (0-30 m) when used immediately before performance and at 1- and 2-minute intervals but not for 3- and 5-minute intervals. These findings support the hypothesis that the potential effect of the PU strategy on performance vanishes over time. The pre-experimental task Hooper and self-efficacy indexes did not change across the 10 experimental sessions, reinforcing the view that the observed performance changes were directly caused by the experimental manipulation and not through any altered status of the athletes (self-efficacy, fatigue/recovery, and stress). The potential mechanisms underlying such a process and practical applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarra Hammoudi-Nassib
- 1Tunisian Research Laboratory Sports Performance Optimization National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia; 2University of Manouba, ISSEP Ksar Saîd, Tunis, Tunisia; 3Laboratory ACTES (EA 3596), Department of Sport Sciences, University of French West Indies and Guiana, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France; 4Department of English Literature, High Institute of Languages of Tunis, University of Carthage, Carthage, Tunisia; 5Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Aberystwyth University, Dyfed, United Kingdom; and 6Research and Education Center, Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
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Radcliffe JN, Comfort P, Fawcett T. The Perception of Psychology and the Frequency of Psychological Strategies Used by Strength and Conditioning Practitioners. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27:1136-46. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182606ddc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Biscarini A, Benvenuti P, Botti F, Mastrandrea F, Zanuso S. Modelling the joint torques and loadings during squatting at the Smith machine. J Sports Sci 2011; 29:457-69. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2010.534859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Marchant DC, Greig M, Scott C. Attentional Focusing Instructions Influence Force Production and Muscular Activity During Isokinetic Elbow Flexions. J Strength Cond Res 2009; 23:2358-66. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181b8d1e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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