1
|
Martínez-Lemos I, Otero Rodríguez A, Diz J, Ayán C. Reliability and criterion-related validity of the Cooper test in pre-adolescents and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Sci 2024; 42:222-236. [PMID: 38451828 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2326352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The Cooper test (CT) is used to assess cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in pre-adolescents and adolescents, although it was originally developed to assess healthy adults. The aim of this study is to examine the available scientific evidence on the reliability and criterion validity of CT when administered to pre-adolescents and adolescents. Systematic searches were performed in three electronic databases (MEDLINE/PubMed, SPORTDiscuss and Scopus). To examine reliability and validity, four separate meta-analyses were implemented, finding high heterogeneity in studies with low methodological quality. There was a paucity of research regarding absolute reliability, while studies attempting to develop or cross-validate VO2max/VO2peak equations were almost non-existent. Information on the psychometric properties of CT in pre-adolescents under 12 years of age is scarce. The findings of this review cast doubt on the usefulness of CT both in identifying CRF and in determining the impact of strategies developed to improve CRF among pre-adolescents and adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Martínez-Lemos
- Department of Special Didactics, Well-Move Research Group, Faculty of Education and Sports Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - A Otero Rodríguez
- Department of Evolutionary Psychology and Communication, Faculty of Education and Sports Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - J Diz
- Department of Functional Biology and Health Sciences, Well-Move Research Group, Faculty of Education and Sports Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - C Ayán
- Department of Special Didactics, Well-Move Research Group, Faculty of Education and Sports Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Marques A, Henriques-Neto D, Peralta M, Martins J, Gomes F, Popovic S, Masanovic B, Demetriou Y, Schlund A, Ihle A. Field-Based Health-Related Physical Fitness Tests in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:640028. [PMID: 33748047 PMCID: PMC7973114 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.640028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical fitness (PF) is a multi-component construct and a biomarker of health. Worse PF is related to vulnerability and predicts worse academic achievements. Thus, assessing PF is important to monitor health in youth. This systematic review aimed to identify and inform physical education, health professionals and entities about existing PF batteries and field-tests that can be used in school settings. A comprehensive literature search was carried out in five electronic databases (Academic Search Complete, Education Resources Information Center, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) to identify PF battery protocols that can be carried out in the school setting. Overall, 24 PF batteries were identified. Regarding the PF components assessed, only cardiorespiratory fitness and upper body strength were contemplated in all batteries. Middle-body strength and lower body strength were presented in most batteries (21 and 19 of 24, respectively). Agility (16 of 24) and body composition (16 of 24) were also considered in several batteries, although to a lesser extent. Flexibility (14 of 24) and speed (12 of 24) were the PF components less represented in the batteries. Among the 24 identified PF batteries, 81 PF tests assessing the different PF components were encountered. The advances in the PF field-based assessment in school settings and health in youth resulted in the amplification of the number of existing batteries. Considering the connection between PF and health and the opportunity that the school setting provides to assess fitness in children and adolescents, there is a need for standardization and a consensus of PF assessments in this specific setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adilson Marques
- CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,ISAMB, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Miguel Peralta
- CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,ISAMB, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Martins
- CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,ISAMB, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fernando Gomes
- Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Stevo Popovic
- Faculty for Sport and Physical Education, University of Montenegro, Niksic, Montenegro
| | - Bojan Masanovic
- Faculty for Sport and Physical Education, University of Montenegro, Niksic, Montenegro
| | - Yolanda Demetriou
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Annegret Schlund
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Ihle
- Cognitive Aging Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research LIVES - Overcoming Vulnerability: Life Course Perspectives, Lausanne and Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Batista MB, Romanzini CLP, Castro-Piñero J, Ronque ERV. VALIDITY OF FIELD TESTS TO ESTIMATE CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. REVISTA PAULISTA DE PEDIATRIA 2018; 35:222-233. [PMID: 28977338 PMCID: PMC5496732 DOI: 10.1590/1984-0462/;2017;35;2;00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To systematically review the literature to verify the validity of field-tests to evaluate cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in children and adolescents. Data sources: The electronic search was conducted in the databases: Medline (PubMed), SPORTDiscus, Scopus, Web of Science, in addition to the Latin American databases LILACS and SciELO. The search comprised the period from the inception of each database until February 2015, in English and Portuguese. All stages of the process were performed in accordance with the PRISMA flow diagram. Data synthesis: After confirming the inclusion criteria, eligibility, and quality of the studies, 43 studies were analyzed in full; 38 obtained through the searches in the electronic databases, and 5 through private libraries, and references from other articles. Of the total studies, only 13 were considered high quality according to the adopted criteria. The most commonly investigated test in the literature was the 20-meter shuttle run (SR-20 m), accounting for 23 studies, followed by tests of distances between 550 meters and 1 mile, in 9 studies, timed tests of 6, 9, and 12 minutes, also 9 studies, and finally bench protocols and new test proposals represented in 7 studies. Conclusions: The SR-20-m test seems to be the most appropriate to evaluate the CRF of young people with the equation of Barnett, recommended to estimate VO2 peak. As an alternative for evaluating CRF, the 1-mile test is indicated with the equation proposed by Cureton for estimating VO2 peak.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Biagi Batista
- Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Atividade Física e Exercício Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | | | - José Castro-Piñero
- Departamento de Educação Física, Escola de Educação, Universidade de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Espanha
| | - Enio Ricardo Vaz Ronque
- Departamento de Educação Física. Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Atividade Física e Exercício, UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mayorga-Vega D, Bocanegra-Parrilla R, Ornelas M, Viciana J. Criterion-Related Validity of the Distance- and Time-Based Walk/Run Field Tests for Estimating Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151671. [PMID: 26987118 PMCID: PMC4795745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The main purpose of the present meta-analysis was to examine the criterion-related validity of the distance- and time-based walk/run tests for estimating cardiorespiratory fitness among apparently healthy children and adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS Relevant studies were searched from seven electronic bibliographic databases up to August 2015 and through other sources. The Hunter-Schmidt's psychometric meta-analysis approach was conducted to estimate the population criterion-related validity of the following walk/run tests: 5,000 m, 3 miles, 2 miles, 3,000 m, 1.5 miles, 1 mile, 1,000 m, ½ mile, 600 m, 600 yd, ¼ mile, 15 min, 12 min, 9 min, and 6 min. RESULTS From the 123 included studies, a total of 200 correlation values were analyzed. The overall results showed that the criterion-related validity of the walk/run tests for estimating maximum oxygen uptake ranged from low to moderate (rp = 0.42-0.79), with the 1.5 mile (rp = 0.79, 0.73-0.85) and 12 min walk/run tests (rp = 0.78, 0.72-0.83) having the higher criterion-related validity for distance- and time-based field tests, respectively. The present meta-analysis also showed that sex, age and maximum oxygen uptake level do not seem to affect the criterion-related validity of the walk/run tests. CONCLUSIONS When the evaluation of an individual's maximum oxygen uptake attained during a laboratory test is not feasible, the 1.5 mile and 12 min walk/run tests represent useful alternatives for estimating cardiorespiratory fitness. As in the assessment with any physical fitness field test, evaluators must be aware that the performance score of the walk/run field tests is simply an estimation and not a direct measure of cardiorespiratory fitness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mayorga-Vega
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Martha Ornelas
- Faculty of Sciences of Physical Culture, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Jesús Viciana
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Madsen K, Linchey J, Gerstein D, Ross M, Myers E, Brown K, Crawford P. Energy Balance 4 Kids with Play: Results from a Two-Year Cluster-Randomized Trial. Child Obes 2015; 11:375-83. [PMID: 26061799 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2015.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying sustainable approaches to improving the physical activity (PA) and nutrition environments in schools is an important public health goal. This study examined the impact of Energy Balance for Kids with Play (EB4K with Play), a school-based intervention developed by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Foundation and Playworks, on students' PA, dietary habits and knowledge, and weight status over 2 years. METHODS This cluster-randomized, controlled trial took place in four intervention and two control schools over 2 years (n=879; third- to fifth-grade students). PA (fourth and fifth grades only), dietary knowledge and behaviors, school policies, and BMI z-score were assessed at baseline (fall 2011), midpoint (spring 2012), and endpoint (fall 2012 for accelerometers; spring 2013 for all other outcomes). RESULTS At endpoint, there were no group differences in change in PA or dietary behaviors, although BMI z-score decreased overall by -0.07 (p=0.05). Students' dietary knowledge significantly increased, as did the amount of vegetables schools served. Post-hoc analyses stratified by grade revealed that, relative to control students, fourth-grade intervention students reduced school-day sedentary time by 15 minutes (p=0.023) and third-grade intervention students reduced BMI z-score by -0.2 (0.05; p<0.05). There were no significant differences for older students. CONCLUSIONS EB4K with Play, which leverages the existing infrastructure of two national programs, increases children's dietary knowledge and may improve weight status and decrease sedentary behaviors among younger children. Future iterations should examine programming specific for different age groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Madsen
- 1 School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley , Berkeley, CA
| | - Jennifer Linchey
- 1 School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley , Berkeley, CA
| | - Dana Gerstein
- 2 Atkins Center for Weight and Health, University of California Berkeley , Berkeley, CA
| | - Michelle Ross
- 2 Atkins Center for Weight and Health, University of California Berkeley , Berkeley, CA
| | | | - Katie Brown
- 4 Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Foundation , Chicago, IL
| | - Patricia Crawford
- 2 Atkins Center for Weight and Health, University of California Berkeley , Berkeley, CA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Burns RD, Hannon JC, Brusseau TA, Eisenman PA, Shultz BB, Saint-Maurice PF, Welk GJ, Mahar MT. Development of an aerobic capacity prediction model from one-mile run/walk performance in adolescents aged 13-16 years. J Sports Sci 2015; 34:18-26. [PMID: 25845945 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1031163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A popular algorithm to predict VO2Peak from the one-mile run/walk test (1MRW) includes body mass index (BMI), which manifests practical issues in school settings. The purpose of this study was to develop an aerobic capacity model from 1MRW in adolescents independent of BMI. Cardiorespiratory endurance data were collected on 90 adolescents aged 13-16 years. The 1MRW was administered on an outside track and a laboratory VO2Peak test was conducted using a maximal treadmill protocol. Multiple linear regression was employed to develop the prediction model. Results yielded the following algorithm: VO2Peak = 7.34 × (1MRW speed in m s(-1)) + 0.23 × (age × sex) + 17.75. The New Model displayed a multiple correlation and prediction error of R = 0.81, standard error of the estimate = 4.78 ml kg(-1) · min(-1), with measured VO2Peak and good criterion-referenced (CR) agreement into FITNESSGRAM's Healthy Fitness Zone (Kappa = 0.62; percentage agreement = 84.4%; Φ = 0.62). The New Model was validated using k-fold cross-validation and showed homoscedastic residuals across the range of predicted scores. The omission of BMI did not compromise accuracy of the model. In conclusion, the New Model displayed good predictive accuracy and good CR agreement with measured VO2Peak in adolescents aged 13-16 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Burns
- a Department of Exercise and Sport Science , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - James C Hannon
- a Department of Exercise and Sport Science , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Timothy A Brusseau
- a Department of Exercise and Sport Science , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Patricia A Eisenman
- a Department of Exercise and Sport Science , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Barry B Shultz
- a Department of Exercise and Sport Science , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | | | - Gregory J Welk
- b Department of Kinesiology , Iowa State University , Ames , IA , USA
| | - Matthew T Mahar
- c Department of Kinesiology , East Carolina University , Greenville , NC , USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mazzeschi C, Pazzagli C, Laghezza L, Battistini D, Reginato E, Perrone C, Ranucci C, Fatone C, Pippi R, Giaimo MD, Verrotti A, De Giorgi G, De Feo P. Description of the EUROBIS program: a combination of an Epode community-based and a clinical care intervention to improve the lifestyles of children and adolescents with overweight or obesity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:546262. [PMID: 25162015 PMCID: PMC4137627 DOI: 10.1155/2014/546262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present paper describes the Epode Umbria Region Obesity Prevention Study (EUROBIS) and aims to implement the C.U.R.I.A.MO. model through the EPODE methodology. The main goal of the EUROBIS is to change the pendency of slope of the actual trend towards the increase in the yearly rates of childhood overweight and obesity in Umbria and to improve healthy lifestyles of children and their parents. The project is the first EPODE program to be performed in Italy. The aims of the Italian EUROBIS study are: (1) a community-based intervention program (CBP) carrying out activities in all primary schools of the Umbria Region and family settings as first step, to reverse the current obesity trend on a long-term basis, and (2) a clinical care program for childhood and adolescent by C.U.R.I.A.MO. model. C.U.R.I.A.MO. model is a multidisciplinary approach to improve three key aspects of healthy lifestyles: nutrition, exercise, and psychological aspects with the strategy of a family-based approach. The community-based intervention and clinical trial provide an innovative valuable model to address the childhood obesity prevention and treatment in Italy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Mazzeschi
- Healthy Lifestyle Institute, Centro Universitario Ricerca Interdipartimentale Attività Motoria (C.U.R.I.A.MO.), University of Perugia, Via Giuseppe Bambagioni 19, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiara Pazzagli
- Healthy Lifestyle Institute, Centro Universitario Ricerca Interdipartimentale Attività Motoria (C.U.R.I.A.MO.), University of Perugia, Via Giuseppe Bambagioni 19, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Loredana Laghezza
- Healthy Lifestyle Institute, Centro Universitario Ricerca Interdipartimentale Attività Motoria (C.U.R.I.A.MO.), University of Perugia, Via Giuseppe Bambagioni 19, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Dalila Battistini
- Department of Psychiatry, Clinical Psychology and Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Specialty School of Psychiatry, University of Perugia, Piazzale Gambuli, 1-06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Elisa Reginato
- Healthy Lifestyle Institute, Centro Universitario Ricerca Interdipartimentale Attività Motoria (C.U.R.I.A.MO.), University of Perugia, Via Giuseppe Bambagioni 19, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiara Perrone
- Healthy Lifestyle Institute, Centro Universitario Ricerca Interdipartimentale Attività Motoria (C.U.R.I.A.MO.), University of Perugia, Via Giuseppe Bambagioni 19, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudia Ranucci
- Healthy Lifestyle Institute, Centro Universitario Ricerca Interdipartimentale Attività Motoria (C.U.R.I.A.MO.), University of Perugia, Via Giuseppe Bambagioni 19, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Cristina Fatone
- Healthy Lifestyle Institute, Centro Universitario Ricerca Interdipartimentale Attività Motoria (C.U.R.I.A.MO.), University of Perugia, Via Giuseppe Bambagioni 19, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Pippi
- Healthy Lifestyle Institute, Centro Universitario Ricerca Interdipartimentale Attività Motoria (C.U.R.I.A.MO.), University of Perugia, Via Giuseppe Bambagioni 19, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Donata Giaimo
- Department of Health Prevention, Umbria Region, Via M. Angeloni, 61-06124 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alberto Verrotti
- Department of Medicine, Pediatric Clinic, University of Perugia, Piazzale Menghini, 1-0612 Perugia, Italy
| | - Giovanni De Giorgi
- Healthy Lifestyle Institute, Centro Universitario Ricerca Interdipartimentale Attività Motoria (C.U.R.I.A.MO.), University of Perugia, Via Giuseppe Bambagioni 19, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo De Feo
- Healthy Lifestyle Institute, Centro Universitario Ricerca Interdipartimentale Attività Motoria (C.U.R.I.A.MO.), University of Perugia, Via Giuseppe Bambagioni 19, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Aslan UB, Calik BB, Kitiş A. The effect of gender and level of vision on the physical activity level of children and adolescents with visual impairment. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2012; 33:1799-1804. [PMID: 22699253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study was planned in order to determine physical activity levels of visually impaired children and adolescents and to investigate the effect of gender and level of vision on physical activity level in visually impaired children and adolescents. A total of 30 visually impaired children and adolescents (16 low vision and 14 blind) aged between 8 and 16 years participated in the study. The physical activity level of cases was evaluated with a physical activity diary (PAD) and one-mile run/walk test (OMR-WT). No difference was found between the PAD and the OMR-WT results of low vision and blind children and adolescents. The visually impaired children and adolescents were detected not to participate in vigorous physical activity. A difference was found in favor of low vision boys in terms of mild, moderate activities and OMR-WT durations. However, no difference was found between physical activity levels of blind girls and boys. The results of our study suggested that the physical activity level of visually impaired children and adolescents was low, and gender affected physical activity in low vision children and adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ummuhan Bas Aslan
- Pamukkale University, School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Denizli, Turkey
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
|