1
|
Terzi E, Kalkavan A. To what extent do somatotype structures affect athletic performance in professional athletes? J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:650-660. [PMID: 38916088 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.24.15826-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to ascertain the influence of somatotype structures on athletic performance among professional athletes. METHODS Twenty-eight professional athletes, comprising 14 handball players and 14 volleyball players, were enlisted as participants for this study. As per the methodology, evaluations encompassing explosive power, strength, flexibility, horizontal jump, agility, sprint, and hand-foot reaction tests were conducted. Following physiological assessments, parameters including body mass index, body fat percentage, and somatotype were computed. The impact of athletes' somatotype structures on their athletic performance was investigated employing linear regression analysis. RESULTS The endomorphy value serves as a negative predictor (r2=0.159) for explosive power, whereas the mesomorphy (r2=0.204) and ectomorphy (r2=0.379) values act as positive predictors of explosive power. Ectomorphy value negatively predicts grip strength (r2=0.399) and back strength (r2=0.214), while mesomorphy value positively predicts grip strength (r2=0.233) and back strength (r=0.338; r2=0.114). Mesomorphy value negatively predicts flexibility (r2=0.247), long jump (r2=0.311), sprint (r2=0.256), and reaction (r2=0.133), whereas ectomorphy value positively predicts flexibility (r2=0.225), long jump (r2=0.463), sprint (r2=0.393), and reaction (r2=0.208). CONCLUSIONS This study showed a correlation between various somatotype structures and indicators of athletic performance. Within this framework, it can be inferred that mesomorphy and ectomorphy values serve as reliable predictors of athletes' performance. Furthermore, individuals with elevated mesomorphy values may exhibit enhanced strength performance, while those with higher ectomorphy values may demonstrate superior flexibility performance. Hence, when designing training programs aimed at enhancing athletes' performance attributes, it is imperative to account for the influence of body type on such performances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esranur Terzi
- Graduate School of Education, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Türkiye -
| | - Arslan Kalkavan
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Physical Education and Sports, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Türkiye
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Muller Reis Weber V, Bessa Dantas D, Fernandes da Silva D, Gustavo Cavazzotto T, Sergio Portela B, Aires Ferreira S, Roberto Queiroga M. Trends in anthropometric and somatotype profiles of Brazilian female futsal players: a 20 year study. Eur J Transl Myol 2024; 34:11887. [PMID: 38344944 PMCID: PMC11017169 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2024.11887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study describes the anthropometric measurements and somatotype of the elite female futsal players from Brazil in 2021 and analyse the changes and trends over time in these physical characteristics. Data were collected from the 396 female futsal players, of whom; 169 players were assessed in 2021 then compared to those assessed in 2001 (n=112) and 2011 (n-115). Anthropometric measurements, including body weight, height, breadths, girths, and skinfolds were assessed. The somatotype was calculated and graphically represented. The changes between 2021 and the previous years were analysed using ANOVA and multiple linear regression. A jointpoint regression was performed to verify the annual percentage change. The comparison between 2021 data versus the other time points showed a higher age and lower fat content (2001: 22.7 ± 5.1 BF%; 2011: 22.2 ± 5.2 BF%; 2021: 19.0 ± 5.1 BF%). Players from 2021 had higher tensed arm and relaxed calf girths. All the positions, excluding pivots, significantly decreased their body fat units between 2021 and 2001 (goalkeeper: b=-4.49; defender: b=-2.78; winger: b=-4.48). Over the last 20 years, body fat reduced, and tensed arm and relaxed calf girths increased, suggesting an increase in fat-free mass content from the limbs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Muller Reis Weber
- Laboratory of Experimental and Applied Physiology to Physical Activity, Midwest State University of Paraná, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil; Associated Graduate Program in Physical Education UEM/UEL, Londrina.
| | - Diego Bessa Dantas
- Laboratory of Experimental and Applied Physiology to Physical Activity, Midwest State University of Paraná, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil; Associated Graduate Program in Physical Education UEM/UEL, Londrina.
| | | | - Timothy Gustavo Cavazzotto
- Laboratory of Experimental and Applied Physiology to Physical Activity, Midwest State University of Paraná, Guarapuava, PR.
| | - Bruno Sergio Portela
- Laboratory of Experimental and Applied Physiology to Physical Activity, Midwest State University of Paraná, Guarapuava, PR.
| | - Sandra Aires Ferreira
- Laboratory of Experimental and Applied Physiology to Physical Activity, Midwest State University of Paraná, Guarapuava, PR.
| | - Marcos Roberto Queiroga
- Laboratory of Experimental and Applied Physiology to Physical Activity, Midwest State University of Paraná, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil; Associated Graduate Program in Physical Education UEM/UEL, Londrina.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Matłosz P, Makivic B, Csapo R, Hume P, Mitter B, Martínez-Rodríguez A, Bauer P. Body fat of competitive volleyball players: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2246414. [PMID: 37578094 PMCID: PMC10431728 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2246414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reference values of body fat for competitive volleyball players are lacking, making it difficult to interpret measurement results. This review systematically summarized published data on the relative body fat of volleyball players and calculated potential differences between sex, measurement method, and competitive level. METHODS The protocol followed the Preferred Reported Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. The literature search was conducted using five electronic databases to retrieve all relevant publications from January 1, 2010, to July 1, 2021. The 63 studies including 2607 players that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed using random-effects models. Data were reported as pooled mean body fat with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS Body fat for males and females was 12.8% (11.9-13.8%) and 22.8% (21.9-23.7%), respectively. Body fat was 18.3% (16.3-20.4%) measured via skinfolds, 18.4% (15.6-21.2%) via bioelectrical impedance analysis, 24.2% (20.4-28.0%) via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and 21.6% (17.4-25.8%) via densitometry. Regional, national, and international-level players had body fat values of 19.5% (17.8-21.2%), 20.3% (18.6-22.0%), and 17.9% (15.7-20.4%), respectively. When the meta-regression was adjusted for the variables sex, measurement method, and competitive level, a significant difference between sex (p < 0.001), dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and skinfolds (p = 0.02), and national and international-level players (p = 0.02) was found. However, sensitivity analysis revealed that findings regarding measurement method and competitive level were not robust and should, therefore, be interpreted with caution. CONCLUSIONS Despite the limitations of published data, this meta-analysis provided pooled values for body fat of male and female volleyball players for different competitive levels and measurement methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Matłosz
- Rzeszow University, Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Bojan Makivic
- University of Applied Sciences, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Robert Csapo
- University of Vienna, Centre for Sports Science and University Sports, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patria Hume
- Auckland University of Technology, Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Benedikt Mitter
- University of Vienna, Centre for Sports Science and University Sports, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez
- University of Alicante, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Alicante, Spain
| | - Pascal Bauer
- University of Vienna, Centre for Sports Science and University Sports, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sieroń A, Stachoń A, Pietraszewska J. Changes in Body Composition and Motor Fitness of Young Female Volleyball Players in an Annual Training Cycle. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2473. [PMID: 36767839 PMCID: PMC9915199 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modern volleyball requires a high level of motor preparation, specific body build and optimal body composition. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine changes in body build, body composition and motor skills in young volleyball female players during an annual training cycle. METHODS The research group was comprised of 36 female athletes aged 14-16 years, who were monitored throughout a whole season using a longitudinal study design. Body composition was estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Motor fitness was assessed with the following tests: vertical jumping tests (based on one-handed and two-handed reach, standing vertical jump and running vertical jump), standing long jump and 2 kg medicine ball throw. Measurements were carried out at the beginning of the preparatory period, after its completion, in the middle of the start period, at the end of the start period and during transition periods. RESULTS The study showed significant changes in body composition and motor fitness level during the annual training cycle. These changes differ in subsequent periods of the macrocycle. The most pronounced changes occurred after the preparatory period and concerned increases in fat-free mass, total water content and cell mass. A significant reduction in fat content was also noted at this point. CONCLUSIONS Systematic monitoring of morpho-functional changes in young female volleyball players over extended periods provides them a chance to maintain their optimal fitness level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleksandra Stachoń
- Department of Biological and Medical Basis of Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Paderewskiego 35, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Anthropometric characteristic and body composition of female students involved in volleyball training. ANTHROPOLOGICAL REVIEW 2023. [DOI: 10.18778/1898-6773.85.4.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been only few studies investigating the anthropometric characteristics of female volleyball players. These studies have revealed a positive influence of volleyball training on the physical development and fitness level among girls and women. The aim of the study was to assess the anthropometric profile of young female volleyball players.
Our sample consisted of twelve female volleyball players aged between 18-21 years with at least 5 years of training experience. The body height and mass, the thickness of skinfolds, longitudinal dimensions of the body, girth and breadths were measured. The body composition was determined using anthropometric and bioimpedance methods. Somatotype was determined according to the calculating method of J. E. L. Carter.
The body height of the volleyball players was estimated as high, and the body mass – higher than average. Middle shoulders, narrow pelvis and prevailing of longitudinal dimensions were the most distinctive features of the body proportions of the female volleyball players. Although their thorax was narrow, the respiratory muscles were well developed. The male type of proportions was typical for players exhibiting a theinoid scheme (middle shoulders, long legs) according to V.V. Bunak. Our data showed high development of the muscular component of the body of volleyball players, comparable to females professionally involved in sport . Index of muscle development, based on the excursion of the shoulder muscles, was typical for female athletes – 9,92 ± 2,98 cm. We also found that the relative mass of the fat component was within the normal range for elite volleyball players. The central somatotype was found to be typical for the female volleyball players: endomorphy – 3,98 ± 0,58, mesomorphy – 3,38 ± 1,01, and ectomorphy – 3,67 ± 0,76.
The obtained results describe the morphological profile of female volleyball players and can be used for the monitoring of their fitness level.
Collapse
|
6
|
Cinarli FS, Buyukcelebi H, Esen O, Barasinska M, Cepicka L, Gabrys T, Nalbant U, Karayigit R. Does Dominant Somatotype Differentiate Performance of Jumping and Sprinting Variables in Young Healthy Adults? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11873. [PMID: 36231174 PMCID: PMC9565222 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191911873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between an athlete's somatotype three-numeral rating and his or her athletic performance is well known. However, a direct effect of the different dominant somatotype on jumping and sprinting variables has not yet been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dominant somatotype on sport-specific explosive variables. One hundred and twelve physically active young adults (mean ± standard deviation age: 21.82 ± 3.18 years) were somatotype-rated using the Heath-Carter method. Participants were classified as balanced ectomorph, balanced mesomorph, central, mesomorph-endomorph, and mesomorphic ectomorph. Vertical jump and linear sprint tests were performed to measure peak lower body performance and sprint variables (time, speed, and momentum), respectively. The analysis revealed that balanced mesomorph had significantly higher vertical jump (effect size (ES) = 1.10, p = 0.005) and power to body mass (ES = 1.04, p = 0.023) than mesomorph-endomorph. In addition, balanced mesomorph showed significantly superior performance in 30-m sprint time and velocity than central and mesomorph-endomorph (ES range = 0.93-1, p < 0.05). Finally, balanced ectomorph (ES = 1.12, p = 0.009) and mesomorphic ectomorph (ES = 1.10, p = 0.017) were lower in sprint momentum compared to balanced mesomorphs. In conclusion, this study has shown the importance of the interaction between subtypes and athletic performance. The knowledge gained may be important in identifying those who tend to perform well in sports with explosive power and in prescribing training programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fahri Safa Cinarli
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Inonu University, Malatya 44000, Turkey
| | - Hakan Buyukcelebi
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Inonu University, Malatya 44000, Turkey
| | - Ozcan Esen
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Magdalena Barasinska
- Department of Health Sciences, Jan Dlugosz University, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Ladislav Cepicka
- Sport Centrum, Faculty of Pedagogy, University of West Bohemia, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Tomasz Gabrys
- Sport Centrum, Faculty of Pedagogy, University of West Bohemia, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Umut Nalbant
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta 99628, Turkey
| | - Raci Karayigit
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara 06830, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Anthropometric Characteristics of Volleyball Players with respect to Playing Positions: In Ethiopian Female Premier League. CENTRAL EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SPORT SCIENCES AND MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.18276/cej.2022.3-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
8
|
Chiu CY, Ciems R, Thelwell M, Bullas A, Choppin S. Estimating somatotype from a single-camera 3D body scanning system. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:1204-1210. [PMID: 33944686 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1921041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Somatotype is an approach to quantify body physique (shape and body composition). Somatotyping by manual measurement (the anthropometric method) or visual rating (the photoscopic method) needs technical expertize to minimize intra- and inter-observer errors. This study aims to develop machine learning models which enable automatic estimation of Heath-Carter somatotypes using a single-camera 3D scanning system. Single-camera 3D scanning was used to obtain 3D imaging data and computer vision techniques to extract features of body shape. Machine learning models were developed to predict participants' somatotypes from the extracted shape features. These predicted somatotypes were compared against manual measurement procedures. Data were collected from 46 participants and used as the training/validation set for model developing, whilst data collected from 17 participants were used as the test set for model evaluation. Evaluation tests showed that the 3D scanning methods enable accurate (mean error < 0.5; intraclass correlation coefficients >0.8) and precise (test-retest root mean square error < 0.5; intraclass correlation coefficients >0.8) somatotype predictions. This study shows that the 3D scanning methods could be used as an alternative to traditional somatotyping approaches after the current models improve with the large datasets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuang-Yuan Chiu
- Sports Engineering Research Group, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Michael Thelwell
- Sports Engineering Research Group, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Alice Bullas
- Sports Engineering Research Group, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Simon Choppin
- Sports Engineering Research Group, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
In performance analysis, and most notably in match analysis, generalizing game patterns in a sport or competition may result in formulating generic models and neglecting relevant variability in benefit of average or central values. Here, we aimed to understand how different game models can coexist at the same competitive level using social network analysis with degree centrality to obtain systemic mappings for six volleyball matches, one for each of the six national teams playing in the 2014 World Grand Prix Finals, guaranteeing a homogeneous game level and balanced matches. Although the sample was not recent, this was not relevant for our purposes, since we aimed to merely expose a proof of concept. A total of 56 sets and 7,176 ball possessions were analysed through Gephi Software, considering game actions as nodes and the interaction between them as edges. Results supported the coexistence of different performance models at the highest levels of practice, with each of the six teams presenting a very distinct game model. For example, important differences in eigenvector centrality in attack zones (ranging from 0 to 34) and tempos (20 to 38) were found between the six teams, as well as in defensive lines (20 to 39) and block opposition (22 to 37). This further suggests that there may be multiple pathways towards expert performance within any given sport, inviting a re-conceptualization of monolithic talent identification, detection and selection models. Future studies could benefit from standardizing the metrics in function of the number of ball possessions.
Collapse
|
10
|
Bisch KL, Bosch TA, Carbuhn A, Stanforth PR, Oliver JM, Bach CW, Dengel DR. Positional Body Composition of Female Division I Collegiate Volleyball Players. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:3055-3061. [PMID: 33105354 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bisch, KL, Bosch, TA, Carbuhn, A, Stanforth, PR, Oliver, JM, Bach, CW, and Dengel, DR. Positional body composition of female division I collegiate volleyball players. J Strength Cond Res 34(11): 3055-3061, 2020-The primary study objective was to measure positional differences in total and regional body composition among female NCAA Division I collegiate volleyball players using dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The secondary objective was to examine normative age curves for fat and lean mass (LM) variables. Ninety female volleyball players from 5 universities received a DXA scan. Athletes were categorized by position: middle blocker (MB = 31), outside hitter (OH = 32), setter (ST = 9), and Libero (LB = 18). Height, body mass, total and regional fat mass (FM), LM, bone mineral density (BMD), and abdominal visceral adipose tissue were measured by DXA. Body mass distribution ratios were calculated. The secondary age analysis included a subset of 153 DXA scans (n = 83, ages 18-21 years). Front row players (i.e., MB and OH) had significantly greater total and regional LM and BMD measures (p < 0.05, all), compared with non-front row players (i.e., LB and ST). Differences in total LM (p < 0.001) were significantly influenced by height. Front row players had consistently lower mass distribution ratios compared with non-front row players (p < 0.05, all). Lean mass index (LMI, p = 0.752) and FM index (FMI, p = 0.392) were not significantly different across ages. Back row players have greater relative upper body mass, whereas mass in front row players is more evenly distributed between the upper and lower body. Bone mineral density differences may be influenced by repeated impact of jumping during the attacking and blocking actions of front row players. Minimal changes in LMI and fluctuations in FMI can be expected across an athlete's career.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Bisch
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Tyler A Bosch
- College of Education and Human Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Aaron Carbuhn
- Kansas Athletics, Inc., University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Philip R Stanforth
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Jonathan M Oliver
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas; and
| | - Christopher W Bach
- Nebraska Athletic Performance Laboratory, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Donald R Dengel
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Trinschek J, Zieliński J, Kusy K. Maximal Oxygen Uptake Adjusted for Skeletal Muscle Mass in Competitive Speed-Power and Endurance Male Athletes: Changes in a One-Year Training Cycle. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17176226. [PMID: 32867179 PMCID: PMC7504314 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We compared the changes in maximum oxygen uptake (V·O2max) calculated per skeletal muscle mass (SMM) with conventional V·O2max measures in a 1-year training cycle. We hypothesized that the pattern of changes would differ between SMM-adjusted and absolute or weight-adjusted values, and the differences between groups of distinct training specialization and status will depend on the measure used. Twelve sprinters (24.7 ± 3.3 years), 10 endurance runners (25.3 ± 5.3 years), and 10 recreationally trained controls (29 ± 4.5 years) performed a treadmill test until exhaustion to determine V·O2max. Their SMM was estimated based on the dual X-ray absorptiometry method and a regression equation. The significance of differences was assessed using analysis of variance (p ≤ 0.05). The pattern of the longitudinal change was not different between V·O2max/SMM and standard measures. Also, the significance of differences between sprinters and endurance athletes remained similar regardless of the V·O2max measure. Sprinters and controls had similar absolute (~4.3 L·min−1) and total weight-adjusted (~52 vs. ~56 mL·min−1·kg) V·O2max, but they significantly differed in SMM-adjusted V·O2max (~110 vs. ~130 mL·min−1·kg SMM−1). In summary, SMM-adjusted V·O2max is not more useful than standard measures to track longitudinal changes in competitive athletes. However, it allows to better distinguish between groups or individuals differing in training status. The results of our study are limited to male athletes.
Collapse
|
12
|
Tsukahara Y, Torii S, Yamasawa F, Iwamoto J, Otsuka T, Goto H, Kusakabe T, Matsumoto H, Akama T. Changes in Body Composition and Its Relationship to Performance in Elite Female Track and Field Athletes Transitioning to the Senior Division. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8090115. [PMID: 32825326 PMCID: PMC7552674 DOI: 10.3390/sports8090115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Many elite female athletes struggle to maintain performance while transitioning from high school to university-level (senior) sports. This study explores factors of body composition that influenced performance in elite junior female track and field athletes transitioning to the senior division. Forty-two elite female track and field athletes, ranked among the top 100 in Japan, were enrolled in this study. Whole-body mode dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans were performed during the post-season of 2016 and 2017. Athletes’ performances were assessed using the International Association of Athletics Federation scoring system. Relationships between changes in performance and those in body composition were investigated. There were significant negative correlations between changes in performance and fat mass (FM), and percentage FM (FM%). This was seen in total body and lower extremities, and not in the trunk and upper extremities. In addition, there was a positive correlation between changes in performance and percentage lean mass (LM%). However, there were no correlations between changes in performance and LM and total mass. Elite female track and field athletes transitioning to senior division should decrease their FM and FM% and increase LM%, to sustain or improve performance. It is also more important to monitor changes in body composition than body mass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Tsukahara
- Waseda Institute for Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Sports Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-0016, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-80-3688-6128
| | - Suguru Torii
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan; (S.T.); (T.A.)
| | | | - Jun Iwamoto
- Bone and Joint Disease Center, Keiyu Orthopaedic Hospital, Tatebayashi 374-0013, Japan;
| | - Takanobu Otsuka
- School of Education, Tokai Gakuen University, Nagoya 468-8514, Japan;
| | - Hideyuki Goto
- Department of Health and Fitness, Faculty of Wellness, Shigakkan University, Obu 474-8651, Japan;
| | - Torao Kusakabe
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Japanese Red-Cross Kyoto Daini Hospital, Kyoto 602-8026, Japan;
| | - Hideo Matsumoto
- Public Interest Incorporated Foundation, Japan Sports Medicine Foundation, Tokyo 150-0012, Japan;
| | - Takao Akama
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan; (S.T.); (T.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Papadopoulou SD, Zorzou A, Garcia-de-Alcaraz A, Rosemann T, Knechtle B, Nikolaidis PT. Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue in Female Volleyball Players: Is It Related with Performance Indices? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56040159. [PMID: 32252442 PMCID: PMC7230183 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56040159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: The aim of the present study was to examine subcutaneous adipose tissue distribution in female volleyball players with regards to (a) variation by anatomical site, (b) differences among age groups and playing positions, and (c) physiological characteristics associated with performance. Materials and Methods: Participants were adolescent (n = 89, age 15.6 ± 0.9 years, mean ± standard deviation) and adult female volleyball players (n = 78, 24.8 ± 5.3 years), who performed a series of anthropometric and performance tests including skinfold thickness in 10 sites, Abalakov jump (AJ) and handgrip test (HG). Results: Chin had the smallest thickness, and iliac crest and abdomen the largest. The largest correlations of skinfold thickness were shown with regards to AJ ad HG. Coefficient of variations in skinfold thickness correlated with performance indices with small magnitude. Triceps and chin were the most frequent predictors of performance indices. The anatomical site of skinfold was near the active muscle groups related to performance in HG. Conclusions: In conclusion, performance indices such AJ and HG were related with thickness of specific skinfolds and with the variation of thickness by anatomical site (i.e., the less the variation, the better the performance). Considering the relevance of specific skinfolds (e.g., triceps and chin) for performance, their further use would be recommended for purposes of training monitoring, volleyball players’ selection and talent identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia D. Papadopoulou
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Amalia Zorzou
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, 18450 Nikaia, Greece; (A.Z.); (P.T.N.)
| | - Antonio Garcia-de-Alcaraz
- Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain;
- LFE Research Group, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-69-7782-0298
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rodrigues LP, Lima RF, Silva AF, Clemente FM, Camões M, Nikolaidis PT, Rosemann T, Knechtle B. Physical Fitness and Somatic Characteristics of the Only Child. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:324. [PMID: 32670998 PMCID: PMC7329988 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine if only child show differences on somatic growth and physical fitness compared to be a child with siblings. The participants included 542 children (boys: N = 270; girls: N = 270) between 7 and 15 years of age. Somatic growth (height, weight, body mass index) and physical fitness (handgrip strength; flexed harm hang; 60-s sit-ups; standing long jump; 10-m shuttle run and PACER test) were assessed. Variance analysis revealed significant advantages for children with siblings in the flexed arm hang (p = 0.046), 60-s sit-ups (p = 0.002), 10-m shuttle run (p = 0.013) and PACER (p = 0.032). An examination of the possible differential effect of sex on the results revealed no significance for physical fitness variables, but significant interaction were found for weight (p = 0.004) and body mass index (p = 0.005). Despite a lack of interactions between offspring and sex in physical fitness, significant differences between sexes were found in all fitness variables. In conclusion, having siblings showed to be advantageous for general physical fitness in children. This evidence may be used for future analysis and interventions in motor competence, namely considering the growing number of only children in some regions of the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis P Rodrigues
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Sciences Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Franco Lima
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Sciences Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Filipa Silva
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Sciences Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Vila Real, Portugal.,N2i, Polytechnic Institute of Maia, Maia, Portugal
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.,Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Miguel Camões
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Sciences Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tessutti LS, Aguiar SDS, Costa GDCT, Clemente FM, Lima RF, Neves RVP, Praça GM, Castro HDO. Body composition and performance variables differences in female volleyball players by agegroup and playing position. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CINEANTROPOMETRIA E DESEMPENHO HUMANO 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1980-0037.2019v21e60131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The aim of the present study was to evaluate the age and inter- and intra-position differences in the anthropometric variables and physical performance in young female players of Brazilian women's volleyball. Fifty-eight female volleyball players participated, divided into 3 age groups: (a) 14 and under (n=20; mean age = 12.6±0.7 years), (b) between 14 and 17 (n=31; mean age = 15.6±1.2 years), and (c) over 17 (n=7; mean age = 18.9±0.9 years). In addition, the players were also divided according to their positions: setters (n=7), opposites (n=13), passer-hitters (n=17), middle blockers (n=12) and liberos (n=9). Anthropometric characteristics, flexibility, strength / resistance abdominal muscles, pushups, explosive power of the arms, jumping abilities, shuttle run and 20-m sprint tests were evaluated. Analyses showed differences among age and playing positions for the height and bone mass (p<0.05). In the fitness assessment, no differences were found between playing positions (p>0.05). However, differences were found among for age groups horizontal jump, shuttle run and 20-m sprint, with players >17 performing better than <14 and between 14-17 years of age (p<0.05). These results demonstrated that the height, bone mass and horizontal jump, shuttle run and 20-m sprint are age dependent, while physical performance independent on the playing positions.
Collapse
|
16
|
Toselli S, Campa F. Anthropometry and Functional Movement Patterns in Elite Male Volleyball Players of Different Competitive Levels. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:2601-2611. [PMID: 30137032 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Toselli, S and Campa, F. Anthropometry and functional movement patterns in elite male volleyball players of different competitive levels. J Strength Cond Res 32(9): 2601-2611, 2018-The aim of this study was to establish specific profiles for anthropometry and functional movement parameters and identify which characteristics can be modified by training to achieve a better quality of movement in elite male volleyball players competing at the Italian National League (Super Lega = 39, aged 25.6 ± 4.7 years and A2 = 30, aged 26.2 ± 5.3 years). Another aim was to value functional movement patterns in relation to morphological traits, with special focus on differences by division and playing positions. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. According to discriminant analysis, the differences between players of the 2 Divisions were primarily due to nonmodifiable parameters (humerus width, height, and bicrestiliac width) and modifiable parameters (contracted arm circumference and muscle area of upper arm). Our results highlighted differences according to playing positions. Middle hitters and opposites were taller, heavier and generally showed wide dimensions in contracted arm circumference, upper limb length widths, and handgrip strength than the players of the other roles. Percentage of fat mass was low in players of all roles, such as endomorph somatotype component. Ectomorphic component was maximal in middle hitters, whereas mesomorphic component was maximal in liberos. The players of the 2 Divisions did not show differences in the movement patterns, even if approximately 33% of them showed a dysfunctional movement, with a prevalence of asymmetric movements in the shoulder mobility test. Multiple regression showed that, in volleyball players, an optimal flexibility and mobility was closely related to anthropometric characters with particular emphasis on body fat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Toselli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Vargas J, Loureiro M, Nikolaidis PT, Knechtle B, Laporta L, Marcelino R, Afonso J. Rethinking Monolithic Pathways to Success and Talent Identification: The Case of the Women's Japanese Volleyball Team and Why Height is not Everything. J Hum Kinet 2018; 64:233-245. [PMID: 30429914 PMCID: PMC6231345 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyse the Japanese National Women’s Volleyball Team and to identify items differentiating it from other teams. All fifteen matches between the six National Teams (i.e., Japan, Brazil, China, Belgium, Turkey and Russia) competing at the Women’s Volleyball World Grand Prix Finals of 2014 were analyzed, in a total of 56 sets and 7,176 situations of ball possession. Data suggested the existence of differences between Japan’s and the other five teams’ gameplay, namely the likelihood of more gameplay with utilization of the float jump serve (20.42; ± 3.79%, very large magnitude) and attack tempo 2 (61.89; ± 29.67%, large magnitude), while exhibiting less gameplay with zero blockers opposing the attack (-42.06; ± 21.28%, large magnitude). Based on these findings, it was concluded that sports success could be achieved even when a core feature of mainstream performance models (e.g., height in volleyball) was lacking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Vargas
- Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Pantelis T. Nikolaidis
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Nikaia, Greece
- Pantelis T. Nikolaidis Address: Thermopylon 7, Nikaia 18450, Greece Telephone: +306977820298 Fax: +302104907557
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Rui Marcelino
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Jose Afonso
- Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
The Effects of 3-Month Skill-Based and Plyometric Conditioning on Fitness Parameters in Junior Female Volleyball Players. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2018; 30:353-363. [PMID: 29478378 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2017-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study compared the effects of skill-based and plyometric conditioning (both performed in addition to regular volleyball training twice a week for 12 wk) on fitness parameters in female junior volleyball players. METHODS The participants [n = 47; age: 16.6 (0.6) y; mass: 59.4 (8.1) kg; height: 175.1 (3.0) cm] were randomized into a plyometric (n = 13), a skill-based (n = 17), and a control (n = 17) groups. The variables included body height, body mass, calf girth, calf skinfold, corrected calf girth, countermovement jump, 20-m-sprint, medicine ball toss, and sit-and-reach test. RESULTS Two-way analysis of variance (time × group) effects for time were significant (P < .05) for all variables except body mass. Significant group × time interactions were observed for calf skinfold [η2 = .14; medium effect size (ES)], 20-m sprint (η2 = .09; small ES), countermovement jump (η2 = .29; large ES), medicine ball (η2 = .58; large ES), with greater gains (reduction of skinfold) for plyometric group, and sit-and-reach (η2 = .35; large ES), with greater gains in plyometric and skill-based groups. The magnitude-based inference indicated positive changes in 1) medicine ball toss and countermovement jump for all groups; 2) sit-and-reach for the plyometric and skill-based groups; and 3) 20-m sprint, calf girth, calf skinfold, and corrected calf girth for plyometric group only. CONCLUSION Selected variables can be improved by adding 2 plyometric training sessions throughout the period of 12 weeks. Additional skill-based conditioning did not contribute to improvement in the studied variables compared with regular volleyball training.
Collapse
|
19
|
Giannopoulos N, Vagenas G, Noutsos K, Barzouka K, Bergeles N. Somatotype, Level of Competition, and Performance in Attack in Elite Male Volleyball. J Hum Kinet 2017; 58:131-140. [PMID: 28828084 PMCID: PMC5548161 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between somatotype, level of competition, and performance in attack in elite level male volleyball players. The objective was to test for the potential covariation of competition level (Division A1 vs. A2) and playing position (hitters vs. centers vs. opposites) considering performance in attack. Anthropometric, body composition and somatotype variables were measured according to the Heath-Carter method. The attack actions of 144 players from 48 volleyball matches were analyzed and their performance was rated using a 5-point numerical scale. Results showed that players of Division A1 were taller, heavier, more muscular, and less endomorphic compared to those of Division A2. MANOVA and follow-up discriminant function analysis revealed somatotype differences among playing positions with centers and opposites being endomorph-ectomorph and hitters being central. Centers performed constantly better than hitters and opposites regardless of the division and somatotype. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that variables defining ectomorph and endomorph players, centers, and players of Division A1 significantly determined the relative performance superiority and were able to explain the variation in performance by almost 25%. These results could be taken into account by coaches when assigning players to particular playing positions or when designing individualized position-specific training programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikiforos Giannopoulos
- Department of Sport Games, School of Physical Education & Sport Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Vagenas
- Sports Statistics, Department of Theoretical Sciences, School of Physical Education & Sport Science, National & Kapodistrian University of AthensAthens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Noutsos
- Department of Sport Games, School of Physical Education & Sport Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Karolina Barzouka
- Department of Sport Games, School of Physical Education & Sport Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Bergeles
- Department of Sport Games, School of Physical Education & Sport Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pastuszak A, Buśko K, Kalka E. Somatotype and body composition of volleyball players and untrained female students – reference group for comparison in sport. ANTHROPOLOGICAL REVIEW 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/anre-2016-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
There is substantial evidence that somatotype and success in sport and physical performance are positively related. Existing somatotype data on athletes are useful as guidelines for sport selection and choice of training appropriate to the enhancement of desired somatotype characteristics. Updated somatotype data from non-athlete reference groups complement comparative analysis applied in assessing the effects of the training process and selection. The aim of this study was to determine the somatotype of untrained girls studying at Warsaw University of Technology in 2011, in order to create a current reference group for comparison, and to investigate the difference in body build of female volleyball players compared with the non-athlete group. Twelve Second Division female volleyball players (age 21.6±1.5 years, body height 177.3±6.2 cm, body mass 71.0±6.5 kg, training experience 8.4±3.4 years) and 150 female untrained students of the University of Technology in Warsaw (age 20.0±6.4 years, body height 166.5±6.4 cm, body mass 59.7±8.4 kg) participated in a study carried out in 2011. Somatotype was determined using the Heath-Carter method. The volleyball players were a little older and were significantly taller and heavier than female students (p<0.05). Significant differences between the groups were found in breadth of the elbow, breadth of the wrist, biacromial diameter, arm circumference and crus circumference (p<0.05). The mean somatotype of the volleyball players was 4.5-3.4-2.8. (4.5±1.0-3.4±1.2-2.8±1.3), whilst that of the untrained students was 5.1-3.6-2.8. (5.1±1.4-3.6±1.1-2.8±1.3); the groups did not differ significantly in somatotype. The groups were significantly different in body composition (F [kg] and LBM [kg]), as estimated by BIA and anthropometric methods (p<0.05). No differences were observed between the groups in the skinfolds. Morphological characteristics of the female volleyball players depended on the competition level and performance. Somatic features of the bodies of the volleyball players were dominated by the height of the body and the associated magnitude of the constituent characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pastuszak
- Department of Biomechanics, Institute of Sport – National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Buśko
- Department of Biomedical Basis of Physical Culture, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Ewa Kalka
- Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Anthropometric and physical characteristics allow differentiation of young female volleyball players according to playing position and level of expertise. Biol Sport 2016; 34:19-26. [PMID: 28416892 PMCID: PMC5377555 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2017.63382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to determine the differences in some anthropometric and physical performance variables of young Croatian female volleyball players (aged 13 to 15) in relation to playing position (i.e., independent variable) and performance level within each position (i.e., independent variable). Players were categorized according to playing position (i.e., role) as middle blockers (n=28), opposite hitters (n=41), passer-hitters (n=54), setters (n=30), and liberos (n=28). Within each position, players were divided into a more successful group and a less successful group according to team ranking in the latest regional championship and player quality within the team. Height and body mass, somatotype by the Heath-Carter method, and four tests of lower body power, speed, agility and upper body power (i.e., dependent variables) were assessed. Players in different positions differed significantly in height and all three somatotype components, but no significant differences were found in body mass, body mass index or measured physical performance variables. Players of different performance level differed significantly in both anthropometric and physical performance variables. Generally, middle blockers were taller, more ectomorphic, less mesomorphic and endomorphic, whereas liberos were shorter, less ectomorphic, more mesomorphic and endomorphic than players in other positions. More successful players in all positions had a lower body mass index, were less mesomorphic and endomorphic, and more ectomorphic than less successful players. Furthermore, more successful players showed better lower body power, speed, agility and upper body power. The results of this study can potentially provide coaches with useful indications about the use of somatotype selection and physical performance assessment for talent identification and development.
Collapse
|
22
|
Anthropometric, physical, and age differences by the player position and the performance level in volleyball. J Hum Kinet 2014; 44:223-36. [PMID: 25713683 PMCID: PMC4327374 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2014-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this paper was to study the ranges in height, weight, age, spike reach, and block reach of volleyball players in relation to the player position and the level of their respective teams in peak performance. The analysed sample included 1454 male and 1452 female players who participated in the volleyball competitions of the Olympic Games and World Championships in the 2000–2012 period. A descriptive, correlational, and longitudinal design was used. The variables studied were: the player position, body height, weight, body mass index, spike reach, block reach, age, and team level. The results show differences between body height, spike and block reaches, and the age of the players by their position. These differences are related to the needs of the different positions with regard to the actions they execute. Middle-blockers, outside-hitters, and opposites have the characteristics that are most suitable for blocking and spiking, and the setters and liberos appear to have characteristics conducive to setting and receiving as well as digging, respectively. The differences found in the studied variables with regard to the playing position are related to players’ needs regarding the actions they perform. Player’s age was a variable that differentiated first teams at this level of competition for males, and physical capacities (body height, weight, spike reach, and block reach) were variables that differentiated first teams at this level of competition for females.
Collapse
|