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Becker M, Sperlich B, Zinner C, Achtzehn S. Intra-Individual and Seasonal Variation of Selected Biomarkers for Internal Load Monitoring in U-19 Soccer Players. Front Physiol 2020; 11:838. [PMID: 32848822 PMCID: PMC7417431 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate inter-day and -week as well as intra- and inter-individual variation of selected biomarkers in high-performance youth soccer players to assist practitioners interpreting player's internal load to counteract underperformance and unwanted health risks. Eleven male youth soccer players were tested multiple times during two 3-week periods at midpoint (3-wkmid) and at the end (3-wkend) of the first half of a German under-19 1. Bundesliga season. The levels of creatine kinase (CK), urea, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured during 3-wkmid and 3-wkend each Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. In 3-wkmid the CK median was 14% higher (241 vs. 212 U/L) compared to 3-wkend (P = 0.26, ES = 0.16). Overall, the medians of CK, urea (P = 0.59, ES = 0.08), and CRP (P = 0.56, ES = 0.10) during 3-wkmid did not differ to the values of 3-wkend. Daily coefficient of variations (CVs) ranged from 22 to 71% (CK), 17 to 37% (urea), and 9 to 164% (CRP). Individual medians ranged from 101 to 350 U/L (CK), 23 to 50 mg/dL (urea), and 0.6 to 1.1 mg/L (CRP). High intra-individual variability was demonstrated by large intra-individual CVs (medians: CK 50%, urea 18%, and CRP 45%). Our data show (i) large inter-day and inter-week variability of all biomarkers, depending on the external load and (ii) considerable inter- and intra-individual parameter variations. Creatine kinase concentrations could sensitively reflect soccer-specific loads during the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Becker
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Decode Dynamics Sports Performance Institute, Waldbronn, Germany
| | - Billy Sperlich
- Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science and Training, Institute of Sport Science, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Zinner
- Department of Sport, University of Applied Sciences for Police and Administration of Hesse, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Silvia Achtzehn
- Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,The German Research Centre of Elite Sport, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Coppalle S, Rave G, Ben Abderrahman A, Ali A, Salhi I, Zouita S, Zouita A, Brughelli M, Granacher U, Zouhal H. Relationship of Pre-season Training Load With In-Season Biochemical Markers, Injuries and Performance in Professional Soccer Players. Front Physiol 2019; 10:409. [PMID: 31031638 PMCID: PMC6474299 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is controversy in the literature in regards of the link between training load and injury rate. Thus, the aims of this non-interventional study were to evaluate relationships between pre-season training load with biochemical markers, injury incidence and performance during the first month of the competitive period in professional soccer players. MATERIALS AND METHODS Healthy professional soccer players were enrolled in this study over two pre-season periods. Data sets were available from 26 players during the first season (2014-2015) and 24 players during the second season (2015-2016) who completed two pre-season periods (6 weeks each). External training load was assessed from all athletes during training using Global Positioning System (GPS). Internal training load was monitored after each training session using rate of perceived exertion (RPE). Before and after each pre-season, blood samples were taken to determine plasma lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Injury incidence and overall performance (ranking of the team after the first five official games of the championship) were recorded for both seasons separately. RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference in mean RPE values of the two-preparation periods (2737 ± 452 and 2629 ± 786 AU, p = 0.492). The correlational analysis did not reveal significant associations between internal and external training load (RPE and GPS data) and biological markers. There was a significant positive correlation between RPE and LDH during the 2015/2016 season (r = 0.974, p = 0.001). In addition, a significant negative correlation was found between total distance >20 km/h and CRP during the 2015-2016 season (r = -0.863, p = 0.027). The injury rates for the two seasons were 1.76 and 1.06 per 1000 h exposure for the 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 seasons, respectively (p = 0.127). CONCLUSION Our study showed that pre-season training load is not associated with overall team performance. This association is most likely multifactorial and other factors (e.g., technical and tactical level of the team, opponents, environment) may play an important role for the collective team performance. Our findings may help coaches to better prepare their athletes during pre-season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sullivan Coppalle
- M2S (Movement, Sport and Health Sciences Laboratory), University of Rennes 2, Rennes, France
| | - Guillaume Rave
- Stade Lavallois Mayenne Football Club, Laval, France
- Department of Performance, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
| | | | - Ajmol Ali
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Iyed Salhi
- ISSEP Ksar Said, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Sghaier Zouita
- ISSEP Ksar Said, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Amira Zouita
- ISSEP Ksar Said, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Matt Brughelli
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- M2S (Movement, Sport and Health Sciences Laboratory), University of Rennes 2, Rennes, France
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Carling C, Lacome M, McCall A, Dupont G, Le Gall F, Simpson B, Buchheit M. Monitoring of Post-match Fatigue in Professional Soccer: Welcome to the Real World. Sports Med 2018; 48:2695-2702. [PMID: 29740792 PMCID: PMC6244616 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0935-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Participation in soccer match-play leads to acute and transient subjective, biochemical, metabolic and physical disturbances in players over subsequent hours and days. Inadequate time for rest and regeneration between matches can expose players to the risk of training and competing whilst not entirely recovered. In professional soccer, contemporary competitive schedules can require teams to compete in excess of 60 matches over the course of the season with periods of fixture congestion occurring, prompting much attention from researchers and practitioners to the monitoring of fatigue and readiness to play. A comprehensive body of research has investigated post-match acute and residual fatigue responses. Yet the relevance of the research for professional soccer contexts is debatable, notably in relation to the study populations and designs employed. Monitoring can indeed be invasive, expensive, time inefficient, and difficult to perform routinely and simultaneously in a large squad of regularly competing players. Uncertainty also exists regarding the meaningfulness and interpretation of changes in fatigue response values and their functional relevance, and practical applicability in the field. The real-world need and cost-benefit of monitoring must be carefully weighed up. In relation to professional soccer contexts, this opinion paper intends to (1) debate the need for post-match fatigue monitoring; (2) critique the real-world relevance of the current research literature; (3) discuss the practical burden relating to measurement tools and protocols, and the collection, interpretation and application of data in the field; and (4) propose future research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Carling
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Greenbank Building, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK.
| | - Mathieu Lacome
- Performance Department, Paris Saint-Germain Football Club, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France
| | - Alan McCall
- Research Department for Sports and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, Life and Social Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
- Medical Department, Arsenal Football Club, London, UK
| | | | | | - Ben Simpson
- Performance Department, Paris Saint-Germain Football Club, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France
| | - Martin Buchheit
- Performance Department, Paris Saint-Germain Football Club, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France
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Malone S, Mendes B, Hughes B, Roe M, Devenney S, Collins K, Owen A. Decrements in Neuromuscular Performance and Increases in Creatine Kinase Impact Training Outputs in Elite Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:1342-1351. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Harper LD, Hunter R, Parker P, Goodall S, Thomas K, Howatson G, West DJ, Stevenson E, Russell M. Test-Retest Reliability of Physiological and Performance Responses to 120 Minutes of Simulated Soccer Match Play. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:3178-3186. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Brocherie F, Millet GP, Hauser A, Steiner T, Wehrlin JP, Rysman J, Girard O. Association of Hematological Variables with Team-Sport Specific Fitness Performance. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144446. [PMID: 26641647 PMCID: PMC4671600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We investigated association of hematological variables with specific fitness performance in elite team-sport players. Methods Hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) was measured in 25 elite field hockey players using the optimized (2 min) CO-rebreathing method. Hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]), hematocrit and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were analyzed in venous blood. Fitness performance evaluation included a repeated-sprint ability (RSA) test (8 x 20 m sprints, 20 s of rest) and the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 2 (YYIR2). Results Hbmass was largely correlated (r = 0.62, P<0.01) with YYIR2 total distance covered (YYIR2TD) but not with any RSA-derived parameters (r ranging from -0.06 to -0.32; all P>0.05). [Hb] and MCHC displayed moderate correlations with both YYIR2TD (r = 0.44 and 0.41; both P<0.01) and RSA sprint decrement score (r = -0.41 and -0.44; both P<0.05). YYIR2TD correlated with RSA best and total sprint times (r = -0.46, P<0.05 and -0.60, P<0.01; respectively), but not with RSA sprint decrement score (r = -0.19, P>0.05). Conclusion Hbmass is positively correlated with specific aerobic fitness, but not with RSA, in elite team-sport players. Additionally, the negative relationships between YYIR2 and RSA tests performance imply that different hematological mechanisms may be at play. Overall, these results indicate that these two fitness tests should not be used interchangeably as they reflect different hematological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Brocherie
- ISSUL, Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Grégoire P. Millet
- ISSUL, Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anna Hauser
- ISSUL, Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, Section for Elite Sport, Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Steiner
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, Section for Elite Sport, Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Jon P. Wehrlin
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, Section for Elite Sport, Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Julien Rysman
- Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Girard
- ISSUL, Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- ASPETAR, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Doha, Qatar
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Owen A, Dunlop G, Rouissi M, Chtara M, Paul D, Zouhal H, Wong DP. The relationship between lower-limb strength and match-related muscle damage in elite level professional European soccer players. J Sports Sci 2015; 33:2100-5. [PMID: 26158195 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1064155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In professional soccer, the benefits of lower limb strength training have been advocated. However, from an aspect of performance development, specifically with respect to expression of fatigue and injury prevention, the advantages of increased lower body strength have received limited attention at the elite level of the game. The primary aim of this cross-sectional investigation was to examine the association between lower body strength and the expression of markers of fatigue as evaluated through muscle damage assessment following match play in professional soccer players. Ten male professional soccer players participated in this investigation (mean ± SD age 26.2 ± 4.3 years, height 181.6 ± 4.8 cm and body mass 78.7 ± 6.1 kg); creatine kinase (CK) was collected 2-days post-match for a 5-month period and at three different time points (Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3); muscular strength (e.g. 4 repetition half-squat) was measured 3-day post-match. No significant change in CK and muscular force across three time points was found (F = 0.60, P = 0.56, η(2) = 0.06 and F = 2.65, P = 0.10, η(2) = 0.23, respectively). Muscular force was negatively correlated (moderate to very large) with CK. It can be concluded that players who produce greater lower body force as a result of being stronger in the lower limbs show reduced levels of CK 48 h post-match.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Owen
- a Servette FC , Centre for Football Research , Geneva , Switzerland.,b Centre de Recherch et d'Innovation sur le Sport, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon.1 , Lyon, France
| | - Gordon Dunlop
- a Servette FC , Centre for Football Research , Geneva , Switzerland
| | | | | | - Darren Paul
- e ASPETAR, Research dept , ASPETAR research in sport , Doha , Qatar
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- f Universitie Rennes2 , Sport Science, Avenue Charles Tillon , Rennes , France
| | - Del P Wong
- g Human Performance Laboratory, Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China
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