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Yasul Y, Akçınar F, Yasul ME, Kurtoğlu A, Eken Ö, Badicu G, Ardigò LP. Effects of short-term pre-competition weight loss on certain physiological parameters and strength change in elite boxers. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304267. [PMID: 38781263 PMCID: PMC11115213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Athletes in certain sports aim to gain an advantage by competing in a lower body mass class instead of competing in their own body mass class. This study aims to reveal certain physiologic and strength changes in elite male boxers who lost body mass rapidly before the competition. METHODS 30 thirty boxers who were aged between 19-24 years and having a mean age of 7.4 years participated in the study. To evaluate the effect of short-term dietary intake interventions on body composition and muscle strength before the competition, boxers were divided into three groups: control (C), exercise+diet1 (E+D1) and exercise+diet2 (E+D2) groups. The dietary habits of the participants were controlled and they participated in the training program. The data of the study consisted of variables such as body mass, height, regional muscle mass, body fat percentage, biceps and femur bicondylar circumference measurements before the competitions. Isometric strength measurements of knee extensors and flexors and shoulder internal and external rotators were also recorded. RESULTS Physiologic parameters such as body mass change, BMI level, body fat percentage and leg muscle ratios of E+D2 were significantly decreased compared to C and E+D1 groups. Furthermore, submaximal and maximal strength production in knee extensors and flexors as well as shoulder internal and external rotators were significantly decreased in E+D2 compared to C and E+D1 groups. CONCLUSION The tendency to lose body mass quickly in a short of time may give the desired results in terms of BMI, body mass and fat percentage, but it may cause strength losses in boxers during the competition period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yavuz Yasul
- Bafra Vocational School, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkiye
| | - Faruk Akçınar
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Inonu Mayıs University, Malatya, Turkiye
| | - Muhammet Enes Yasul
- Başakşehir Çam ve Sakura City Hospital, Nutrition and Diet Unit, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Ahmet Kurtoğlu
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Science, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, Balikesir, Türkiye
| | - Özgür Eken
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Teaching, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Inonu University, Malatya, Türkiye
| | - Georgian Badicu
- Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, Braşov, Romania
| | - Luca Paolo Ardigò
- Department of Teacher Education, NLA University College, Oslo, Norway
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Kim KJ, Rhyu HS, Yoon DH. A comparative analysis of the physical fitness profile of Korean women's national amateur boxers by weight category. J Exerc Rehabil 2024; 20:51-57. [PMID: 38737467 PMCID: PMC11079553 DOI: 10.12965/jer.2448126.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in specific physical fitness of the national amateur women's boxer. The Korean women's national amateur boxers were classified into the lightweight category (LWC, n=21) and middleweight category (MWC, n=13), and body composition (percentage body fat and body mass index) and specific physical fitness (maximal muscle strength, anaerobic power, isokinetic muscle strength, cardiopulmonary endurance) were measured. The Mann-Whitney U-test was conducted to determine the differences in the body composition and specific physical fitness in women's boxers. The percentage body fat (P=0.004) and body mass index (P<0.001) were significantly higher in the LWC compared to MWC. In addition, LWC showed significantly higher isokinetic muscle strength (P<0.001), upper anaerobic mean power (P=0.002), maximal muscle strength (P=0.003), and maximal heart rate at anaerobic threshold (P=0.029), maximal oxygen consumption (P<0.001) and the 20-m shuttle-run exercise (P=0.004) compared to MWC. In conclusion, the body fat percentage and body mass index levels among body composition were significantly higher in the MWC than in the LWC, and the constant muscle strength, maximum muscle strength, and cardiopulmonary endurance levels were significantly higher in the LWC than in the MWC. The results of this study are expected to provide useful data for planning future strategies for efficient and scientific training programs for each weight category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Jun Kim
- Department of Sports Science, Korea Institute of Sport Science, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Hyun-Seung Rhyu
- Department of Physical Education, Jungwon University, Goesan,
Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Yoon
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul,
Korea
- Institute on Aging, Seoul National University, Seoul,
Korea
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Bagot S, Pélissier L, Pereira B, Chanséaume Bussiere E, Duclos M, Dulloo A, Miles-Chan J, Charlot K, Boirie Y, Thivel D, Isacco L. Weight regain, body composition, and metabolic responses to weight loss in weight cycling athletes: A systematic review and meta-analyses. Obes Rev 2024; 25:e13658. [PMID: 38096860 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Depending on the nature of their sports, athletes may be engaged in successive weight loss (WL) and regain, conducing to "weight cycling." The aims of this paper were to systematically (and meta-analytically when possible) analyze the post-WL recovery of (i) body weight and (ii) fat mass; fat-free mass; and performance and metabolic responses in weight cycling athletes (18-55 years old, body mass index < 30 kg.m-2 ). MEDLINE, Embase, and SPORTDiscus databases were explored. The quality and risk of bias of the 74 included studies were assessed using the quality assessment tool for quantitative studies. Thirty-two studies were eligible for meta-analyses. Whatever the type of sports or methods used to lose weight, post-WL body weight does not seem affected compared with pre-WL. While similar results are observed for fat-free mass, strength sports athletes (also having longer WL and regain periods) do not seem to fully recover their initial fat mass (ES: -0.39, 95% CI: [-0.77; -0.00], p = 0.048, I2 = 0.0%). Although the methods used by athletes to achieve WL might prevent them from a potential post-WL fat overshooting, further studies are needed to better understand WL episodes consequences on athletes' performance as well as short- and long-term physical, metabolic, and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bagot
- EA 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), CRNH Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Léna Pélissier
- EA 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), CRNH Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Unit of Biostatistics (DRCI), University Hospital Centre Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Martine Duclos
- Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, University Hospital Centre Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Faculty of Medicine and Paramedical Professions, National Observatory on Physical Activity and Sedentariness (ONAPS), University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- International Research Chair Health in Motion, Clermont Auvergne University Foundation, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Abdul Dulloo
- Department of Medicine/Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Miles-Chan
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Keyne Charlot
- Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées, Département Environnements Opérationnels, Unité de Physiologie des Exercices et Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Bretigny-sur-Orge, France
- Exercise Biology Laboratory for Performance and Health (LBEPS), Paris-Saclay University, Evry, France
| | - Yves Boirie
- Department of Human Nutrition, University Hospital Centre Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - David Thivel
- EA 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), CRNH Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Faculty of Medicine and Paramedical Professions, National Observatory on Physical Activity and Sedentariness (ONAPS), University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- International Research Chair Health in Motion, Clermont Auvergne University Foundation, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laurie Isacco
- EA 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), CRNH Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Murugappan KR, Reale R, Baribeau V, O'Gara BP, Mueller A, Sarge T. Rapid weight gain following weight cutting in male professional boxers. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2022; 50:494-500. [PMID: 34310264 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2021.1960780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Weight classifications are used in boxing and other combat sports to match opponents of similar size. Professional boxers commonly engage in a potentially harmful practice known as rapid weight loss or 'weight cutting' to make weight the day prior to competition before rehydrating and refueling. This investigation describes the prevalence and magnitude of rapid weight gain in boxers following weigh-in as well as differences in practice with respect to weight class and promotion. METHODS This analysis describes official weight data from male professional boxers collected by the California State Athletic Commission between 2015 and 2018. A total of 399 athletes were included in the study. RESULTS Among included athletes, 389 (97.5%) athletes gained weight between official weigh-in and competition. Total absolute body mass gained was 4.4 ± 2.2 kg corresponding to a total relative body mass gain of 7.2 ± 3.5%. Boxers competing in international promotions gained significantly more body mass than regional competitors (8.0 ± 3.0% vs. 6.6 ± 3.7%; p < 0.001). In total, 82 (20.6%) athletes gained 10% body mass or more before competition. More international competitors reached this 10% threshold than regional competitors (25.3% vs. 17.4%; p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate high prevalence and magnitude of RWG in professional boxing, particularly in boxers competing in elite international promotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadhiresan R Murugappan
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reid Reale
- Performance Nutrition Department, UFC Performance Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Vincent Baribeau
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian P O'Gara
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ariel Mueller
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Todd Sarge
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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A Review of High-Risk Rapid Weight Loss Behaviors with Assessment of Food Intake and Anthropometric Measurements in Combat Sport Athletes. Asian J Sports Med 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.85697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Zubac D, Šimunič B, Buoite Stella A, Morrison SA. Neuromuscular performance after rapid weight loss in Olympic-style boxers. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 20:1051-1060. [PMID: 31744401 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1695954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The present study investigated the effect of a 3% rapid weight loss (RWL) procedure on neuromuscular performance in elite, Olympic-style boxers. Nine boxers were randomly assigned to two experimental procedures (RWL and control, in a randomized counter-balance order) to perform 5-s maximum isometric voluntary contractions (MVC) of the dominant leg knee extensors prior to (MVC1), and following (MVC2), a sustained, isometric contraction at 70% MVC until exhaustion. The voluntary activation (VA) was determined using percutaneous muscle stimulation and interpolated twitch technique. High (at 80 Hz) and low (at 20 Hz) frequency tetanic impulses were also delivered before and after the sustained 70% MVC to assess peripheral fatigue. Hydration status, hemodynamic parameters, and lactate concentration were assessed throughout the study. Body-mass was reduced by ∼3% (during RWL) compared to control (p = .001). As a result of the RWL protocol, MVC1 force output was 12% lower and VA deficits of 7% were observed after the fatigue protocol compared to control (p = .001). Following RWL, time to exhaustion for the sustained 70% MVC was 69 ± 20 s compared to 86 ± 34 s for control (p = .020). Peak lactate production was 53% lower in RWL compared to control (p = .001). In conclusion, the 3% RWL procedure translated into significant decline in neuromuscular performance for both brief and sustained contractions in competitive boxers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damir Zubac
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia.,Science and Research Center Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Boštjan Šimunič
- Science and Research Center Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Alex Buoite Stella
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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Precompetitional Weight Reduction Modifies Prooxidative-Antioxidative Status in Judokas. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:2164698. [PMID: 31428221 PMCID: PMC6679850 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2164698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Objective The main aim of the study was an assessment of the influence of rapid weight loss on oxidative stress parameters in judokas differing in weight reduction value. Materials and Methods The study included 30 judokas with an age range of 18-30 years (mean age: 22.4 ± 3.40 years). Enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidative markers, lipid peroxidation markers, and total oxidative stress were assessed three times: one week before a competition (the first stage), after gaining the desired weight (the second stage), and one week after the competition (the third stage). Results Between the first and the second stage, the concentration of lipid hydroperoxides (LPH) decreased significantly. The superoxide dismutase (SOD), copper- and zinc-containing superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD), ceruloplasmin (CER), malondialdehyde (MDA), LPH, and total oxidative stress (TOS) concentrations were the lowest one week after the competition. Linear regression indicated that the emphases on increased weight reduction increased the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and protein sulfhydryl (PSH) between the first and the second stage of the study. Moderate weight reduction (2-5%) resulted in elevated levels of SOD, Mn-SOD, LPH, MDA, and TOS in comparison to low and high reductions. An opposite relation was observed in PSH. In judokas, the precompetitional weight reduction range was 0.44-6.10% (mean: 2.93% ± 1.76%) of the initial body weight. Concentrations of superoxide dismutase (SOD; p < .01), manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD; p < .001), and ceruloplasmin (CER; p < .05) decreased between the first and the third stage of the study as well between the second and third one. Before competitions, a decrease in lipid hydroperoxide (LPH; p < .01) concentration was observed. A reduction of malondialdehyde (MDA; p < .05), LPH (p < .01), and total oxidative stress (TOS; p < .05) levels between the first and the final stage occurred. The increase in weight reduction was linearly correlated with the rise of glutathione peroxidase (GPx; p < .05), glutathione reductase (GR; p < .05), glutathione S-transferase (GST; p < .05), and protein sulfhydryl (PSH; p < .05) concentrations between the first and the second stage of the study. Moderate weight reduction (2-5%) resulted in elevated levels of SOD (p < .05), Mn-SOD (p < .05), LPH (p < .05), MDA (p < .05), and TOS (p < .05) in comparison to low and high reductions. An opposite relation was observed in PSH (p < .005). Conclusions The effect of weight reduction in judo athletes on prooxidative-antioxidative system diversity depends on the weight reduction value.
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The Magnitude of Rapid Weight Loss and Rapid Weight Gain in Combat Sport Athletes Preparing for Competition: A Systematic Review. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2019; 29:441–452. [DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Brandt R, Bevilacqua GG, Coimbra DR, Pombo LC, Miarka B, Lane AM. Body Weight and Mood State Modifications in Mixed Martial Arts: An Exploratory Pilot. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:2548-2554. [PMID: 29927894 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Brandt, R, Bevilacqua, GG, Coimbra, DR, Pombo, LC, Miarka, B, and Lane, AM. Body weight and mood state modifications in mixed martial arts: An exploratory pilot. J Strength Cond Res 32(9): 2548-2554, 2018-Mixed martial arts (MMA) fighters typically use rapid weight loss (RWL) as a strategy to make competition weight. The aim of the present study was to compare body weight and mood changes in professional male MMA athletes who used strategies to rapidly lose weight (n = 9) and with MMA athletes who did not (n = 3). Body mass and mood states of anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, tension, and vigor and total mood disturbance were assessed (a) 30 days before competition, (b) at the official weigh-in 1 day before competition, (c) 10 minutes before competition, and (d) 10 minutes postcompetition. Results indicated that RWL associated with reporting higher confusion and greater total mood disturbance at each assessment point. Rapid weight loss also associated with high anger at the official weigh-in. However, in performance, RWL did not have deleterious effects on performance. The RWL group also reported greater total mood disturbance at all assessment points with a moderate difference effect size. Research supports the notion that RWL associates with potentially dysfunctional mood states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Brandt
- Physical Education Department, Western Paraná State University, Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazil
| | - Guilherme G Bevilacqua
- Center of Health and Sports Sciences, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Danilo R Coimbra
- Center of Health and Sports Sciences, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Luiz C Pombo
- Physical Education Department, Western Paraná State University, Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazil
| | - Bianca Miarka
- Department of Physical Education, Juiz de Fora Federal University, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Andrew M Lane
- Institute of Sport, Faculty of Education Health and Well-being University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, England
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de Moraes WMAM, de Moura FC, da Costa Moraes TC, Oliveira de Sousa LG, Dos Santos Rosa T, Schoenfeld BJ, Machado Maia FM, Prestes J. Oxidative stress, inflammation, psychological status, and severity of respiratory infections are negatively affected during the pre-contest period in amateur bodybuilders. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 44:468-476. [PMID: 30248274 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether off-season (OffS) and pre-contest (PreC) periods affect blood oxidative stress, inflammatory, immunological, and psychological markers in 20 bodybuilders. The athletes recorded their food intake (3-day record), physical activities, mood states (Profile of Mood States, POMS), recovery-stress (Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes, RESTQ-Sport), and upper respiratory symptoms (Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey, WURSS-21), and blood was obtained for biochemical analysis. Almost all athletes were in positive energy balance during OffS, while bodybuilders presented markedly restricted energy intake (∼45%) leading to loss of weight (-9%) and fat mass (-45%) with preservation of fat-free mass in PreC. Protein intake was high during both periods, while lipid and carbohydrate intakes were reduced ∼50% in PreC. Almost all athletes consumed 100% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for micronutrients in OffS, while 45% and 75% of the athletes had intakes below the RDA for vitamins A and E in PreC. Oxidative damage to lipids (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS), protein carbonyls, and the TBARS/total antioxidant capacity ratio increased in PreC (32%, 27%, 60%), as did plasma tumor necrosis factor α (4-fold) and WURSS-21 scores (25%). There were no significant changes in serum catalase, glutathione reductase, and superoxide dismutase activities nor in interleukin 1β and immunoglobulins. In PreC, POMS showed negative changes in vigor (-20%), fatigue (23%), and total mood disturbance (35%), and RESTQ-Sport showed alterations for general and sport stress (34% and 50%, respectively) and sport recovery (-23%). Thus, PreC negatively affects nutrient intake, which may worsen oxidative stress, inflammation, psychological status, and the severity of respiratory infections in bodybuilders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felipe Carmo de Moura
- b Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Ceara Federal University, Ceara 60020-181, Brazil
| | | | - Luís Gustavo Oliveira de Sousa
- d Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Thiago Dos Santos Rosa
- a Postgraduate Program on Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Federal District 71966-700, Brazil
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- e Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
| | | | - Jonato Prestes
- a Postgraduate Program on Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Federal District 71966-700, Brazil
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Rapid Weight Loss Is Not Associated With Competitive Success in Elite Youth Olympic-Style Boxers in Europe. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:860-866. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2016-0733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To examine the influence of rapid weight loss (RWL) on competitive success in elite youth Olympic-style boxers. In addition, this study examined the practice and prevalence of weight reduction, weight-management protocols, and related symptoms in youth boxers from 12 European countries (N = 83, all males, mean [SD] age 17.1 [0.9] y). Methods: The data were collected using an extensive questionnaire on weight cutting and its associated protocols and symptoms prior to highest-level continental championships. Competition results were obtained at follow-up using a dichotomous variable: medal winning vs nonwinning at the European Championships. Results: Binary logistic regression analysis indicated that “boxing experience” was significantly related to the criterion competitive outcome (odds ratio = 1.33; 95% confidence interval, 1.06–1.66; Nagelkerke R2 = .11), with a higher likelihood of competitive success for more-experienced boxers. Of all the youth boxers, only 25% were included in the RWL group, irrespective of their weight-class stratification. More than 45% of all the youth boxers self-reported the simultaneous combination of different weight-cutting methods that are known to be serious health hazards. Finally, 33% of the boxers experienced muscle weakness as a consequence of RWL. Conclusions: Our study provided evidence of pathogenic weight-management protocols that are widely adopted by youth boxers, and yet the present outcomes showed that RWL did not translate into competitive success in these elite Olympic-style boxers in Europe. Therefore, the authors suggest a mandatory educational program that should simultaneously target all the mentioned issues including both health- and performance-threatening consequences.
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12
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Energy Deficit Required for Rapid Weight Loss in Elite Collegiate Wrestlers. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10050536. [PMID: 29701639 PMCID: PMC5986416 DOI: 10.3390/nu10050536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine energy density for rapid weight loss (RWL) of weight-classified sports, eight male elite wrestlers were instructed to lose 6% of body mass (BM) within 53 h. Energy deficit during the RWL was calculated by subtracting total energy expenditure (TEE) determined using the doubly labeled water method (DLW) from energy intake (EI) assessed with diet records. It was also estimated from body composition change estimated with the four-component model (4C) and other conventional methods. BM decreased significantly by 4.7 ± 0.5 kg (6.4 ± 0.5%). Total body water loss was the major component of the BM loss (71.0 ± 7.6%). TEE was 9446 ± 1422 kcal, and EI was 2366 ± 1184 kcal during the RWL of 53-h; therefore, the energy deficit was 7080 ± 1525 kcal. Thus, energy density was 1507 ± 279 kcal/kg ∆BM during the RWL, comparable with values obtained using the 4C, three-component model, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and stable isotope dilution. Energy density for RWL of wrestlers is lower than that commonly used (7400 or 7700 kcal/kg ΔBM). Although RWL is not recommended, we propose that commonly practiced extreme energy restriction such as 7400 or 7700 kcal/kg ΔBM during RWL appears to be meaningless.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the reliability and diagnostic accuracy of noninvasive urinary dehydration markers in field-based settings on a day-to-day basis in elite adolescent amateur boxers. METHODS Sixty-nine urine samples were collected daily from 23 athletes (17.3 ± 1.9 y) during their weight-stable phase and analyzed by field and laboratory measures of hydration status. Urine osmolality (UOSM), urine specific gravity (USG), total protein content (TPC), and body-mass stability were evaluated to determine fluid balance and hydration status. Overall macronutrient and water intake were determined using dietary records. According to their anthropometric characteristics, athletes were assigned into 2 groups: lightweight (LWB) and heavyweight (HWB) boxers. RESULTS Data presented on UOSM demonstrated a uniform increment by 11.2% ± 12.8% (LWB) and 19.9% ± 22.7% (HWB) (P < .001) over the course of the study, even during the weight-stable phase (body mass, ICC = .99) and ad libitum fluid intake (42 ± 4 mL · kg-1 · d-1). The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) ranged from .52 to .55 for USG and .38 to .52 for UOSM, further indicating inconsistency of the urinary dehydration markers. Poor correlations were found between USG and TPC metabolites (r = .27, P = .211). CONCLUSIONS Urinary dehydration markers (both USG and UOSM) exhibit high variability and seem to be unreliable diagnostic tools to track actual body-weight loss in real-life settings. The ad libitum fluid intake was apparently inadequate to match acute fluid loss during and after intense preparation. The applicability of a single-time-point hydration-status assessment concept may preclude accurate assessment of actual body-weight deficits in youth boxers.
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Durguerian A, Filaire E, Drogou C, Bougard C, Chennaoui M. Food restriction alters salivary cortisol and α-amylase responses to a simulated weightlifting competition without significant performance modification. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:536-544. [PMID: 28475465 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1322708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of a 6-day food restriction period on the physiological responses and performance of 11 high-level weightlifters. After a period of weight maintenance (T2), they were assigned into two groups depending on whether they lost (Diet group, n = 6) or maintained their body weight (Control group, n = 5) during the course of those 6 days. An evaluation of performance and the measurement of salivary cortisol concentrations and salivary α-amylase (sAA) activity were performed during a simulated weightlifting competition which took place at T2, after a 6-day period of food restriction (T3). Dietary data were collected using a 6-day diet record. We noted a 41.8% decrease in mean energy intake during the dietary restriction period, leading to a 4.34% weight loss for the Diet group. Dietary restriction did not modify absolute performance levels, whilst a significant improvement was noted for the Control group. Furthermore, we noted a response of decreased salivary cortisol and increased sAA activity to the simulated competition stress at T3 for the Diet group. These results may indicate that dietary reduction led to a dissociation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympatho-adreno-medullary system, which could impair training adaptations and absolute performance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Durguerian
- a CIAMS , Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Orsay Cedex , France.,b CIAMS , Université d'Orléans , Orléans , France
| | - Edith Filaire
- a CIAMS , Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Orsay Cedex , France.,b CIAMS , Université d'Orléans , Orléans , France.,c Equipe ECRIN, CLARA, CRNH Auvergne , INRA, UMR, UNH, CRNH Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Catherine Drogou
- d Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées , Unité Fatigue et Vigilance , Brétigny-sur-Orge , France.,e Université Paris Descartes, VIFASOM EA 7330, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France
| | - Clément Bougard
- d Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées , Unité Fatigue et Vigilance , Brétigny-sur-Orge , France.,e Université Paris Descartes, VIFASOM EA 7330, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France
| | - Mounir Chennaoui
- d Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées , Unité Fatigue et Vigilance , Brétigny-sur-Orge , France.,e Université Paris Descartes, VIFASOM EA 7330, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France
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Daniele G, Weinstein RN, Wallace PW, Palmieri V, Bianco M. Rapid weight gain in professional boxing and correlation with fight decisions: analysis from 71 title fights. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2016; 44:349-354. [PMID: 27564844 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2016.1228421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Boxing is a sport where athletes compete in several weight categories. Professional boxers typically dehydrate to cut their weight for the weigh-in (24 h before the contest) and then rehydrate before the fight. The International Boxing Federation (IBF) mandates a second weigh-in 12 h before the fight. Our objectives were: 1) To quantify the weight gain (WG) from the 1st to the 2nd weigh-in; 2) to investigate whether rapid WG affects boxing performance (win/loss rate) and 3) whether weight discrepancy (WD) 15 between boxers exposes them to increased health risks (rate of fights ended before time limit). METHODS From official weigh-in reports of 71 IBF fights (142 fighters) the following data were gathered/calculated for each boxer: age, weight division, 1st weight, 2nd weight, WG between weigh-ins (kg and %), WD between opponents, and fight decision. RESULTS Between the weigh-ins, the average WG was 2.52 ± 1.37 kg (range -0.3/6.4 kg) and 3.8 ± 2.2% of the initial body weight (range -0.4/9.3%) and the average WD 1.94 ± 1.50 kg (maximum 7.10 kg). Both WG and WD did not affect match outcomes. We observed tendencies for higher loss rate among boxers gaining more weight, and for higher victory rate in boxers with larger WD, however without reaching significance. A significant negative correlation was found between the 1st weight and the WG, both in absolute (r = -0.278, p = 0.001) and relative value (r = -0.497, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Although correlations between WG, WD and boxing performance were not found, single cases with an alarming high WG and WD were noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianlorenzo Daniele
- a Sports Medicine Unit, Internal Medicine and Geriatrics Institute , Catholic University of Sacred Heart , Rome , Italy
| | | | | | - Vincenzo Palmieri
- a Sports Medicine Unit, Internal Medicine and Geriatrics Institute , Catholic University of Sacred Heart , Rome , Italy
| | - Massimiliano Bianco
- a Sports Medicine Unit, Internal Medicine and Geriatrics Institute , Catholic University of Sacred Heart , Rome , Italy
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Khodaee M, Olewinski L, Shadgan B, Kiningham RR. Rapid Weight Loss in Sports with Weight Classes. Curr Sports Med Rep 2016; 14:435-41. [PMID: 26561763 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Weight-sensitive sports are popular among elite and nonelite athletes. Rapid weight loss (RWL) practice has been an essential part of many of these sports for many decades. Due to the limited epidemiological studies on the prevalence of RWL, its true prevalence is unknown. It is estimated that more than half of athletes in weight-class sports have practiced RWL during the competitive periods. As RWL can have significant physical, physiological, and psychological negative effects on athletes, its practice has been discouraged for many years. It seems that appropriate rule changes have had the biggest impact on the practice of RWL in sports like wrestling. An individualized and well-planned gradual and safe weight loss program under the supervision of a team of coaching staff, athletic trainers, sports nutritionists, and sports physicians is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Khodaee
- 1Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, CO; 2United World Wrestling Medical Committee, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and 3Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Zubac D, Antelj T, Olujic D, Ivancev V, Morrison SA. Fluid balance and hydration assessment during the weight-stable preparation phase in elite youth boxers. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:719-726. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1184302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Loturco I, Nakamura FY, Artioli GG, Kobal R, Kitamura K, Cal Abad CC, Cruz IF, Romano F, Pereira LA, Franchini E. Strength and Power Qualities Are Highly Associated With Punching Impact in Elite Amateur Boxers. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:109-16. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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