1
|
Burnie L, Chockalingam N, Holder A, Claypole T, Kilduff L, Bezodis N. Testing protocols and measurement techniques when using pressure sensors for sport and health applications: A comparative review. Foot (Edinb) 2024; 59:102094. [PMID: 38579518 DOI: 10.1016/j.foot.2024.102094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Plantar pressure measurement systems are routinely used in sports and health applications to assess locomotion. The purpose of this review is to describe and critically discuss: (a) applications of the pressure measurement systems in sport and healthcare, (b) testing protocols and considerations for clinical gait analysis, (c) clinical recommendations for interpreting plantar pressure data, (d) calibration procedures and their accuracy, and (e) the future of pressure sensor data analysis. Rigid pressure platforms are typically used to measure plantar pressures for the assessment of foot function during standing and walking, particularly when barefoot, and are the most accurate for measuring plantar pressures. For reliable data, two step protocol prior to contacting the pressure plate is recommended. In-shoe systems are most suitable for measuring plantar pressures in the field during daily living or dynamic sporting movements as they are often wireless and can measure multiple steps. They are the most suitable equipment to assess the effects of footwear and orthotics on plantar pressures. However, they typically have lower spatial resolution and sampling frequency than platform systems. Users of pressure measurement systems need to consider the suitability of the calibration procedures for their chosen application when selecting and using a pressure measurement system. For some applications, a bespoke calibration procedure is required to improve validity and reliability of the pressure measurement system. The testing machines that are commonly used for dynamic calibration of pressure measurement systems frequently have loading rates of less than even those found in walking, so the development of testing protocols that truly measure the loading rates found in many sporting movements are required. There is clear potential for AI techniques to assist in the analysis and interpretation of plantar pressure data to enable the more complete use of pressure system data in clinical diagnoses and monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Burnie
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK; Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK.
| | - Nachiappan Chockalingam
- Centre for Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Technologies, Staffordshire University, Stoke on Trent ST4 2RU, UK
| | | | - Tim Claypole
- Welsh Centre for Printing and Coating (WCPC), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Liam Kilduff
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Neil Bezodis
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jor A, Lau NWK, Daryabor A, Koh MWP, Lam WK, Hobara H, Kobayashi T. Effects of foot orthoses on running kinetics and kinematics: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gait Posture 2024; 109:240-258. [PMID: 38367456 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foot orthoses (FOs) are often prescribed by clinicians to treat foot and ankle conditions, prevent running injuries, and enhance performance. However, the lack of higher-order synthesis of clinical trials makes it challenging for clinicians to adopt an evidence-based approach to FOs' prescriptions. RESEARCH QUESTION Do FOs with different modifications alter lower extremity running kinematics and kinetics? METHODS A systematic search of seven databases was conducted from inception to February 2023. The analysis was restricted to healthy adults without foot musculoskeletal impairments and studies that compared the FOs effects with the controls. The methodological quality of the 35 studies that met the eligibility criteria was evaluated using the modified Downs and Black checklist. The random effects model estimated the standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals and effect sizes. Sub-group analyses based on FOs type were performed to assess the potential effects of the intervention. RESULTS Our findings indicated that both custom and off-the-shelf arch-support FOs reduced peak plantar pressure at the medial heel (SMD=-0.35, and SMD=-1.03), lateral heel (SMD=-0.50, and SMD=-0.53), and medial forefoot (SMD=-0.20, and SMD=-0.27), but increased plantar pressure at the mid-foot (SMD=0.30, and SMD=0.56). Compared with the controls, significant increases (SMD=0.36) in perceived comfort were found with custom FOs. A reduction (SMD=-0.58) in initial ankle inversion was found when a raised heel cup was integrated with arch-support FOs. A medial post integrated with arch support exhibited a reduced ankle (SMD=-1.66) and tibial (SMD=-0.63) range of motion. Custom FOs, however, unfavorably affected the running economy (SMD=-0.25) and perceived exertion (SMD=0.20). SIGNIFICANCE Although FOs have been reported to have some positive biomechanical effects in healthy populations without musculoskeletal impairments or running-related issues, they need to be optimized and generalized to achieve better running performance and prevent injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abu Jor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Department of Leather Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Noelle W K Lau
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aliyeh Daryabor
- Physiotherapy Research Center, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mark W P Koh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Kai Lam
- Sports Information and External Affairs Centre, Hong Kong Sports Institute, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hiroaki Hobara
- Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Kobayashi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Burnie L, Chockalingam N, Holder A, Claypole T, Kilduff L, Bezodis N. Commercially available pressure sensors for sport and health applications: A comparative review. Foot (Edinb) 2023; 56:102046. [PMID: 37597352 DOI: 10.1016/j.foot.2023.102046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Pressure measurement systems have numerous applications in healthcare and sport. The purpose of this review is to: (a) describe the brief history of the development of pressure sensors for clinical and sport applications, (b) discuss the design requirements for pressure measurement systems for different applications, (c) critique the suitability, reliability, and validity of commercial pressure measurement systems, and (d) suggest future directions for the development of pressure measurements systems in this area. Commercial pressure measurement systems generally use capacitive or resistive sensors, and typically capacitive sensors have been reported to be more valid and reliable than resistive sensors for prolonged use. It is important to acknowledge, however, that the selection of sensors is contingent upon the specific application requirements. Recent improvements in sensor and wireless technology and computational power have resulted in systems that have higher sensor density and sampling frequency with improved usability - thinner, lighter platforms, some of which are wireless, and reduced the obtrusiveness of in-shoe systems due to wireless data transmission and smaller data-logger and control units. Future developments of pressure sensors should focus on the design of systems that can measure or accurately predict shear stresses in conjunction with pressure, as it is thought the combination of both contributes to the development of pressure ulcers and diabetic plantar ulcers. The focus for the development of in-shoe pressure measurement systems is to minimise any potential interference to the patient or athlete, and to reduce power consumption of the wireless systems to improve the battery life, so these systems can be used to monitor daily activity. A potential solution to reduce the obtrusiveness of in-shoe systems include thin flexible pressure sensors which can be incorporated into socks. Although some experimental systems are available further work is needed to improve their validity and reliability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Burnie
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK; Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK.
| | - Nachiappan Chockalingam
- Centre for Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Technologies, Staffordshire University, Stoke on Trent ST4 2RU, UK
| | | | - Tim Claypole
- Welsh Centre for Printing and Coating (WCPC), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Liam Kilduff
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Neil Bezodis
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Blanchard S, Behr M. Functional field protocol to optimize the choice of footwear on synthetic turf in rugby. Sci Sports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
5
|
Hamstra-Wright KL, Huxel Bliven KC, Napier C. Training Load Capacity, Cumulative Risk, and Bone Stress Injuries: A Narrative Review of a Holistic Approach. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:665683. [PMID: 34124660 PMCID: PMC8192811 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.665683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone stress injuries (BSIs) are a common orthopedic injury with short-term, and potentially long-term, effects. Training load capacity, influenced by risk factors, plays a critical role in the occurrence of BSIs. Many factors determine how one's body responds to repetitive loads that have the potential to increase the risk of a BSI. As a scientific community, we have identified numerous isolated BSI risk factors. However, we have not adequately analyzed the integrative, holistic, and cumulative nature of the risk factors, which is essential to determine an individual's specific capacity. In this narrative review, we advocate for a personalized approach to monitor training load so that individuals can optimize their health and performance. We define “cumulative risk profile” as a subjective clinical determination of the number of risk factors with thoughtful consideration of their interaction and propose that athletes have their own cumulative risk profile that influences their capacity to withstand specific training loads. In our narrative review, we outline BSI risk factors, discuss the relationship between BSIs and training load, highlight the importance of individualizing training load, and emphasize the use of a holistic assessment as a training load guide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karrie L Hamstra-Wright
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kellie C Huxel Bliven
- Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Arizona School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States
| | - Christopher Napier
- Menrva Research Group, Faculty of Applied Science, Schools of Mechatronic Systems Engineering and Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Husain E, Angioi M, Mehta R, Barnett DN, Okholm Kryger K. A systematic review of plantar pressure values obtained from male and female football and the test methodologies applied. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2020.1791977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Husain
- Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Manuela Angioi
- Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ritan Mehta
- The English Football Association, St. George’s Park, Burton-Upon-Trent, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Agresta C, Peacock J, Carmichael A, Nielsen KE, Zendler J, Gonzalez R. The perception of ride is multidimensional for running footwear. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2019.1706645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristine Agresta
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jillian Peacock
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alicia Carmichael
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Karen E Nielsen
- Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jessica Zendler
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard Gonzalez
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Okholm Kryger K, Jarratt V, Mitchell S, Forrester S. Can subjective comfort be used as a measure of plantar pressure in football boots? J Sports Sci 2016; 35:953-959. [PMID: 27400240 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1206661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Comfort has been shown to be the most desired football boot feature by players. Previous studies have shown discomfort to be related to increased plantar pressures for running shoes which, in some foot regions, has been suggested to be a causative factor in overuse injuries. This study examined the correlation between subjective comfort data and objective plantar pressure for football boots during football-specific drills. Eight male university football players were tested. Plantar pressure data were collected during four football-specific movements for each of three different football boots. The global and local peak pressures based on a nine-sectioned foot map were compared to subjective comfort measures recorded using a visual analogue scale for global discomfort and a discomfort foot map for local discomfort. A weak (rs = -0.126) yet significant (P < 0.05) correlation was shown between the peak plantar pressure experienced and the visual analogue scale rated comfort. The model only significantly predicted (P > 0.001) the outcome for two (medial and lateral forefoot) of the nine foot regions. Subjective comfort data is therefore not a reliable measure of increased plantar pressures for any foot region. The use of plantar pressure measures is therefore needed to optimise injury prevention when designing studded footwear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Okholm Kryger
- a Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK.,b Sports Technology Institute , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
| | - Vicky Jarratt
- a Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
| | - Séan Mitchell
- a Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK.,b Sports Technology Institute , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
| | - Steph Forrester
- a Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK.,b Sports Technology Institute , Loughborough University , Loughborough , UK
| |
Collapse
|