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Preatoni E, Bergamini E, Fantozzi S, Giraud LI, Orejel Bustos AS, Vannozzi G, Camomilla V. The Use of Wearable Sensors for Preventing, Assessing, and Informing Recovery from Sport-Related Musculoskeletal Injuries: A Systematic Scoping Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:3225. [PMID: 35590914 PMCID: PMC9105988 DOI: 10.3390/s22093225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Wearable technologies are often indicated as tools that can enable the in-field collection of quantitative biomechanical data, unobtrusively, for extended periods of time, and with few spatial limitations. Despite many claims about their potential for impact in the area of injury prevention and management, there seems to be little attention to grounding this potential in biomechanical research linking quantities from wearables to musculoskeletal injuries, and to assessing the readiness of these biomechanical approaches for being implemented in real practice. We performed a systematic scoping review to characterise and critically analyse the state of the art of research using wearable technologies to study musculoskeletal injuries in sport from a biomechanical perspective. A total of 4952 articles were retrieved from the Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases; 165 were included. Multiple study features-such as research design, scope, experimental settings, and applied context-were summarised and assessed. We also proposed an injury-research readiness classification tool to gauge the maturity of biomechanical approaches using wearables. Five main conclusions emerged from this review, which we used as a springboard to propose guidelines and good practices for future research and dissemination in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezio Preatoni
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; (E.P.); (L.I.G.)
- Centre for Health and Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Elena Bergamini
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (A.S.O.B.); (V.C.)
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System (BOHNES), University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Fantozzi
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering “Guglielmo Marconi”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
- Health Sciences and Technologies—Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucie I. Giraud
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; (E.P.); (L.I.G.)
| | - Amaranta S. Orejel Bustos
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (A.S.O.B.); (V.C.)
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System (BOHNES), University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vannozzi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (A.S.O.B.); (V.C.)
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System (BOHNES), University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Camomilla
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (A.S.O.B.); (V.C.)
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System (BOHNES), University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
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Cerrito A, Milburn P, Alston-Knox C, Evans K. The influence of second-row players on lumbar spine kinematics of front-row players during rugby union scrummaging. Sci Sports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cerrito A, Milburn P, Alston-Knox C, Evans K. Cervical spine kinematics during machine-based and live scrummaging. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:1551-1559. [PMID: 30777492 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1576254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare cervical spine kinematics in rugby union front row players during machine-based and "live" scrummaging. Cervical spine kinematics was measured via electromagnetic tracking of sensors attached to the head and thorax. Joint angles were extracted from each trial at two time points ("bind" prior to engagement and instant of impact) for comparison between scrummaging conditions. The effect of scrummaging condition on kinematics was evaluated using a mixed effects model and estimations were based on a Bayesian framework. With differences ranging from 38° to 50°, the results show that the cervical spine is consistently more flexed when scrummaging against opponents than against a scrum machine. In contrast, there are little differences in the excursion of lateral-flexion (range 5-8°) and axial rotation (7°) between the two conditions. The findings from this study provide clear information on motion patterns in different scrum formations, and suggest that the current design of scrum machines may not promote the same pattern of movement that occurs in live scrums. The results highlight that findings from previous studies that have investigated kinematics during machine-based scrummaging may not be generalisable to a competitive scrummaging context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Cerrito
- a School of Allied Health Sciences , Griffith University , Gold Coast , Australia
| | - Peter Milburn
- a School of Allied Health Sciences , Griffith University , Gold Coast , Australia
| | - Clair Alston-Knox
- b Arts, Education and Law , Griffith University , Mt Gravatt , Australia
| | - Kerrie Evans
- a School of Allied Health Sciences , Griffith University , Gold Coast , Australia.,c Faculty of Health Sciences , The University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
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Green A, Coopoo Y, Tee J, McKinon W. A review of the biomechanical determinants of rugby scrummaging performance. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE 2019; 31:v31i1a7521. [PMID: 36817990 PMCID: PMC9924573 DOI: 10.17159/2078-516x/2019/v31i1a7521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The scrum is a physical contest unique to the game of rugby union, important for determining match outcomes. Objective This review will describe the current understanding of the kinetic and kinematic determinants of successful scrum performance to support coaching interventions and inform on future research. Methods Literature review. Results Individual and combined scrumming forces increase with playing level but there is no concurrent increase in body mass or player strength. There is very little variation in individual kinematics between individuals and across levels of play, suggesting that there are limited possible techniques for successful scrummaging. Live scrum contests are dynamic and require constant adjustments to body positions in response to increased compressive force and exaggerated lateral and vertical force components. Skilled performers are able to exert high levels of horizontal force while maintaining effective body positions within this dynamic environment. Conclusion Success in scrummaging depends on the optimisation of joint angles and force production at the individual level, and the coordination of effort at a team level. The analysis presented here demonstrates that producing large scrum-specific forces and achieving the optimal 'body shape' are essential for successful scrum performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Green
- Department of Sport and Movement Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg,
South Africa,Movement Physiology Laboratory, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand,
South Africa
| | - Y Coopoo
- Department of Sport and Movement Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg,
South Africa
| | - J Tee
- Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology,
South Africa,Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds,
United Kingdom
| | - W McKinon
- Movement Physiology Laboratory, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand,
South Africa
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Cerrito A, Milburn P, Adams R, Evans K. Cervical spine kinematics measured during rugby union scrums: Reliability of optoelectronic and electromagnetic tracking systems. COGENT MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/2331205x.2018.1526758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Cerrito
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Peter Milburn
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Roger Adams
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Kerrie Evans
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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Lanzetti RM, Lupariello D, Venditto T, Rota P, Guzzini M, Vadalà A, Rota A, Ferretti A. The influence of playing surface on injury risk in italian elite rugby players. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J 2017; 7:180-185. [PMID: 28717627 DOI: 10.11138/mltj/2017.7.1.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a growing interest in the use of artificial turf surfaces in rugby. In particular, artificial surfaces may be an useful means of increasing participation in the sport by allowing greater usage of a given pitch, especially in regions where natural turf pitches are difficult to maintain. METHODS The incidence of site, nature, cause, and severity of training and match injuries was prospectively recorded in two professional teams (one equipped with World Rugby certified third generation artificial turf and the other with natural grass over the 2014-2015 season). RESULTS A total of 23,840 minutes of exposure was displayed for the whole sample, 1,440 minutes during matches and 22,400 during training sessions. We recorded 37 (48%) traumatic injuries and 39 (52%) overuse injuries. For traumatic injuries, we did not find significant differences in the overall risk injury between grass and artificial turf considering match exposure and training sessions. For overuse injuries, there were significant differences in the overall risk injury between grass and artificial turf considering match exposure (p=0.03) and training sessions (p=0.02). CONCLUSION In elite Italian rugby players, artificial turf seems to be safe in regards to traumatic injury while it seems to be a risk factor for overuse injuries. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Maria Lanzetti
- Orthopaedic Unit and "Kirk Kilgour" Sports Injury Centre, S. Andrea Hospital, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Lupariello
- Orthopaedic Unit and "Kirk Kilgour" Sports Injury Centre, S. Andrea Hospital, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Venditto
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Board of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Rota
- Orthopaedic Unit and "Kirk Kilgour" Sports Injury Centre, S. Andrea Hospital, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Guzzini
- Orthopaedic Unit and "Kirk Kilgour" Sports Injury Centre, S. Andrea Hospital, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Vadalà
- Orthopaedic Unit and "Kirk Kilgour" Sports Injury Centre, S. Andrea Hospital, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Ferretti
- Orthopaedic Unit and "Kirk Kilgour" Sports Injury Centre, S. Andrea Hospital, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
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Swaminathan R, Williams JM, Jones MD, Theobald PS. Does the new rugby union scrum sequence positively influence the hooker's in situ spinal kinematics? BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2016; 2:e000064. [PMID: 27900153 PMCID: PMC5117027 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2015-000064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scrummaging is unique to rugby union and involves 2 ‘packs’ of 8 players competing to regain ball possession. Intending to serve as a quick and safe method to restart the game, injury prevalence during scrummaging necessitates further evaluation of this environment. Aims The aim of this study was to determine the effect of scrummage engagement sequences on spinal kinematics of the hooker. The conditions investigated were: (1) live competitive scrummaging using the new ‘crouch, bind, set’ sequence; (2) live competitive scrummaging using the old ‘crouch touch pause engage’ sequence and (3) training scrummaging using a scrum machine. Methods Inertial sensors provided three-dimensional kinematic data across 5 spinal regions. Participants (n=29) were adult, male community club and university-level hookers. Results Engagement sequence had no effect on resultant kinematics of any spinal region. Machine scrummaging resulted in lesser magnitudes of motion in the upper spinal regions. Around two-thirds of the total available cervical motion was utilised during live scrummaging. Conclusions This study indicates that the most recent laws do not influence the spinal kinematics of the hooker during live scrummaging; however, there may be other benefits from these law changes that fall outside the scope of this investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Swaminathan
- Bioengineering Research Group , School of Engineering, Cardiff University , Cardiff, South Glamorgan , UK
| | - Jonathan M Williams
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences , Bournemouth University , Bournemouth, Dorset , UK
| | - Michael D Jones
- Bioengineering Research Group , School of Engineering, Cardiff University , Cardiff, South Glamorgan , UK
| | - Peter S Theobald
- Bioengineering Research Group , School of Engineering, Cardiff University , Cardiff, South Glamorgan , UK
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