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Makino A, Yamaguchi K, Sumi D, Ichikawa M, Ohno M, Goto K. Comparison of energy expenditure and substrate oxidation between walking and running in men and women. Phys Act Nutr 2022; 26:8-13. [PMID: 35510440 PMCID: PMC9081357 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2022.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The present study compared energy metabolism between walking and running at equivalent speeds during two incremental exercise tests.[Methods] Thirty four university students (18 males, 16 females) were recruited. Each participant completed two trials, consisting of walking (Walk) and running (Run) trials on different days, with 2-3 days apart. Exercise on a treadmill was started from initial stage of 3 min (3.0 k/m in Walk trial, 5.0 km/h in Run trial), and the speed for walking and running was progressively every minute by 0.5 km/h. The changes in metabolic variables, heart rate (HR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during exercise were compared between the trials.[Results] Energy expenditure (EE) increased with speed in each trial. However, the Walk trial had a significantly higher EE than the Run trial at speeds exceeding 92 ± 2 % of the maximal walking speed (MWS, p < 0.01). Similarly, carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation was significantly higher in the Walk trial than in the Run trial at above 92 ± 2 %MWS in males (p < 0.001) and above 93 ± 1 %MWS in females (p < 0.05).[Conclusion] These findings suggest that EE and CHO oxidation during walking increase non-linearly with speed, and walking at a fast speed causes greater metabolic responses than running at the equivalent speed in young participants.
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Bonnini S, Mazzoni G, Borghesi M, Chiaranda G, Myers J, Mandini S, Raisi A, Masotti S, Grazzi G. Improving walking speed reduces hospitalization costs in outpatients with cardiovascular disease. An analysis based on a multistrata non-parametric test. BMC Health Serv Res 2020; 20:1048. [PMID: 33203408 PMCID: PMC7670683 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-020-05874-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess the association between walking speed (WS) and its improvement on hospitalization rates and costs in outpatients with cardiovascular disease. METHODS Six hundred forty-nine patients participating in an exercise-based secondary prevention program were studied. Patients were divided at baseline into two groups characterized by low and high WS based on the average WS maintained during a moderate 1-km treadmill-walking test. WS and other covariates were grouped into three domains (demographic factors, medical history and risk factors), and used to estimate a propensity score, in order to create homogeneous groups of patients. All-cause hospitalization was assessed 3 years after baseline as a function of WS. Hospitalization and related costs were also assessed during the fourth-to-sixth years after enrollment. To test whether the hospitalization costs were related to changes in WS after 36 months, a multistrata permutation test was performed by combining within strata partial tests. RESULTS The results support the hypothesis that hospitalization costs are significantly reduced in accordance with an improvement in WS. This effect is most evident among older patients, overweight or obese, smokers, and those without a history of coronary artery bypass surgery. CONCLUSIONS The present study supports growing evidence of an inverse association between WS, risk of hospitalization and consequent health-care costs. The joint use of propensity score and multistrata permutation approaches represent a flexible and robust testing method which avoids the possible effects of several confounding factors typical of these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Bonnini
- Department of Economics and Management, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gianni Mazzoni
- Center for Exercise Science and Sport, University of Ferrara, Via Gramicia , 35, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
- Public Health Department, AUSL Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Michela Borghesi
- Center for Modelling Computing and Statistics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Chiaranda
- Public Health Department, AUSL Piacenza, Piacenza, Italy
- General Directorship for Public Health and Integration Policy, Emilia-Romagna Region, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jonathan Myers
- Division of Cardiology, VA Palo Alto, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Simona Mandini
- Center for Exercise Science and Sport, University of Ferrara, Via Gramicia , 35, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Andrea Raisi
- Center for Exercise Science and Sport, University of Ferrara, Via Gramicia , 35, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sabrina Masotti
- Center for Exercise Science and Sport, University of Ferrara, Via Gramicia , 35, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Grazzi
- Center for Exercise Science and Sport, University of Ferrara, Via Gramicia , 35, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
- Public Health Department, AUSL Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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