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Lemire M, Meyer F, Triguera R, Favret F, Millet GP, Dufour SP. Peak Oxygen Uptake is Slope Dependent: Insights from Ground Reaction Forces and Muscle Oxygenation in Trained Male Runners. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:78. [PMID: 38995445 PMCID: PMC11245462 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00746-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to explore the effect of treadmill slope on ground reaction forces and local muscle oxygenation as putative limiting factors of peak oxygen uptake in graded maximal incremental running tests. Thirteen trained male runners completed five maximal incremental running tests on treadmill at - 15%, - 7.5%, 0%, 7.5% and 15% slopes while cardiorespiratory and local muscle oxygenation responses as well as ground reaction forces were continuously recorded. Blood lactate concentration and isometric knee extensor torque were measured before and after each test. RESULTS Peak oxygen uptake was lower at - 15% slope compared to all other conditions (from - 10 to - 17% lower, p < 0.001), with no difference between - 7.5 and + 15% slope. Maximal heart rate and ventilation values were reached in all conditions. The negative external mechanical work increased from steep uphill to steep downhill slopes (from 6 to 92% of total external work) but was not correlated with the peak oxygen uptake reduction. Local muscle oxygenation remained higher in - 15% slope compared to level running (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Similar peak oxygen uptake can be reached in downhill running up to - 7.5% slope. At more severe downhill slopes (i.e., - 15%), greater negative muscle work and limited local muscle deoxygenation occurred, even in subjects familiarized to downhill running, presumably preventing the achievement of similar to other condition's peak oxygen uptake. KEY POINTS Trained male runners can reach like level running V̇O2peak at moderate but not at severe negative slope. Negative external mechanical work increases with increasing negative slope. At maximal intensity Vastus Lateralis muscle oxygenation is higher in steep negative slope. Knee extensor isometric muscle torque is preserved after maximal level and uphill running, but reduced after downhill running, despite lower blood lactate. Progressive reduction of V̇O2 at maximal effort with increasing negative slope might be related to the metabolic consequences of increased lower limb negative external work (i.e., eccentric muscle actions).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Lemire
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Translational Medicine Federation (FMTS), University of Strasbourg, UR 3072, CEERIPE, Strasbourg, France
| | - Frédéric Meyer
- Department of Informatics, Digital Signal Processing Group, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rosalie Triguera
- Institute of Sport Sciences UNIL, University of Lausanne, 1915, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabrice Favret
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Translational Medicine Federation (FMTS), University of Strasbourg, UR 3072, CEERIPE, Strasbourg, France
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences UNIL, University of Lausanne, 1915, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Stéphane P Dufour
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Translational Medicine Federation (FMTS), University of Strasbourg, UR 3072, CEERIPE, Strasbourg, France
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Jiménez-Redondo G, Castro-Frecha B, Martínez-Noguera FJ, Alcaraz PE, Marín-Pagán C. Physiological Responses in Trail Runners during a Maximal Test with Different Weighted-Vest Loads. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:189. [PMID: 39058080 PMCID: PMC11280601 DOI: 10.3390/sports12070189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
During some trail running races, athletes have to carry hydration support, food, and technical and safety equipment, which generates an additional load that must be mobilized during the race. The aim of the present study was to determine the physiological responses to overload running and the effect they may have on metabolic zones. Seventeen well-trained male trail runners (n = 17) completed three maximal treadmill tests with weighted vests at 0%, 5%, and 10% of their body mass (L0, L5, and L10). Their gas exchange was monitored to assess their ventilatory thresholds 1 (VT1) and 2 (VT2), maximal fat oxidation zone (FatMax), and peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak). Their heart rate (HR), power, and velocity (V) were tracked to compare their behavior. One-way ANOVA showed significant differences in the V (p < 0.001; ηp2 = 0.4620) as a limitation for reaching the peak velocity (Vpeak), with a significant decrease in the Vpeak with the L10 compared to the L0 (p = 0.002) and L5 (p = 0.004). In addition, one-way ANOVA showed significant differences in the peak absolute power (p < 0.001; ηp2 = 0.468) among the groups, detecting higher power production between the L10 and L0 (p < 0.001) and between the L10 and L5 (p = 0.015). Loads higher than L5 could generated important physiological and mechanical modifications, while a load of L5 managed to maintain the working conditions without overloading. These insights shed light on nuanced strategies for optimizing performance and endurance, offering valuable considerations for athletes seeking to enhance their training regimens during overload conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francisco Javier Martínez-Noguera
- Research Center for High-Performance Sport, Campus de los Jerónimos, Catholic University of Murcia, Guadalupe, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (G.J.-R.); (B.C.-F.); (P.E.A.); (C.M.-P.)
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Nicolò A, Sacchetti M. Differential control of respiratory frequency and tidal volume during exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:215-242. [PMID: 36326866 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The lack of a testable model explaining how ventilation is regulated in different exercise conditions has been repeatedly acknowledged in the field of exercise physiology. Yet, this issue contrasts with the abundance of insightful findings produced over the last century and calls for the adoption of new integrative perspectives. In this review, we provide a methodological approach supporting the importance of producing a set of evidence by evaluating different studies together-especially those conducted in 'real' exercise conditions-instead of single studies separately. We show how the collective assessment of findings from three domains and three levels of observation support the development of a simple model of ventilatory control which proves to be effective in different exercise protocols, populations and experimental interventions. The main feature of the model is the differential control of respiratory frequency (fR) and tidal volume (VT); fR is primarily modulated by central command (especially during high-intensity exercise) and muscle afferent feedback (especially during moderate exercise) whereas VT by metabolic inputs. Furthermore, VT appears to be fine-tuned based on fR levels to match alveolar ventilation with metabolic requirements in different intensity domains, and even at a breath-by-breath level. This model reconciles the classical neuro-humoral theory with apparently contrasting findings by leveraging on the emerging control properties of the behavioural (i.e. fR) and metabolic (i.e. VT) components of minute ventilation. The integrative approach presented is expected to help in the design and interpretation of future studies on the control of fR and VT during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nicolò
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135, Rome, Italy.
| | - Massimo Sacchetti
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135, Rome, Italy
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The Energetic Costs of Uphill Locomotion in Trail Running: Physiological Consequences Due to Uphill Locomotion Pattern-A Feasibility Study. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12122070. [PMID: 36556435 PMCID: PMC9787284 DOI: 10.3390/life12122070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The primary aim of our feasibility reporting was to define physiological differences in trail running (TR) athletes due to different uphill locomotion patterns, uphill running versus uphill walking. In this context, a feasibility analysis of TR athletes' cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) data, which were obtained in summer 2020 at the accompanying sports medicine performance center, was performed. Fourteen TR athletes (n = 14, male = 10, female = 4, age: 36.8 ± 8.0 years) were evaluated for specific physiological demands by outdoor CPET during a short uphill TR performance. The obtained data of the participating TR athletes were compared for anthropometric data, CPET parameters, such as V˙Emaximum, V˙O2maximum, maximal breath frequency (BFmax) and peak oxygen pulse as well as energetic demands, i.e., the energy cost of running (Cr). All participating TR athletes showed excellent performance data, whereby across both different uphill locomotion strategies, significant differences were solely revealed for V˙Emaximum (p = 0.033) and time to reach mountain peak (p = 0.008). These results provide new insights and might contribute to a comprehensive understanding of cardiorespiratory consequences to short uphill locomotion strategy in TR athletes and might strengthen further scientific research in this field.
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Lemire M, Falbriard M, Aminian K, Pavlik E, Millet GP, Meyer F. Correspondence Between Values of Vertical Loading Rate and Oxygen Consumption During Inclined Running. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:114. [PMID: 36068395 PMCID: PMC9448842 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00491-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
The aim of this study was to provide a theoretical model to predict the vertical loading rate (VLR) at different slopes and speeds during incline running.
Methods
Twenty-nine healthy subjects running at least once a week performed in a randomized order 4-min running trials on an instrumented treadmill at various speeds (8, 10, 12, and 14 km h−1) and slopes (− 20%, − 10%, − 5%, 0%, + 5%, + 10%, + 15%, + 20%). Heart rate, gas exchanges and ground reaction forces were recorded. The VLR was then calculated as the slope of the vertical force between 20 and 80% of the duration from initial foot contact to the impact peak.
Results
There was no difference in VLR between the four different uphill conditions at given running speeds, but it was reduced by 27% at 5% slope and by 54% at 10% slope for the same metabolic demand (similar $${\dot{\text{V}}\text{O}}_{{2}}$$
V
˙
O
2
), when compared to level running. The average VLR measured at maximal aerobic intensity during level running would be decreased by 52.7% at + 5%, by 63.0% at + 10%, and by 73.3% at + 15% slope. Moreover, VLR was dependent on the slope in downhill conditions.
Conclusion
This study highlights the possibility to use uphill running to minimize rate of mechanical load (i.e., osteoarticular load) from foot impact on the ground and as a time-efficient exercise routine (i.e., same energy expenditure than in level running in less time).
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Varesco G, Coratella G, Rozand V, Cuinet B, Lombardi G, Mourot L, Vernillo G. Downhill running affects the late but not the early phase of the rate of force development. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:2049-2059. [PMID: 35790580 PMCID: PMC9381441 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04990-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the acute changes in the knee extensors maximum voluntary isometric contraction force (MVIC), rate of force development (RFD), and rate of EMG rise (RER) following a bout of downhill running. Methods MVIC and RFD at 0–50, 50–100, 100–200, and 0–200 ms were determined in thirteen men (22 ± 2 yr) before and after 30 min of downhill running (speed: 10 km h−1; slope: − 20%). Vastus lateralis maximum EMG (EMGmax) and RER at 0–30, 0–50, and 0–75 ms were also recorded. Results MVIC, RFD0–200, and EMGmax decreased by ~ 25% [Cohen’s d = − 1.09 (95% confidence interval: − 1.88/− 0.24)], ~ 15% [d = − 0.50 (− 1.26/0.30)], and ~ 22% [d = − 0.37 (− 1.13/0.42)] (all P < 0.05), respectively. RFD100–200 was also reduced [− 25%; d = − 0.70 (− 1.47/0.11); P < 0.001]. No change was observed at 0–50 ms and 50–100 ms (P ≥ 0.05). RER values were similar at each time interval (all P > 0.05). Conclusion Downhill running impairs the muscle capacity to produce maximum force and the overall ability to rapidly develop force. No change was observed for the early phase of the RFD and the absolute RER, suggesting no alterations in the neural mechanisms underlying RFD. RFD100–200 reduction suggests that impairments in the rapid force-generating capacity are located within the skeletal muscle, likely due to a reduction in muscle–tendon stiffness and/or impairments in the muscle contractile apparatus. These findings may help explain evidence of neuromuscular alterations in trail runners and following prolonged duration races wherein cumulative eccentric loading is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Varesco
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (EA 7424), UJM-Saint-Etienne, Université de Lyon, 42023, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Building 2, via G. Colombo 71, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Vianney Rozand
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (EA 7424), UJM-Saint-Etienne, Université de Lyon, 42023, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Benjamin Cuinet
- Prognostic Factors and Regulatory Factors of Cardiac and Vascular Pathologies (EA3920), Exercise Performance Health Innovation (EPHI) Platform, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, 20161, Milan, Italy.,Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznań University of Physical Education, 61-871, Poznań, Poland
| | - Laurent Mourot
- Prognostic Factors and Regulatory Factors of Cardiac and Vascular Pathologies (EA3920), Exercise Performance Health Innovation (EPHI) Platform, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000, Besançon, France.,Division for Physical Education, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk Oblast, 634050, Russia
| | - Gianluca Vernillo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Building 2, via G. Colombo 71, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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Lecina M, Castellar-Otín C, López-Laval I, Carrasco Páez L, Pradas F. Acute Kidney Injury and Hyponatremia in Ultra-Trail Racing: A Systematic Review. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:medicina58050569. [PMID: 35629986 PMCID: PMC9146822 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58050569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Ultra-trail races can cause episodes of acute kidney injury (AKI) and exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) in healthy subjects without previous renal pathology. This systematic review aims to review the incidence of these two syndromes together and separately taking into account the length and elevation of the ultra-trail race examined. Materials and Methods: A systematic review was conducted through electronic search in four electronic databases (PubMed, EBSCO, Web of Science and Alcorze). Results: A total of 1127 articles published between January 2006 and December 31, 2021 were included, 28 of which met the inclusion criteria. The studies were categorized according to the length and stages of the race in four categories: medium (42 to 69 km), long (70 to 99 km), extra (>100 km) and multi-stage if they included various stages. A total of 2950 runners (666 females and 2284 males) were extracted from 28 publications. The AKI incidence found was 42.04% (468 cases of 1113), and 195 of 2065 were diagnosed with EAH, accounting for 9.11%. The concurrence of both pathologies together reached 11.84% (27 individuals) from a total of 228 runners with AKI and EAH simultaneously analyzed. Sorted by race category, the AKI+EAH cases were distributed as follows: 18 of 27 in the extra (13.63% and n = 132), 4 in the large (5.79% and n = 69) and 5 in the medium category (18.15% and n = 27). Conclusions: According to these results, extra and medium races showed a similar incidence of AKI+EAH. These findings underline the importance of the duration and intensity of the race and may make them responsible for the etiology of these medical conditions. Due to their variable incidence, EAH and AKI are often underdiagnosed, leading to poorer prognosis, increased condition seriousness and hindered treatment. The results of this review urge participants, coaches and race organizers to take measures to improve the early diagnosis and urgent treatment of possible EAH and AKI cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Lecina
- Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22002 Huesca, Spain;
| | - Carlos Castellar-Otín
- ENFYRED Research Group, Faculty of Health and Sports, University of Zaragoza, 22002 Huesca, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Isaac López-Laval
- Department of Physiatry and Nursery, Section of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Zaragoza, 22002 Huesca, Spain;
| | - Luis Carrasco Páez
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain;
| | - Francisco Pradas
- ENFYRED Research Group, Faculty of Health and Sports, University of Zaragoza, 22002 Huesca, Spain;
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Liu J, He H, Tang L, Peng Y, Mu J, Lan L, Chen C, Dong Z, Cheng L. Comparison of the effect of bone induction with different exercise modes in mice. Biomed Mater Eng 2022; 33:365-375. [PMID: 35180103 DOI: 10.3233/bme-211341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUD The calcium phosphate biomaterials have excellent bone inductivity, exercise can promote the bone formation of biomaterials in animals, but it is not clear which exercise mode is better. OBJECTIVE To explore the effect of different exercise modes on osteoinduction by calcium phosphate-based biomaterials which were implanted in mice. METHOD The collagen-thermosensitive hydrogel-calcium phosphate (CTC) composite was prepared and transplanted in the thigh muscle of mice, then all mice were divided randomly into four groups (n = 10): the uphill running group, the downhill running group, the swimming group and the control group (conventional breeding). Ten weeks later, the samples were harvested, fixed, decalcified, embedded in paraffin and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), and then the osteoinduction phenomenon was observed and compared through digital slice scanning system. The area percentage of new bone-related tissues and the number of osteocytes and chondrocytes were counted and calculated. Lastly, the immunohistochemistry of type I collagen (ColI) and osteopontin (OPN) was performed to identify the new bone tissues. RESULTS The area percentage of new bone-related tissues and the number of osteocytes and chondrocytes were positively correlated; ordering from most to least of each group were as followings: the uphill running group > the swimming group > the downhill running group > the control group. The immunostaining of ColI and OPN results showed that both of the two proteins were identified in the new bone tissues, indicating that the CTC composite could induce ectopic bone formation in mice, especially training for uphill running and swimming. CONCLUSION Our results show that uphill running or swimming is a form of exercise that is beneficial to osteogenesis. According to this, we propose treatment with artificial bone transplantation to patients who suffer from bone defects. Patients should do moderate exercise, such as running uphill on the treadmill or swimming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongyan He
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Tang
- Affiliated Hospital and Clinical College, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Peng
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junyu Mu
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Lan
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhihong Dong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lijia Cheng
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
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Energy Cost of Running in Well-Trained Athletes: Toward Slope-Dependent Factors. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 17:423-431. [PMID: 34853187 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the contribution of metabolic, cardiopulmonary, neuromuscular, and biomechanical factors to the energy cost (ECR) of graded running in well-trained runners. METHODS Eight men who were well-trained trail runners (age: 29 [10] y, mean [SD]; maximum oxygen consumption: 68.0 [6.4] mL·min-1·kg-1) completed maximal isometric evaluations of lower limb extensor muscles and 3 randomized trials on a treadmill to determine their metabolic and cardiovascular responses and running gait kinematics during downhill (DR: -15% slope), level (0%), and uphill running (UR: 15%) performed at similar O2 uptake (approximately 60% maximum oxygen consumption). RESULTS Despite similar O2 demand, ECR was lower in DR versus level running versus UR (2.5 [0.2] vs 3.6 [0.2] vs 7.9 [0.5] J·kg-1·m-1, respectively; all P < .001). Energy cost of running was correlated between DR and level running conditions only (r2 = .63; P = .018). Importantly, while ECR was correlated with heart rate, cardiac output, and arteriovenous O2 difference in UR (all r2 > .50; P < .05), ECR was correlated with lower limb vertical stiffness, ground contact time, stride length, and step frequency in DR (all r2 > .58; P < .05). Lower limb isometric extension torques were not related to ECR whatever the slope. CONCLUSION The determining physiological factors of ECR might be slope specific, mainly metabolic and cardiovascular in UR versus mainly neuromuscular and mechanical in DR. This possible slope specificity of ECR during incline running opens the way for the implementation of differentiated physiological evaluations and training strategies to optimize performance in well-trained trail runners.
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Martinez-Navarro I, Collado E, Hernando B, Hernando C. Pulmonary and Inspiratory Muscle Function Response to a Mountain Ultramarathon. J Sports Sci Med 2021; 20:706-713. [PMID: 35321133 PMCID: PMC8488829 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to provide within-race data on the time course of pulmonary function during a mountain ultramarathon (MUM). Additionally, we wanted to assess possible sex differences regarding pre- to post-race change in pulmonary and inspiratory muscle function. Lastly, we were interested in evaluating whether changes in respiratory function were associated with relative running speed and due to general or specific fatigue. 47 athletes (29 males and 18 females; 41 ± 5 years) were submitted to a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) before a 107-km MUM. Spirometric variables: forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), FEV1/FVC and peak expiratory flow (PEF); maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP); squat jump (SJ) and handgrip strength (HG) were assessed before and after the race. Additionally PEF was measured at three aid stations (33rd, 66th and 84th km) during the race. PEF declined from the 33rd to the 66th km (p = 0.004; d = 0.72) and from the 84th km to the finish line (p = 0.003; d = 0.90), while relative running speed dropped from the first (0-33 km) to the second (33-66 km) race section (p < 0.001; d = 1.81) and from the third (66-84 km) to the last race section (p < 0.001; d = 1.61). Post-race, a moderate reduction was noted in FVC (-13%; p < 0.001; d = 0.52), FEV1 (-19.5%; p < 0.001; d = 0.65), FEV1/FVC (-8.4%; p = 0.030; d = 0.59), PEF (-20.3%; p < 0.001; d = 0.58), MIP (-25.3%; p < 0.001; d = 0.79) and SJ (-31.6%; p < 0.001; d = 1.42). Conversely, HG did not change from pre- to post-race (-1.4%; p = 0.56; d = 0.05). PEF declined during the race in parallel with running speed drop. No sex differences were noted regarding post-race respiratory function, except that FEV1/FVC decay was significantly greater among women. The magnitude of pre- to post-race respiratory function decline was uncorrelated with relative running speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Martinez-Navarro
- Physical Education and Sports Department, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Sports Health Unit, Vithas 9 de Octubre Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eladio Collado
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Jaume I University, Castellon, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Hernando
- Sport Service, Jaume I University, Castellon, Spain
- Department of Education and Specific Didactics, Jaume I University, Castellon, Spain
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11
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Lemire M, Falbriard M, Aminian K, Millet GP, Meyer F. Level, Uphill, and Downhill Running Economy Values Are Correlated Except on Steep Slopes. Front Physiol 2021; 12:697315. [PMID: 34276417 PMCID: PMC8281813 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.697315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was first to determine if level, uphill, and downhill energy cost of running (ECR) values were correlated at different slopes and for different running speeds, and second, to determine the influence of lower limb strength on ECR. Twenty-nine healthy subjects completed a randomized series of 4-min running bouts on an instrumented treadmill to determine their cardiorespiratory and mechanical (i.e., ground reaction forces) responses at different constant speeds (8, 10, 12, and 14 km·h−1) and different slopes (−20, −10, −5, 0, +5, +10, +15, and +20%). The subjects also performed a knee extensor (KE) strength assessment. Oxygen and energy costs of running values were correlated between all slopes by pooling all running speeds (all r2 ≥ 0.27; p ≤ 0.021), except between the steepest uphill vs. level and the steepest downhill slope (i.e., +20% vs. 0% and −20% slopes; both p ≥ 0.214). When pooled across all running speeds, the ECR was inversely correlated with KE isometric maximal torque for the level and downhill running conditions (all r2 ≥ 0.24; p ≤ 0.049) except for the steepest downhill slope (−20%), but not for any uphill slopes. The optimal downhill grade (i.e., lowest oxygen cost) varied between running speeds and ranged from −14% and −20% (all p < 0.001). The present results suggest that compared to level and shallow slopes, on steep slopes ~±20%, running energetics are determined by different factors (i.e., reduced bouncing mechanism, greater muscle strength for negative slopes, and cardiopulmonary fitness for positive slopes). On shallow negative slopes and during level running, ECR is related to KE strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Lemire
- Faculty of Medicine, Translational Medicine Federation, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Institut de Recherche en Informatique, Mathématiques, Automatique et Signal (IRIMAS), University of Haute-Alsace, Mulhouse, France
| | - Mathieu Falbriard
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, Swiss Federal School of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kamiar Aminian
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, Swiss Federal School of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Meyer
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Digital Signal Processing Group, Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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