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Roso-Moliner A, Gonzalo-Skok O, Villavicencio Álvarez VE, Calero-Morales S, Mainer-Pardos E. Analysing the Influence of Speed and Jumping Performance Metrics on the Percentage Change of Direction Deficit in Adolescent Female Soccer Players. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:466. [PMID: 38672737 PMCID: PMC11051186 DOI: 10.3390/life14040466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies show that although female soccer players often have shorter change of direction (COD) deficits than males, indicating different biomechanical profiles, there is a lack of research on the impact of physical metrics on COD performance in females. The purpose of this work was to analyse whether performance metrics based on speed and jumping could explain the variation in %CODD in young female soccer players. Thirty-three highly trained adolescent female soccer players with an age of 16 ± 0.95 years, a body mass of 55.7 ± 7.22 kg, and a height of 160.4 ± 5.22 cm performed COD180 tests, 10 m and 30 m sprint tests, single-leg countermovement, and horizontal jumps. Acceleration in the first 10 m of a sprint was identified as a significant predictor of COD180 performance (R2 = 28%), (R2 = 50%), (p < 0.01), indicating that early sprint performance may largely determine an individual's ability to change direction. However, no predictors were found for %CODD. Significant correlations were observed between COD180 performance and %CODD, acceleration, linear speed, and horizontal jump performance (r = -0.59 to 0.70; p < 0.05). The study suggests that specific physical performance metrics, particularly early acceleration, are crucial for enhancing COD skills in female soccer players, emphasizing the need for targeted training interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Roso-Moliner
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, Autov. A23 Km 299, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.R.-M.); (E.M.-P.)
| | - Oliver Gonzalo-Skok
- Department of Communication and Education, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, 41704 Seville, Spain;
| | | | - Santiago Calero-Morales
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, Quito 171103, Ecuador
| | - Elena Mainer-Pardos
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, Autov. A23 Km 299, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.R.-M.); (E.M.-P.)
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Gonzalo-Skok O, Dos'Santos T, Bishop C. Assessing Limb Dominance and Interlimb Asymmetries Over Multiple Angles During Change of Direction Speed Tests in Basketball Players. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2423-2430. [PMID: 38015731 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Gonzalo-Skok, O, Dos' Santos, T, and Bishop, C. Assessing limb dominance and interlimb asymmetries over multiple angles during change of direction speed tests in basketball players. J Strength Cond Res 37(12): 2423-2430, 2023-The aims of this study were to establish whether directional dominance is displayed during change of direction (COD) tasks across various angles, to determine the angle-variation data for the asymmetry magnitude and direction, and to analyze the relationships in COD performance (completion time and COD deficit) across tasks. Twenty-four young (U-16 to U-20), highly trained male basketball players performed a 10-m linear sprint test and four 10-m COD tests (45°, 90°, 135°, and 180°) in left and right directions. Change of direction performance was determined via total times and COD deficit, and asymmetry comparisons were made between faster and slower directions and dominant leg (DL) (i.e., first step leg in lay-up) and nondominant leg (NDL). No significant differences (p > 0.05) were found between DL and NDL for any task excluding 45° COD (p < 0.05, effect size [ES] = 0.44-0.78), but significant differences were established between faster and slower sides for all angles (p < 0.05, ES = 0.70-1.28). Levels of the agreement in directional dominance during COD tasks were generally poor to slight (k = -0.14 to 0.14), excluding a fair agreement between COD45 and COD90 (k = 0.34). Correlations between COD total times and COD deficits between angles were moderate to very large (r = 0.32 to 0.81) and moderate to large (r = -0.30 to 0.55), respectively. Players displayed superior COD performance in a particular direction across various angles. This directional dominance is not necessarily consistent between angles, thus highlighting the angle-dependent nature of COD performance. Consequently, practitioners should investigate multiple angles and directions to create a COD angle profile for their athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Gonzalo-Skok
- Department of Communication and Education, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Seville, Spain
| | - Thomas Dos'Santos
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Center, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom; and
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, Greenlands Lane, Allianz Park, London, United Kingdom
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Schneider C, Rothschild J, Uthoff A. Change-of-Direction Speed Assessments and Testing Procedures in Tennis: A Systematic Review. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1888-1895. [PMID: 37616539 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Schneider, C, Rothschild, J, and Uthoff, A. Change-of-direction speed assessments and testing procedures in tennis: a systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 37(9): 1888-1895, 2023-Change-of-direction speed (CODS) plays an essential role in tennis match play, and CODS performance is, therefore, commonly assessed and monitored in tennis players. Thus, the aim of this systematic review was to describe test characteristics, performance metrics, test-retest reliability, construct validity, and test outcomes of tests that are used to assess CODS in tennis players. A literature search conducted on PubMed and SPORTDiscus yielded 563 results. After applying the eligibility criteria, a total of 27 studies were included in the present review. Ten unique CODS tests were identified. 505 test variations were most frequently used across all studies, and total time required to complete the test was the predominant performance metric investigated. Intrasession test-retest reliability ranged from "moderate" to "excellent." Intersession test-retest reliability as well as the effects of tennis performance, sex, and age on CODS performance were unclear given the subject demographics and the limited number of studies that investigated these aspects. In conclusion, most studies included CODS tests that exhibit longer COD entry and total distances but similar COD angles to those seen during tennis match play. All CODS tests have at least "moderate" intrasession test-retest reliability. However, to improve CODS assessment methods and to increase our current understanding of CODS performance in tennis players, there is a need to conduct more research on the intersession test-retest reliability, construct validity, and the effects of sex, age, and tennis performance and to investigate other performance metrics that might provide additional insights into CODS (e.g., phase-specific performance variables).
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Schneider
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Gonzalo-Skok O, Bishop C. Change of direction speed and deficit over single and multiple changes of direction: Influence of biological age in youth basketball players. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1490-1497. [PMID: 37943988 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2279817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The study analysed the difference in change of direction (COD) deficit among young male basketball players of different age groups and biological ages and analysed the relationships in COD performance (time and deficit) across single and multiple CODs depending on their biological age. Fifty-four highly-trained male players (U-13 and U-17) were tested on sprinting (25-m) and COD ability over single and multiple CODs through total times and the percentage-based COD deficit (CODD). Results showed that older age groups performed significantly (ES = 0.43-2.32, p < 0.05) better in linear and COD times, especially those players with post-peak height velocity (PHV) (ES = 0.89-1.90). Controlling for age at PHV, no significant differences were found in any group or inter-limb asymmetries. Moderate relationships were found between CODD in the pool data (r = 0.36 to 0.50). All CODD and time relationships in any test (i.e., 180º COD and V-cut) were considerably lower (r= -0.27 to 0.32) across individual biological groups. The study highlights the impact of maturation on COD performance, whereas CODD seems to be not affected. Interestingly, the CODD is independent, highlighting this measurement's specific nature. Practitioners should use common distances, angles, and the number of CODs linked to biological status to create a COD profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Gonzalo-Skok
- Department of Communication and Education, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Seville, Spain
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, UK
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Freitas TT, Pereira LA, Zabaloy S, Alcaraz PE, Arruda AFS, Mercer VP, Bishop C, Loturco I. Change-of-Direction and Deceleration Deficits in National-Team Female Rugby Sevens Players: Interrelationships and Associations With Speed-Related Performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:1079-1084. [PMID: 37567578 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the relationships between a series of direct and indirect measures of linear and multidirectional speed performance in elite female rugby sevens players. METHODS Nineteen players from the Brazilian national team performed 40-m linear sprint and 505 change-of-direction (COD) tests on the same day. Based on the linear sprint and COD test performances, the COD deficit (CODD) and deceleration deficit (DD) were also obtained. A Pearson product-moment correlation analysis was used to determine the relationships between linear sprint and COD-derived variables. RESULTS Linear sprint and 505 COD velocities were not significantly associated (P > .05). Large to very large significant associations (r values ranging from .54 to .78; P < .05) were detected between linear sprint velocity for the different distances tested (10, 15, 30, and 40 m) and CODD. The COD velocity presented a very large inverse significant correlation with CODD and DD (r = -.77 and -.79 respectively; P < .05). A large and significant correlation was identified between CODD and DD (r = .79; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Significant associations were observed between linear sprint and CODD, suggesting that faster players are less efficient at changing direction. No relationship was found between sprint velocity and DD, highlighting the independent nature of linear sprints and deceleration capabilities. A comprehensive and detailed analysis of multidirectional speed performance should consider not only linear sprint and COD performances but also complementary COD-derived variables such as the CODD and DD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás T Freitas
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia,Spain
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia,Spain
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo,Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo,Brazil
| | - Lucas A Pereira
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo,Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo,Brazil
| | - Santiago Zabaloy
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Rhinos, Leeds,United Kingdom
- Leeds Beckett University, Leeds,United Kingdom
| | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia,Spain
| | | | - Valter P Mercer
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo,Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo,Brazil
| | - Chris Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, London,United Kingdom
| | - Irineu Loturco
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo,Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo,Brazil
- University of South Wales, Wales,United Kingdom
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Roso-Moliner A, Lozano D, Nobari H, Bishop C, Carton-Llorente A, Mainer-Pardos E. Horizontal jump asymmetries are associated with reduced range of motion and vertical jump performance in female soccer players. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:80. [PMID: 37422669 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00697-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Performance in jumping and change of direction tests are good proxies to reflect the skill level during soccer-specific actions. Greater inter-leg asymmetries have been identified as a risk factor for developing acute and overuse injuries and jeopardizing soccer performance. The aim of this study was to assess the association between asymmetry in the unilateral vertical and horizontal jump tests, ankle range of motion, linear velocity, and change of direction in a sample of highly trained adult female soccer players. METHODS Thirty-eight highly trained female soccer players underwent a testing protocol including ankle dorsiflexion, single leg jumps for height (CMJ), distance (HJ), 40 m sprint and 180° change of direction tests. RESULTS Within-session reliability was acceptable (CV ≤ 7.9%), and relative reliability showed good to excellent (ICC: 0.83 to 0.99). The one-way ANOVA reported higher inter-limb differences for change of direction deficit (10.9 ± 8.04%) and single leg CMJ (5.70 ± 5.22%). Pearson correlations highlighted significant relationships between horizontal jump asymmetries and ankle dorsiflexion (r = -0.41), CMJ (r = -0.36 to -0.49) and HJ (r = -0.28 to -0.56). CONCLUSIONS Assessing inter-limb asymmetries through different methods can help scientists understand the specificity of their detrimental effects on soccer performance. Practitioners should be aware of these specificities as well as the magnitude and direction of the asymmetries when aiming to improve specific on-field skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Roso-Moliner
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, Autov A23 Km 299, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Demetrio Lozano
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, Autov A23 Km 299, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Chris Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, NW4 1RL, UK
| | - Antonio Carton-Llorente
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, Autov A23 Km 299, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Mainer-Pardos
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, Autov A23 Km 299, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830, Zaragoza, Spain
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Nicholson G, Bennett T, Thomas A, Pollitt L, Hopkinson M, Crespo R, Robinson T, Price RJ. Inter-limb asymmetries and kicking limb preference in English premier league soccer players. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:982796. [PMID: 36060629 PMCID: PMC9428458 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.982796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were: (1) to quantify interlimb asymmetries in EPL soccer players in the context of kicking limb preference and (2) to establish the relationship between interlimb asymmetries and measures of physical performance. Twenty-two players (age: 21.8 ± 4.4 years) from an EPL club performed a running gait assessment (20 km/h) and unilateral countermovement jumps, a CoD assessment (modified 505 test), and an isokinetic knee extension/flexion protocol using each leg. Asymmetries were quantified using the percentage difference method and Pearson's correlations were used to quantify the association between variables. Players displayed the greatest level of asymmetry in isokinetic strength measures (5.9–12.7%) and lower levels of asymmetry in gait (1.6–7.7%), jump (0.9–7.0%) and CoD (1.9–3.5%) assessments. The influence of the preferred kicking limb was most evident in the isokinetic assessment with the players showing dominance in the preferred limb for knee flexor strength and in the non-preferred limb for knee extensor strength. These manifested in the asymmetry values calculated for the hamstring:quadricep (H:Q) ratios at 60°/s (8.80 ± 7.82%) and 240°/s (11.22 ± 7.04%) and in the functional H:Q ratio (12.67 ± 8.25%). The asymmetry values for peak extensor moment at 240°/s showed a significant correlation (ρ = −0.55, p = 0.034) with 10 m time in the CoD assessment. These findings provide benchmark asymmetry data for soccer practitioners and reveal that kicking limb preferences may bring about interlimb differences in the H:Q ratio which raises important considerations in the design of testing batteries and injury reduction interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Nicholson
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Gareth Nicholson
| | - Tim Bennett
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron Thomas
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Lysander Pollitt
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Hopkinson
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Rubén Crespo
- Leeds United Football Club, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Robinson
- Leeds United Football Club, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Rob J. Price
- Leeds United Football Club, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Levels of Agreement for the Direction of Inter-Limb Asymmetry during Four Simple Change-of-Direction Tests in Young Male Handball Players: A Pilot Study. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13101940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the effects of change-of-direction (CoD) angle (90° vs. 180°) and the inclusion of acceleration approach on total task time, CoD deficit, and agreement regarding inter-limb asymmetry direction across CoD tasks. The sample included 13 young male handball players (age: 22.4 ± 3.2 years). The CoD tasks were performed over a 10 m distance with 90° and 180° turns. Both CoD tasks were performed under two conditions: (1) from the standing start and, (2) with a 10 m prior acceleration approach. Linear sprint times over a 10 m distance were also recorded for the purpose of determining the CoD deficit. The differences between the outcomes of different test variants were assessed with pairwise t-tests and associated Cohen’s d effect size. The agreement in terms of inter-limb asymmetry direction was assessed descriptively, using percentage of agreement. Results showed that the inclusion of the 10 m approach reduced the total task time (mean differences ranging between 0.26 and 0.35 s; d = 2.27–4.02; p < 0.002). The differences between 90° and 180° turn times were statistically significant under both conditions: (a) without approach (0.44–0.48 s; d = 4.72–4.84; all p < 0.001), and (b) with approach (0.50–0.54 s; d = 4.41–5.03; p < 0.001). The agreement regarding inter-limb asymmetry direction among the tasks was 30.7–61.5%. The differences between the tasks could be explained by the angle–velocity trade-off. The results of this study imply that the CoD tasks should not be used interchangeably when assessing inter-limb asymmetries.
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Kozinc Ž, Smajla D, Šarabon N. The relationship between lower limb maximal and explosive strength and change of direction ability: Comparison of basketball and tennis players, and long-distance runners. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256347. [PMID: 34407142 PMCID: PMC8372951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Change-of-direction (CoD) ability is an important determinant of athletic performance. Muscle strength is among the most important determinants of CoD ability. However, previous studies investigating the relationship between CoD ability and muscle strength focused mostly on flexor and extensor muscle groups, or used multi-joint exercises, such as jumps, squats or mid-thigh pull. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between CoD ability and strength of ankle, knee, hip and trunk maximal and explosive strength. The participants (n = 327), consisting of male and female basketball players, tennis players and long-distance runners completed isometric strength assessments and CoD testing (90° and 180° turn tests). The times of both CoD tests were associated with muscle strength (peak torques and the rate of torque development variables), with correlation coefficients being mostly weak to moderate (r = 0.2–0.6). Strength variables explained 33%, 62% and 48% of the variance in the 90° turn task, and 42%, 36% and 59% of the variance in the 180° turn task, in basketball players, long-distance runners and tennis players, respectively. Hip and trunk muscle strength variables were the most prevalent in the regression models, especially hip adduction and abduction strength. Our results suggest that the strength of several lower limb muscles, in particular of the hip abductors and adductors, and trunk muscles, but also hip rotators, extensors and flexors, as well as knee and ankle flexors and extensors should be considered when aiming to improve CoD performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žiga Kozinc
- University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izola, Slovenia
- University of Primorska, Andrej Marušič Institute, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Darjan Smajla
- University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izola, Slovenia
- InnoRenew CoE, Human Health Department, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Šarabon
- University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izola, Slovenia
- InnoRenew CoE, Human Health Department, Izola, Slovenia
- S2P, Science to Practice, Ltd., Laboratory for Motor Control and Motor Behavior, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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