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Wu Q, Flombaum JI. The Motion-Silencing Illusion Depends on Object-Centered Representation. Psychol Sci 2024:9567976241235104. [PMID: 38564652 DOI: 10.1177/09567976241235104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Motion silencing is a striking and unexplained visual illusion wherein changes that are otherwise salient become difficult to perceive when the changing elements also move. We develop a new method for quantifying illusion strength (Experiments 1a and 1b), and we demonstrate a privileged role for rotational motion on illusion strength compared with highly controlled stimuli that lack rotation (Experiments 2a to 3b). These contrasts make it difficult to explain the illusion in terms of lower-level detection limits. Instead, we explain the illusion as a failure to attribute changes to locations. Rotation exacerbates the illusion because its perception relies upon structured object representations. This aggravates the difficulty of attributing changes by demanding that locations are referenced relative to both an object-internal frame and an external frame. Two final experiments (4a and 4b) add support to this account by employing a synchronously rotating external frame of reference that diminishes otherwise strong motion silencing. All participants were Johns Hopkins University undergraduates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihan Wu
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
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2
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Harris IM. Interpreting the orientation of objects: A cross-disciplinary review. Psychon Bull Rev 2024:10.3758/s13423-024-02458-8. [PMID: 38302790 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02458-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Is object orientation an inherent aspect of the shape of the object or is it represented separately and bound to the object shape in a similar way to other features, such as colour? This review brings together findings from neuropsychological studies of patients with agnosia for object orientation and experimental studies of object perception in healthy individuals that provide converging evidence of separate processing of object identity and orientation. Individuals with agnosia for object orientation, which typically results from damage to the right parietal lobe, can recognize objects presented in a range of orientations yet are unable to interpret or discriminate the objects' orientation. Healthy individuals tested with briefly presented objects demonstrate a similar dissociation: object identity is extracted rapidly in an orientation-invariant way, whereas processing the object's orientation is slower, requires attention and is influenced by the degree of departure from the canonical orientation. This asymmetry in processing can sometimes lead to incorrect bindings between the identity and orientation of objects presented in close temporal proximity. Overall, the available evidence indicates that object recognition is achieved in a largely orientation-invariant manner and that interpreting the object's orientation requires an additional step of mapping this orientation-invariant representation to a spatial reference frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina M Harris
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Brennan MacCallum Building A18, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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3
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Lubineau M, Watkins CP, Glasel H, Dehaene S. Does word flickering improve reading? Negative evidence from four experiments using low and high frequencies. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231665. [PMID: 37788702 PMCID: PMC10547553 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Does word flickering facilitate reading? Despite a lack of scientific evidence, flickering glasses and lamps for dyslexia are being marketed in various countries. We conducted four experiments to assess their efficacy. Two experiments involved a computerized lexical decision task with constant display or low-frequency flickering (10 or 15 Hz). Among 375 regular adult readers, flicker noticeably slowed down word recognition, while slightly biasing the decision towards pseudowords. No significant effect was observed in 20 dyslexic children. In 22 dyslexic children, we also evaluated the impact of the Lexilight lamp and Lexilens glasses, which operate at higher frequencies, on reading fluency, letter identification and mirror letter processing. No detectable impact was observed. Lastly, in two participants who claimed to benefit from flickering glasses, we orthogonally manipulated whether the glasses were actually on, and whether the participant thought they were on. Only a small placebo effect was noted in one participant. Our findings starkly contrast with marketing claims that these tools can help 90% of dyslexics, and emphasize the role of rigorous scientific research in empowering dyslexic individuals to make informed decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Lubineau
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, CEA DSV/I2BM, INSERM, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin Center, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Collège de France, Paris, Île-de-France, France
- Reference centre for the neuropsychological evaluation of children (CERENE), Paris, France
| | - Cassandra Potier Watkins
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, CEA DSV/I2BM, INSERM, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin Center, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Collège de France, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Hervé Glasel
- Reference centre for the neuropsychological evaluation of children (CERENE), Paris, France
| | - Stanislas Dehaene
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, CEA DSV/I2BM, INSERM, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin Center, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Collège de France, Paris, Île-de-France, France
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4
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Vannuscorps G, Galaburda A, Caramazza A. From intermediate shape-centered representations to the perception of oriented shapes: response to commentaries. Cogn Neuropsychol 2023; 40:71-94. [PMID: 37642330 DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2023.2250511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
In this response paper, we start by addressing the main points made by the commentators on the target article's main theoretical conclusions: the existence and characteristics of the intermediate shape-centered representations (ISCRs) in the visual system, their emergence from edge detection mechanisms operating on different types of visual properties, and how they are eventually reunited in higher order frames of reference underlying conscious visual perception. We also address the much-commented issue of the possible neural mechanisms of the ISCRs. In the final section, we address more specific and general comments, questions, and suggestions which, albeit very interesting, were less directly focused on the main conclusions of the target paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Vannuscorps
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Louvain Bionics, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Albert Galaburda
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alfonso Caramazza
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), Università degli Studi di Trento, Rovereto, Italy
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5
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Ayzenberg V, Behrmann M. Does the brain's ventral visual pathway compute object shape? Trends Cogn Sci 2022; 26:1119-1132. [PMID: 36272937 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2022.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A rich behavioral literature has shown that human object recognition is supported by a representation of shape that is tolerant to variations in an object's appearance. Such 'global' shape representations are achieved by describing objects via the spatial arrangement of their local features, or structure, rather than by the appearance of the features themselves. However, accumulating evidence suggests that the ventral visual pathway - the primary substrate underlying object recognition - may not represent global shape. Instead, ventral representations may be better described as a basis set of local image features. We suggest that this evidence forces a reevaluation of the role of the ventral pathway in object perception and posits a broader network for shape perception that encompasses contributions from the dorsal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Ayzenberg
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Psychology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Marlene Behrmann
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Psychology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; The Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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6
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Galaburda AM. Animal models of developmental dyslexia. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:981801. [DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.981801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As some critics have stated, the term “developmental dyslexia” refers to a strictly human disorder, relating to a strictly human capacity – reading – so it cannot be modeled in experimental animals, much less so in lowly rodents. However, two endophenotypes associated with developmental dyslexia are eminently suitable for animal modeling: Cerebral Lateralization, as illustrated by the association between dyslexia and non-righthandedness, and Cerebrocortical Dysfunction, as illustrated by the described abnormal structural anatomy and/or physiology and functional imaging of the dyslexic cerebral cortex. This paper will provide a brief review of these two endophenotypes in human beings with developmental dyslexia and will describe the animal work done in my laboratory and that of others to try to shed light on the etiology of and neural mechanisms underlying developmental dyslexia. Some thought will also be given to future directions of the research.
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7
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Medina J. Using single cases to understand visual processing: The magnocellular pathway. Cogn Neuropsychol 2022; 39:106-108. [PMID: 35677970 DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2022.2083949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jared Medina
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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8
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Almeida J. Precedence of parvocellular- over magnocellular-biased information for 2D object-related shape processing. Cogn Neuropsychol 2022; 39:95-98. [PMID: 35603605 DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2022.2076584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Almeida
- Proaction Lab, Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CINEICC, Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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9
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Castaldi E, Cicchini GM, Tinelli F, Morrone MC. Does more imply better vision? Cogn Neuropsychol 2022; 39:78-80. [PMID: 35337250 DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2022.2052715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Castaldi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | - Maria Concetta Morrone
- Scientific Institute Stella Maris (IRCSS), Pisa, Italy.,Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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10
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SIlson EH, Morland AB. The search for shape-centered representations. Cogn Neuropsychol 2022; 39:85-87. [PMID: 35337256 DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2022.2052718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward H SIlson
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Antony B Morland
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, UK.,York NeuroImaging Centre, The Biocentre, York Science Park, Heslington, UK
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11
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Breitmeyer BG. Significance and implications of visual shape processing at intermediate cortical levels. Cogn Neuropsychol 2022; 39:71-74. [PMID: 35216534 DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2022.2040976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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12
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Armendariz M, Xiao W, Vinken K, Kreiman G. Do computational models of vision need shape-based representations? Evidence from an individual with intriguing visual perceptions. Cogn Neuropsychol 2022; 39:75-77. [PMID: 35193459 DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2022.2041588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Armendariz
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Brains, Minds, and Machines, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Will Xiao
- Center for Brains, Minds, and Machines, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kasper Vinken
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabriel Kreiman
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Brains, Minds, and Machines, Cambridge, MA, USA
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13
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Whitwell RL, Goodale MA. Coming to grips with a fundamental deficit in visual perception. Cogn Neuropsychol 2022; 39:109-112. [DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2022.2040975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Whitwell
- Department of Psychology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Melvyn A. Goodale
- Department of Psychology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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14
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Freud E, Ahsan T. Does the dorsal pathway derive intermediate shape-centred representations? Cogn Neuropsychol 2022; 39:68-70. [DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2022.2040974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erez Freud
- Department of Psychology and the Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto Canada
| | - Tasfia Ahsan
- Department of Psychology and the Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto Canada
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15
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Taylor J, Xu Y. Identifying the neural loci mediating conscious object orientation perception using fMRI MVPA. Cogn Neuropsychol 2022; 39:64-67. [PMID: 35188079 PMCID: PMC9994469 DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2022.2040973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JohnMark Taylor
- Visual Inference Laboratory, Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Yaoda Xu
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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16
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Klimova M, Ling S. Davida reorients intermediate visual processing. Cogn Neuropsychol 2022; 39:88-91. [PMID: 35588248 PMCID: PMC10928806 DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2022.2052719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Klimova
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Sam Ling
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA
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