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Cao J, Wang T, Wu K, Zhou F, Feng Y, Li J, Deng A. A Highly Sensitive and Group-Specific Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for the Detection of AFB 1 in Agriculture and Aquiculture Products. Molecules 2024; 29:2280. [PMID: 38792140 PMCID: PMC11124235 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) including AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 are widely found in agriculture products, and AFB1 is considered one of the most toxic and harmful mycotoxins. Herein, a highly sensitive (at the pg mL-1 level) and group-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of AFB1 in agricultural and aquiculture products was developed. The AFB1 derivative containing a carboxylic group was synthesized and covalently linked to bovine serum albumin (BSA). The AFB1-BSA conjugate was used as an immunogen to immunize mice. A high-quality monoclonal antibody (mAb) against AFB1 was produced by hybridoma technology, and the mAb-based ELISA for AFB1 was established. IC50 and limit of detection (LOD) of the ELISA for AFB1 were 90 pg mL-1 and 18 pg mL-1, respectively. The cross-reactivities (CRs) of the assay with AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 were 23.6%, 42.5%, and 1.9%, respectively, revealing some degree of group specificity. Corn flour, wheat flour, and crab roe samples spiked with different contents of AFB1 were subjected to ELISA procedures. The recoveries and relative standard deviation (RSD) of the ELISA for AFB1 in spiked samples were 78.3-116.6% and 1.49-13.21% (n = 3), respectively. Wheat flour samples spiked with the mixed AF (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2) standard solution were measured by ELISA and LC-MS/MS simultaneously. It was demonstrated that the proposed ELISA can be used as a screening method for evaluation of AFs (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2) in wheat flour samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlin Cao
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Renai Road 199, Suzhou 215123, China; (J.C.); (T.W.); (Y.F.)
| | - Ting Wang
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Renai Road 199, Suzhou 215123, China; (J.C.); (T.W.); (Y.F.)
| | - Kang Wu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Renai Road 199, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Fengjie Zhou
- Suzhou Agricultural Products Safety and Quality Inspection Center, Wuzhong Road 1399, Suzhou 215000, China;
| | - Yuze Feng
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Renai Road 199, Suzhou 215123, China; (J.C.); (T.W.); (Y.F.)
| | - Jianguo Li
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Renai Road 199, Suzhou 215123, China; (J.C.); (T.W.); (Y.F.)
| | - Anping Deng
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Renai Road 199, Suzhou 215123, China; (J.C.); (T.W.); (Y.F.)
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2
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Kunreddy MR, Pidigam S, Sudini H, Amarapalli G, Komatireddy RR, Margam V. Triple layer hermetic bags for safe storage of dry Chilli ( Capsicum annuum L.) pods. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023; 60:1970-1980. [PMID: 37206413 PMCID: PMC10188887 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-023-05731-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination is a major concern in dry chilli pods during storage, which renders chilli flakes, and chilli powder unsafe for consumption and unfit for trade. Traditional method of storage also results in both qualitative as well as quantitative losses. In our study, we evaluated Purdue improved crop storage (PICS) based triple layer hermetic bags (PICS triple bags) for their efficacy in safe storage of dry chilli pods. Four different types of storage bags including untreated jute bag, polythene bag, triple layer hermetic bag, and fungicide treated jute bag were tested for three different storage periods (2, 4, and 6 month). Results suggest that aflatoxin levels resulting from Aspergillus flavus infection were below detectable levels in chilli pods stored in PICS triple bags owing to the modified atmospheric conditions of hypoxia and hypercarbia conditions created inside the bags. Further, dry chilli pods stored in PICS triple bags for 2, 4 and 6 month recorded no loss in test weight (1000 seeds) and no change in moisture content, whereas significantly moisture loss was observed in remaining treatment bags. Germination percentage of the seeds from the PICS triple bags at 2, 4 and 6 month storage was highest (72%) compared to all other treatment bags. Overall, we conclude that the PICS triple bags were effective in safe storage of dry chilli pods by ensuring detrimental environment to Aspergillus flavus growth and preserved both qualitative and quantitative characteristics including test weight, moisture content, and per cent germination compared to other storage bags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusudhan Reddy Kunreddy
- College of Horticulture, Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticultural University, Hyderabad, Telangana 500 030 India
| | - Saidaiah Pidigam
- College of Horticulture, Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticultural University, Hyderabad, Telangana 500 030 India
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Horticulture, Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticulture University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana 500 030 India
| | - Harikishan Sudini
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana 502 324 India
| | - Geetha Amarapalli
- Regional Agricultural Research Station, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU), Palem, Nagarkurnool District, Telangana 509 215 India
| | - Ravinder Reddy Komatireddy
- College of Horticulture, Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticultural University, Hyderabad, Telangana 500 030 India
| | - Venu Margam
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Telangana 502 324 India
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3
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Gichohi-Wainaina WN, Kimanya M, Muzanila YC, Kumwenda NC, Msere H, Rashidi M, Mponda O, Okori P. Aflatoxin Contamination, Exposure among Rural Smallholder Farming Tanzanian Mothers and Associations with Growth among Their Children. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15040257. [PMID: 37104195 PMCID: PMC10144464 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, aflatoxin exposure especially through maize and groundnuts has been associated with growth impairment in children. Infants and children are considered to be more susceptible to toxins because of their lower body weight, higher metabolic rate, and lower ability to detoxify. On the other hand, for women of reproductive age, aflatoxin exposure may not only affect their health but also that of their foetus in the case of pregnancy. This study focused on investigating AFB1 contamination in maize and groundnut from respondent households, exposure among women of reproductive age and associations of aflatoxin contamination with growth retardation among children in Mtwara region, Tanzania. The highest maximum AFB1 contamination levels from all samples obtained were in maize grain (2351.5 μg/kg). From a total of 217 maize samples collected, aflatoxins were above European Union (EU) and East African Community (EAC) tolerable limits in 76.0% and 64.5% of all samples. Specifically, maize grain had the highest proportion of samples contaminated above tolerable limits (80.3% and 71.1% for EU and EAC limits). Groundnut had 54.0% and 37.9% of samples above EU and EAC maximum tolerable limits. The lowest proportion of contaminated samples on the other hand was for bambara nut (37.5% and 29.2% for EU and EAC limits, respectively). Aflatoxin exposure in our surveyed population was much higher than previous observations made in Tanzania and also higher than those observed in Western countries such as Australia and the USA. Among children, AFB1 concentration was associated with lower weight for height z scores and weight for age z scores in the univariate model (p < 0.05). In summary, these results indicate the seriousness of aflatoxin contamination in foods commonly consumed in the vulnerable population assessed. Strategies both from the health, trade, and nutrition sectors should therefore be designed and implemented to address aflatoxin and mycotoxin contamination in diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjiku N. Gichohi-Wainaina
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Chitedze Agricultural Research Station, Lilongwe P.O. Box 1096, Malawi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, P.O. Box 41270, Lubbock, TX 79409-1270, USA
| | - Martin Kimanya
- School of Life Science and Bio-Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha P.O. Box 447, Tanzania
| | - Yasinta C. Muzanila
- Department of Biosciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Morogoro P.O. Box 3038, Tanzania
| | - Nelson C. Kumwenda
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Chitedze Agricultural Research Station, Lilongwe P.O. Box 1096, Malawi
| | - Harry Msere
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Chitedze Agricultural Research Station, Lilongwe P.O. Box 1096, Malawi
| | - Mariam Rashidi
- Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute (TARI, Naliendele), Mtwara P.O. Box 509, Tanzania
| | - Omari Mponda
- Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute (TARI, Naliendele), Mtwara P.O. Box 509, Tanzania
| | - Patrick Okori
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Chitedze Agricultural Research Station, Lilongwe P.O. Box 1096, Malawi
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4
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Chatterjee S, Dhole A, Krishnan AA, Banerjee K. Mycotoxin Monitoring, Regulation and Analysis in India: A Success Story. Foods 2023; 12:foods12040705. [PMID: 36832780 PMCID: PMC9956158 DOI: 10.3390/foods12040705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are deleterious fungal secondary metabolites that contaminate food and feed, thereby creating concerns regarding food safety. Common fungal genera can easily proliferate in Indian tropical and sub-tropical conditions, and scientific attention is warranted to curb their growth. To address this, two nodal governmental agencies, namely the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) and the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI), have developed and implemented analytical methods and quality control procedures to monitor mycotoxin levels in a range of food matrices and assess risks to human health over the last two decades. However, comprehensive information on such advancements in mycotoxin testing and issues in implementing these regulations has been inadequately covered in the recent literature. The aim of this review is thus to uphold a systematic picture of the role played by the FSSAI and APEDA for mycotoxin control at the domestic level and for the promotion of international trade, along with certain challenges in dealing with mycotoxin monitoring. Additionally, it unfolds various regulatory concerns regarding mycotoxin mitigation in India. Overall, it provides valuable insights for the Indian farming community, food supply chain stakeholders and researchers about India's success story in arresting mycotoxins throughout the food supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Chatterjee
- National Reference Laboratory, ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Post Office, Manjari Farm, Pune 412307, India
| | - Archana Dhole
- National Reference Laboratory, ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Post Office, Manjari Farm, Pune 412307, India
| | | | - Kaushik Banerjee
- National Reference Laboratory, ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Post Office, Manjari Farm, Pune 412307, India
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-98909-40914
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5
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Gichohi-Wainaina WN, Kumwenda NC, Harry M, Matumba L, Njoroge SMC, Okori P. Aflatoxin in cereals and groundnut from small holder farming households in Malawi. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2022; 15:266-274. [PMID: 35883265 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2022.2101069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination in commonly consumed cereals and nuts may place children at higher risk of stunting and adults at risk of developing liver cancer. This study investigated knowledge on aflatoxins and the level of aflatoxin B1 contamination in commonly consumed cereals and nuts in Malawi. It also included an examination of the proportion of cereals and nuts contaminated above regulatory maximum limits. Aflatoxin contamination in samples was assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Less than half of all households knew that consumption of aflatoxin contaminated grain is associated with stunting and lowered immunity. Sorghum samples were the most contaminated and millet the least contaminated. Aflatoxin contamination was highest in southern Malawi and least in northern Malawi. Observed results indicate that this population is at risk of poor health due to lack of knowledge and aflatoxin exposure. Strategies to address contamination should therefore include a comprehensive education campaign to increase knowledge and promote accessible strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjiku N Gichohi-Wainaina
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Lilongwe, Malawi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Nelson C Kumwenda
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Msere Harry
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Limbikani Matumba
- Natural Resources College, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Samuel M C Njoroge
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Patrick Okori
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Lilongwe, Malawi
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6
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Singh P, Mehl HL, Orbach MJ, Callicott KA, Cotty PJ. Genetic Diversity of Aspergillus flavus Associated with Chili in Nigeria and Identification of Haplotypes with Potential in Aflatoxin Mitigation. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:1818-1825. [PMID: 35084943 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-21-1464-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dried red chili (Capsicum spp.), a widely produced and consumed spice in Nigeria, is often contaminated by aflatoxins. Aflatoxins are potent mycotoxins of severe health and economic concern worldwide. Aspergillus flavus often contaminates crops with aflatoxins in warm regions; however, not all isolates are aflatoxin producers. Nonaflatoxigenic isolates have potential as biocontrol agents for aflatoxin mitigation. The current study examined the genetic diversity of A. flavus (n = 325) associated with chilies in Nigeria and identified 123 nonaflatoxigenic isolates. The Nigerian A. flavus isolates from chili were diverse at 17 microsatellite loci, with 5 to 36 alleles per locus, and included 152 haplotypes. The isolates that are active ingredients in Aflasafe, registered for aflatoxin biocontrol on maize and groundnuts in Nigeria, did not share haplotypes with the chili isolates. Of the 152 haplotypes, 65% produced aflatoxins in autoclaved maize, some of which (17%) produced >100,000 µg/kg of aflatoxins. Aflatoxins were not detected in 35% of the haplotypes. Cluster amplification pattern assay detected large deletions in the aflatoxin biosynthetic clusters of some (32%) of the nonaflatoxigenic haplotypes. Coinfection of chili with nonaflatoxigenic isolates from chilies (n = 7) and A. aflatoxiformans resulted in a significantly greater average reduction in total aflatoxins compared with that achieved by Aflasafe active ingredient isolates (P < 0.01). These nonaflatoxigenic isolates are a genetic resource for the development of biological control products for aflatoxin mitigation in chilies in Nigeria and should be evaluated under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pummi Singh
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, U.S.A
| | | | - Marc J Orbach
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, U.S.A
| | | | - Peter J Cotty
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, U.S.A
- USDA-ARS, Tucson, AZ 85701, U.S.A
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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Rajendran S, Shunmugam G, Mallikarjunan K, Paranidharan V, Venugopal AP. Prevalence of aflatoxin contamination in red chilli pepper (
Capsicum annum
L.) from India. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sasireka Rajendran
- Department of Food Process Engineering Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore Tamil Nadu 641003 India
| | - Ganapathy Shunmugam
- Department of Food Process Engineering Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore Tamil Nadu 641003 India
| | - Kumar Mallikarjunan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition University of Minnesota Eckles Ave Saint Paul MN 55108 USA
| | | | - Arun Prasath Venugopal
- Department of Food Process Engineering Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore Tamil Nadu 641003 India
- Department of Food Process Engineering National Institute of Technology Rourkela India
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8
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Ayob O, Hussain PR, Naqash F, Riyaz L, Kausar T, Joshi S, Azad ZRAA. Aflatoxins: Occurrence in red chilli and control by gamma irradiation. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Omeera Ayob
- Department of Food Technology School of Interdisciplinary Sciences and Technology Jamia Hamdard Hamdard Nagar New Delhi 110062 India
| | - Peerzada Rashid Hussain
- Astrophysical Sciences Division Nuclear Research Laboratory Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Srinagar 190006 India
| | - Farah Naqash
- Department of Food Technology Islamic University of Science and Technology Awantipora 192122 India
| | - Lubna Riyaz
- Department of Computer Science University of Kashmir Srinagar 190006 India
| | - Tahreem Kausar
- Department of Food Technology School of Interdisciplinary Sciences and Technology Jamia Hamdard Hamdard Nagar New Delhi 110062 India
| | - Sweta Joshi
- Department of Food Technology School of Interdisciplinary Sciences and Technology Jamia Hamdard Hamdard Nagar New Delhi 110062 India
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Ye J, Guo J, Li T, Tian J, Yu M, Wang X, Majeed U, Song W, Xiao J, Luo Y, Yue T. Phage-based technologies for highly sensitive luminescent detection of foodborne pathogens and microbial toxins: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:1843-1867. [PMID: 35142431 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens and microbial toxins are the main causes of foodborne illness. However, trace pathogens and toxins in foods are difficult to detect. Thus, techniques for their rapid and sensitive identification and quantification are urgently needed. Phages can specifically recognize and adhere to certain species of microbes or toxins due to molecular complementation between capsid proteins of phages and receptors on the host cell wall or toxins, and thus they have been successfully developed into a detection platform for pathogens and toxins. This review presents an update on phage-based luminescent detection technologies as well as their working principles and characteristics. Based on phage display techniques of temperate phages, reporter gene detection assays have been designed to sensitively detect trace pathogens by luminous intensity. By the host-specific lytic effects of virulent phages, enzyme-catalyzed chemiluminescent detection technologies for pathogens have been exploited. Notably, these phage-based luminescent detection technologies can discriminate viable versus dead microbes. Further, highly selective and sensitive immune-based assays have been developed to detect trace toxins qualitatively and quantitatively via antibody analogs displayed by phages, such as phage-ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and phage-IPCR (immuno-polymerase chain reaction). This literature research may lead to novel and innocuous phage-based rapid detection technologies to ensure food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Ye
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiaqing Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tairan Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiaxin Tian
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengxi Yu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Usman Majeed
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Song
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo-Ourense Campus, Ourense, Spain
| | - Yane Luo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianli Yue
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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10
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Wenndt AJ, Sudini HK, Mehta R, Pingali P, Nelson R. Spatiotemporal assessment of post-harvest mycotoxin contamination in rural North Indian food systems. Food Control 2021; 126:108071. [PMID: 34345120 PMCID: PMC8075802 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The spatiotemporal trends in aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), fumonisin B1 (FB1), and deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation were analyzed in a range of food commodities (maize, groundnut, pearl millet, rice, and wheat) in village settings in Unnao, Uttar Pradesh, India. Samples (n = 1549) were collected across six communities and six time points spanning a calendar year and were analyzed for mycotoxins using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. AFB1 and FB1 were common across surveyed villages, with moderate to high detection rates (45-75%) observed across commodities. AFB1 levels in maize and groundnuts and FB1 levels in maize and pearl millet frequently exceeded regulatory threshold levels of 15 μg/kg (AFB1) and 2 μg/g (FB1). DON was analyzed in wheat, with 3% of samples yielding detectable levels and none exceeding 1 μg/g. In rice, AFB1 levels were highest in the bran and husk and lower in the kernel. Commodity type significantly influenced AFB1 detection status, while commodity type, season, and visual quality influenced samples' legal status. Storage characteristics and household socioeconomic status indicators did not have significant effects on contamination. No significant effects of any variables on FB1 detection or legal status were observed. Data on mycotoxin contamination, combined with data on local dietary intake, were used to estimate spatiotemporal mycotoxin exposure profiles. Estimated seasonal per capita exposure levels for AFB1 (5.4-39.3 ng/kg body weight/day) and FB1 (~0-2.4 μg/kg body weight/day) exceeded provisional maximum tolerable daily intake levels (1 ng/kg body weight/day for AFB1 and 2 μg/kg body weight/day for FB1) in some seasons and locations. This study demonstrates substantial dietary mycotoxin exposure risk in Unnao food systems and serves as an evidentiary foundation for participatory food safety intervention in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Wenndt
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Tata Cornell Institute for Agriculture & Nutrition, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Hari Kishan Sudini
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, Telangana, India
| | - Rukshan Mehta
- Nutrition & Health Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Prabhu Pingali
- Tata Cornell Institute for Agriculture & Nutrition, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics & Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca Nelson
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Mehta RV, Wenndt AJ, Girard AW, Taneja S, Ranjan S, Ramakrishnan U, Martorell R, Ryan PB, Rangiah K, Young MF. Risk of dietary and breastmilk exposure to mycotoxins among lactating women and infants 2-4 months in northern India. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2021; 17:e13100. [PMID: 33200580 PMCID: PMC7988843 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are carcinogenic secondary metabolites of fungi that have been linked to infant growth faltering. In this study, we quantified co-occurring mycotoxins in breast milk and food samples from Haryana, India, and characterized determinants of exposure. Deterministic risk assessment was conducted for mothers and infants. We examined levels of eight mycotoxins (Aflatoxin B1 , B2 , G1 , G2 , M1 , M2 ; Ochratoxin A, B) in 100 breast milk samples (infants 2-4 months) using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ), fumonisin B1 (FB1 ) and deoxynivalenol (DON) were detected in several food items (n = 298) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. We report novel data on the presence of mycotoxins in breast milk samples from India. Whereas breast milk concentrations (AFM1 median: 13.7; range: 3.9-1200 ng/L) remain low, AFM1 was detected above regulatory limits in 27% of animal milk samples. Additionally, 41% of infants were above provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) limits for AFM1 due to consumption of breast milk (mean: 3.04, range: 0.26-80.7 ng kg-1 bw day-1 ). Maternal consumption of breads (p < 0.05) was associated with breast milk AFM1 exposure. AFB1 (μg/kg) was detected in dried red chilies (15.7; 0-302.3), flour (3.13; 0-214.9), groundnuts (0; 0-249.1), maize (56.0; 0-836.7), pearl millet (1.85; 0-160.2), rice (0; 0-195.6), wheat (1.9; 0-196.0) and sorghum (0; 0-63.5). FB1 (mg/kg) was detected in maize (0; 0-61.4), pearl millet (0; 0-35.4) and sorghum (0.95; 0-33.2). DON was not detected in food samples. Mothers in our study exceeded PMTDI recommendations for AFB1 due to consumption of rice and flour (mean: 75.81; range: 35.2-318.2 ng kg-1 bw day-1 ). Our findings show the presence of Aflatoxin B1 and M1 at various levels of the food chain and in breast milk, with estimated intakes exceeding PMTDI recommendations. Aflatoxins are known carcinogens and have also been linked to stunting in children. Their presence across the food system and in breast milk is concerning, thus warranting further research to replicate and expand on our findings and to understand implications for maternal and child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukshan V. Mehta
- Doctoral Program in Nutrition and Health Sciences, Laney Graduate SchoolEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- The Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Anthony J. Wenndt
- School of Integrative Plant Science & Tata Cornell InstituteCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Amy Webb Girard
- Doctoral Program in Nutrition and Health Sciences, Laney Graduate SchoolEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- The Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Sunita Taneja
- Centre for Health Research and DevelopmentSociety for Applied StudiesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Samriddhi Ranjan
- Centre for Health Research and DevelopmentSociety for Applied StudiesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Usha Ramakrishnan
- Doctoral Program in Nutrition and Health Sciences, Laney Graduate SchoolEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- The Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Reynaldo Martorell
- Doctoral Program in Nutrition and Health Sciences, Laney Graduate SchoolEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- The Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - P. Barry Ryan
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Kannan Rangiah
- Council for Scientific and Industrial ResearchCentral Food Technological Research InstituteMysuruIndia
| | - Melissa F. Young
- Doctoral Program in Nutrition and Health Sciences, Laney Graduate SchoolEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- The Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
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12
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Standardization and validation of a high-performance thin-layer chromatography method for the quantification of aflatoxin B1 and its application in surveillance of contamination level in marketed food commodities from the Mumbai region. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00764-020-00073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Transcriptome Analysis Identified Coordinated Control of Key Pathways Regulating Cellular Physiology and Metabolism upon Aspergillus flavus Infection Resulting in Reduced Aflatoxin Production in Groundnut. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040370. [PMID: 33339393 PMCID: PMC7767264 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin-affected groundnut or peanut presents a major global health issue to both commercial and subsistence farming. Therefore, understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms associated with resistance to aflatoxin production during host–pathogen interactions is crucial for breeding groundnut cultivars with minimal level of aflatoxin contamination. Here, we performed gene expression profiling to better understand the mechanisms involved in reduction and prevention of aflatoxin contamination resulting from Aspergillus flavus infection in groundnut seeds. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) of 16 samples from different time points during infection (24 h, 48 h, 72 h and the 7th day after inoculation) in U 4-7-5 (resistant) and JL 24 (susceptible) genotypes yielded 840.5 million raw reads with an average of 52.5 million reads per sample. A total of 1779 unique differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Furthermore, comprehensive analysis revealed several pathways, such as disease resistance, hormone biosynthetic signaling, flavonoid biosynthesis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxifying, cell wall metabolism and catabolizing and seed germination. We also detected several highly upregulated transcription factors, such as ARF, DBB, MYB, NAC and C2H2 in the resistant genotype in comparison to the susceptible genotype after inoculation. Moreover, RNA-Seq analysis suggested the occurrence of coordinated control of key pathways controlling cellular physiology and metabolism upon A. flavus infection, resulting in reduced aflatoxin production.
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14
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Wenndt A, Sudini HK, Pingali P, Nelson R. Exploring aflatoxin contamination and household-level exposure risk in diverse Indian food systems. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240565. [PMID: 33104713 PMCID: PMC7588076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study sought to identify household risk factors associated with aflatoxin contamination within and across diverse Indian food systems and to evaluate their utility in risk modeling. Samples (n = 595) of cereals, pulses, and oil seeds were collected from 160 households across four diverse districts of India and analyzed for aflatoxin B1 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Demographic information, food and cropping systems, food management behaviors, and storage environments were profiled for each household. An aflatoxin detection risk index was developed based on household-level features and validated using a repeated 5-fold cross-validation approach. Across districts, between 30–80% of households yielded at least one contaminated sample. Aflatoxin B1 detection rates and mean contamination levels were highest in groundnut and maize, respectively, and lower in other crops. Landholding had a positive univariate effect on household aflatoxin detection, while storage conditions, product source, and the number of protective behaviors used by households did not show significant effects. Presence of groundnut, post-harvest grain washing, use of sack-based storage systems, and cultivation status (farming or non-farming) were identified as the most contributive variables in stepwise logistic regression and were used to generate a household-level risk index. The index had moderate classification accuracy (68% sensitivity and 62% specificity) and significantly correlated with village-wise aflatoxin detection rates. Spatial analysis revealed utility of the index for identifying at-risk localities and households. This study identified several key features associated with aflatoxin contamination in Indian food systems and demonstrated that household characteristics are substantially predictive of aflatoxin risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Wenndt
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Tata Cornell Institute for Agriculture and Nutrition, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Hari Kishan Sudini
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, Telangana, India
| | - Prabhu Pingali
- Tata Cornell Institute for Agriculture and Nutrition, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics & Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Nelson
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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15
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Anitha S, Muzanila Y, Tsusaka TW, Kachulu L, Kumwenda N, Musoke M, Swai E, Shija J, Siambi M, Monyo ES, Bekunda M, Okori P. Reducing Child Undernutrition through Dietary Diversification, Reduced Aflatoxin Exposure, and Improved Hygiene Practices: The Immediate Impacts in Central Tanzania. Ecol Food Nutr 2019; 59:243-262. [DOI: 10.1080/03670244.2019.1691000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seetha Anitha
- Department of Strategic Marketing and communication, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad, India
- Department of plant breeding, ICRISAT, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Yasinta Muzanila
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | | | | | | | - Mike Musoke
- Department of plant breeding, ICRISAT, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Elirehema Swai
- Agricultural Research Institute, Hombolo, Central Zone Crop Research, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Jackson Shija
- District Agriculture and Irrigation department, Kongwa District Council, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Mateete Bekunda
- Africa RISING East & Southern Africa, International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Patrick Okori
- Department of plant breeding, ICRISAT, Lilongwe, Malawi
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16
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Hojo E, Matsuura N, Kamiya K, Yonekita T, Morishita N, Murakami H, Kawamura O. Development of a Rapid and Versatile Method of Enzyme-Linked Immunoassay Combined with Immunoaffinity Column for Aflatoxin Analysis. J Food Prot 2019; 82:1472-1478. [PMID: 31408373 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We combined immunoaffinity column (IAC) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods to develop a rapid method to analyze total aflatoxin (AF) in foods, using a large number of samples. Using newly developed monoclonal antibodies, with high cross-reactivity and high organic solvent tolerance, we developed the IAC-ELISA method. Our IAC-ELISA method showed a good correlation with the high-performance liquid chromatography method for corn samples spiked with total AF. Certain food samples, such as chili powder, chocolate, green coffee beans, and roasted coffee beans, are difficult to measure owing to their matrices, which affect ELISA adversely. Our IAC-ELISA method clearly improved the recovery rates (79 to 109%) compared with the ELISA method (97 to 164%) for four food samples. Our method is simple and quick; thus, it may be ideal for routine inspections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Hojo
- R&D Center, NH Foods Ltd., 3-3 Midorigahara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2646, Japan
| | - Noriko Matsuura
- R&D Center, NH Foods Ltd., 3-3 Midorigahara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2646, Japan
| | - Kumiko Kamiya
- R&D Center, NH Foods Ltd., 3-3 Midorigahara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2646, Japan
| | - Taro Yonekita
- R&D Center, NH Foods Ltd., 3-3 Midorigahara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2646, Japan
| | - Naoki Morishita
- R&D Center, NH Foods Ltd., 3-3 Midorigahara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2646, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Murakami
- R&D Center, NH Foods Ltd., 3-3 Midorigahara, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2646, Japan
| | - Osamu Kawamura
- Faculty of Agriculture and Graduate School of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 2393 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
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17
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Costa J, Rodríguez R, Garcia-Cela E, Medina A, Magan N, Lima N, Battilani P, Santos C. Overview of Fungi and Mycotoxin Contamination in Capsicum Pepper and in Its Derivatives. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E27. [PMID: 30626134 PMCID: PMC6356975 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsicum products are widely commercialised and consumed worldwide. These substrates present unusual nutritional characteristics for microbial growth. Despite this, the presence of spoilage fungi and the co-occurrence of mycotoxins in the pepper production chain have been commonly detected. The main aim of this work was to review the critical control points, with a focus on mycotoxin contamination, during the production, storage and distribution of Capsicum products from a safety perspective; outlining the important role of ecophysiological factors in stimulating or inhibiting mycotoxin biosynthesis in these food commodities. Moreover, the human health risks caused by the ingestion of peppers contaminated with mycotoxins were also reviewed. Overall, Capsicum and its derivative-products are highly susceptible to contamination by mycotoxins. Pepper crop production and further transportation, processing and storage are crucial for production of safe food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Costa
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus-BIOREN-UFRO, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811-230, Chile.
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore di Piacenza, via Emilia Parmense 84, 2910010 Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Rodrigo Rodríguez
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus-BIOREN-UFRO, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811-230, Chile.
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Micoteca da Universidade do Minho (MUM), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Esther Garcia-Cela
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedford MK43 0AL, UK.
| | - Angel Medina
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedford MK43 0AL, UK.
| | - Naresh Magan
- Applied Mycology Group, Environment and AgriFood Theme, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedford MK43 0AL, UK.
| | - Nelson Lima
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Micoteca da Universidade do Minho (MUM), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Paola Battilani
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore di Piacenza, via Emilia Parmense 84, 2910010 Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Cledir Santos
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus-BIOREN-UFRO, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811-230, Chile.
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18
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Kuzukiran O, Filazi A, Yurdakok-Dikmen B, Ozansoy-Cengiz G, Gurcan IS, Karabulut E, Sireli UT. The effects of aflatoxin residues on nutritional contents in ground red chili peppers (Capsicum annuum). TOXIN REV 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2018.1532964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ozgur Kuzukiran
- Etlik Veterinary Control Central Research Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Filazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Begum Yurdakok-Dikmen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gorkem Ozansoy-Cengiz
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ismayil Safa Gurcan
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ercan Karabulut
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ufuk Tansel Sireli
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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19
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An Z, Jang CH. Label-free optical detection of aflatoxin by using a liquid crystal-based immunosensor. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Singh P, Cotty PJ. Characterization of Aspergilli from dried red chilies (Capsicum spp.): Insights into the etiology of aflatoxin contamination. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 289:145-153. [PMID: 30243147 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are toxic carcinogens produced by several species of Aspergillus section Flavi, with some aflatoxin producers associated with specific crops. Red chilies (Capsicum spp.) are grown in warm regions that also favor aflatoxin-producers. Aflatoxins in red chilies may result in serious health concerns and severe economic losses. The current study sought to gain insight on causal agents of aflatoxin contamination in red chilies. Naturally contaminated chilies from markets in Nigeria (n = 55) and the United States (US) (n = 169) were examined. The A. flavus L strain was the predominant member of Aspergillus section Flavi (84%) in chilies. Highly toxigenic fungi with S strain morphology were also detected in chilies from both countries (11%), followed by A. tamarii (4.6%) and A. parasiticus (0.4%). Fungi with L morphology produced significantly lower quantities of aflatoxins (mean = 43 μg g-1) compared to S morphology fungi (mean = 667 μg g-1; p < 0.01) in liquid fermentation. Eighty-one percent of S morphology fungi from chilies in US markets produced only B aflatoxins, whereas 20%, all imported from Nigeria, produced both B and G aflatoxins; all S morphology fungi from Nigerian chilies produced both B and G aflatoxins. Multi-gene phylogenetic analyses of partial gene sequences for nitrate reductase (niaD, 2.1 kb) and the aflatoxin pathway transcription factor (aflR, 1.9 kb) resolved Aspergilli recovered from chilies into five highly supported distinct clades: 1) A. parasiticus; 2) A. flavus with either L or S morphology; 3) A. minisclerotigenes; 4) A. aflatoxiformans, and 5) a new lineage. Aspergillus aflatoxiformans and the new lineage produced the highest concentrations of total aflatoxins in chilies, whereas A. flavus L strains produced the least. The results suggest etiology of aflatoxin contamination of chili is complex and may vary with region. Knowledge of causal agents of aflatoxin contamination of chilies will be helpful in developing mitigation strategies to prevent human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pummi Singh
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Peter J Cotty
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; USDA-ARS, 416 W Congress St, First Floor, Tucson, AZ 85701, USA.
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21
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He T, Zhu J, Nie Y, Hu R, Wang T, Li P, Zhang Q, Yang Y. Nanobody Technology for Mycotoxin Detection in the Field of Food Safety: Current Status and Prospects. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E180. [PMID: 29710823 PMCID: PMC5983236 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10050180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins, which are toxic, carcinogenic, and/or teratogenic, have posed a threat to food safety and public health. Sensitive and effective determination technologies for mycotoxin surveillance are required. Immunoassays have been regarded as useful supplements to chromatographic techniques. However, conventional antibodies involved in immunoassays are difficult to be expressed recombinantly and are susceptible to harsh environments. Nanobodies (or VHH antibodies) are antigen-binding sites of the heavy-chain antibodies produced from Camelidae. They are found to be expressed easily in prokaryotic or eukaryotic expression systems, more robust in extreme conditions, and facile to be used as surrogates for artificial antigens. These properties make them the promising and environmentally friendly immunoreagents in the next generation of immunoassays. This review briefly describes the latest developments in the area of nanobodies used in mycotoxin detection. Moreover, by integrating the introduction of the principle of nanobodies production and the critical assessment of their performance, this paper also proposes the prospect of nanobodies in the field of food safety in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting He
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Jiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Yao Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Rui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Ting Wang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Peiwu Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Yunhuang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
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22
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Garrido-Bazan V, Mahuku G, Bibbins-Martinez M, Arroyo-Bacerra A, Villalobos-López MÁ. Dissection of mechanisms of resistance to Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin using tropical maize germplasm. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2017.2219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus induced ear rots and subsequent contamination of maize (Zea mays L.) by aflatoxin is a serious food safety issue, especially in developing countries where the crop is mostly cultivated by smallholder famers for own consumption and income generation. A better understanding of the mechanisms of resistance could help breeders to develop resistant maize varieties. In this study, a set of six tropical maize inbred lines previously identified as resistant or susceptible under natural field conditions were evaluated for response to A. flavus colonisation and aflatoxin contamination. Fungal biomass was significantly higher (P<0.05) in susceptible than resistant maize inbred lines, and this was highly correlated (P=0.001) to aflatoxin levels. Maize inbred lines MRI, MR2 and MR3 had low fungal biomass and low aflatoxin levels, suggesting that resistance in these lines was mediated through restricted fungal colonisation and establishment. Among the three putatively resistant inbred lines mentioned above, MR2 had a relatively high colonisation compared to the other two lines, revealing that A. flavus could establish and colonise kernels that were injured during inoculation, but did not contain high levels of aflatoxin. This could signify the presence of host genes that interfere with the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Garrido-Bazan
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla Km 1.5, Tlaxcala C.P. 90700, México
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641, 06600 México D.F., México
| | - G. Mahuku
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641, 06600 México D.F., México
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), P.O. Box 34441, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - M. Bibbins-Martinez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla Km 1.5, Tlaxcala C.P. 90700, México
| | - A. Arroyo-Bacerra
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla Km 1.5, Tlaxcala C.P. 90700, México
| | - M. Ángel Villalobos-López
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada, Carretera Estatal Santa Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla Km 1.5, Tlaxcala C.P. 90700, México
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23
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Seetha A, Monyo ES, Tsusaka TW, Msere HW, Madinda F, Chilunjika T, Sichone E, Mbughi D, Chilima B, Matumba L. Aflatoxin-lysine adducts in blood serum of the Malawian rural population and aflatoxin contamination in foods (groundnuts, maize) in the corresponding areas. Mycotoxin Res 2018; 34:195-204. [PMID: 29679369 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-018-0314-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin-lysine (AFB1-lys) adduct levels in blood samples collected from 230 individuals living in three districts of Malawi (Kasungu, Mchinji, and Nkhotakota) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) levels in groundnut and maize samples collected from their respective homesteads were determined using indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IC-ELISA) methods. AFB1-lys adducts were detected in 67% of blood samples, with a mean concentration of 20.5 ± 23.4 pg/mg of albumin. AFB1 was detected in 91% of groundnut samples and in 70% of maize samples, with mean AFB1 levels of 52.4 and 16.3 μg/kg, respectively. All participants of this study reported consuming maize on a daily basis and consuming groundnuts regularly (mean consumption frequency per week: 3.2 ± 1.7). According to regression analysis, a frequency of groundnut consumption of more than four times per week, being female, and being a farmer were significant (p < 0.05) contributors to elevated AFB1-lys adduct levels in the blood. This is the first report on AFB1-lys adducts in blood samples of residents in Malawi. The results reinforce the urgent need for interventions, aiming at a reduction of aflatoxin exposure of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitha Seetha
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), PO Box 1096, Lilongwe, Malawi.
| | - Emmanuel S Monyo
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Takuji W Tsusaka
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), PO Box 1096, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Harry W Msere
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), PO Box 1096, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | | | | | - Ethel Sichone
- Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Dickson Mbughi
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), PO Box 1096, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Benson Chilima
- Community Health Sciences Unit (CHSU), P/Bag 65, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Limbikani Matumba
- Food Technology and Nutrition Group, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, NRC Campus, PO Box 143, Lilongwe, Malawi
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On-Farm Demonstrations with a Set of Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) Proved Cost-Effective in Reducing Pre-Harvest Aflatoxin Contamination in Groundnut. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy8020010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Bouzembrak Y, Camenzuli L, Janssen E, van der Fels-Klerx H. Application of Bayesian Networks in the development of herbs and spices sampling monitoring system. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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26
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Seetha A, Munthali W, Msere HW, Swai E, Muzanila Y, Sichone E, Tsusaka TW, Rathore A, Okori P. Occurrence of aflatoxins and its management in diverse cropping systems of central Tanzania. Mycotoxin Res 2017; 33:323-331. [PMID: 28785910 PMCID: PMC5644708 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-017-0286-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The staple crops, maize, sorghum, bambara nut, groundnut, and sunflower common in semi-arid agro-pastoral farming systems of central Tanzania are prone to aflatoxin contamination. Consumption of such crop produce, contaminated with high levels of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), affects growth and health. In this paper, aflatoxin contamination in freshly harvested and stored crop produce from central Tanzania was examined, including the efficacy of aflatoxin mitigation technologies on grain/kernal quality. A total of 312 farmers were recruited, trained on aflatoxin mitigation technologies, and allowed to deploy the technologies for 2 years. After 2 years, 188 of the 312 farmers were tracked to determine whether they had adopted and complied with the mitigation practices. Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin B1 contamination in freshly harvested and stored grains/kernels were assessed. A. flavus frequency and aflatoxin production by fungi were assayed by examining culture characteristics and thin-layer chromatography respectively. AFB1 was assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The average aflatoxin contamination in freshly harvested samples was 18.8 μg/kg, which is above the acceptable standard of 10 μg/kg. Contamination increased during storage to an average of 57.2 μg/kg, indicating a high exposure risk. Grains and oilseeds from maize, sorghum, and sunflower produced in aboveground reproductive structures had relatively low aflatoxin contamination compared to those produced in geocarpic structures of groundnut and bambara nut. Farmers who adopted recommended post-harvest management practices had considerably lower aflatoxin contamination in their stored kernels/grains. Furthermore, the effects of these factors were quantified by multivariate statistical analyses. Training and behavioral changes by farmers in their post-harvest practice minimize aflatoxin contamination and improve food safety. Moreover, if non-trained farmers receive mitigation training, aflatoxin concentration is predicted to decrease by 28.9 μg/kg on average.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitha Seetha
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), P.O. Box 1096, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Wills Munthali
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), P.O. Box 1096, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Harry W Msere
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), P.O. Box 1096, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Elirehema Swai
- Agricultural Research Institute, Hombolo (ARI-Hombolo), Central Zone Crop Research, P.O.BOX 299, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Yasinta Muzanila
- Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), P.O Box 3000, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Ethel Sichone
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), P.O. Box 1096, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Takuji W Tsusaka
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), P.O. Box 1096, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Abhishek Rathore
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, 502 324, India
| | - Patrick Okori
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), P.O. Box 1096, Lilongwe, Malawi.
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Iqbal SZ, Asi MR, Mehmood Z, Mumtaz A, Malik N. Survey of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in retail market chilies and chili sauce samples. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Singh P, Cotty PJ. Aflatoxin contamination of dried red chilies: Contrasts between the United States and Nigeria, two markets differing in regulation enforcement. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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29
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Microbiological quality of Argentinian paprika. Rev Argent Microbiol 2017; 49:339-346. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Sergeyeva T, Yarynka D, Piletska E, Lynnik R, Zaporozhets O, Brovko O, Piletsky S, El'skaya A. Fluorescent sensor systems based on nanostructured polymeric membranes for selective recognition of Aflatoxin B1. Talanta 2017; 175:101-107. [PMID: 28841965 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nanostructured polymeric membranes for selective recognition of aflatoxin B1 were synthesized in situ and used as highly sensitive recognition elements in the developed fluorescent sensor. Artificial binding sites capable of selective recognition of aflatoxin B1 were formed in the structure of the polymeric membranes using the method of molecular imprinting. A composition of molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) membranes was optimized using the method of computational modeling. The MIP membranes were synthesized using the non-toxic close structural analogue of aflatoxin B1, ethyl-2-oxocyclopentanecarboxylate as a dummy template. The MIP membranes with the optimized composition demonstrated extremely high selectivity towards aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Negligible binding of close structural analogues of AFB1 - aflatoxins B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G2 (AFG2), and ochratoxin A (OTA) was demonstrated. Binding of AFB1 by the MIP membranes was investigated as a function of both type and concentration of the functional monomer in the initial monomer composition used for the membranes' synthesis, as well as sample composition. The conditions of the solid-phase extraction of the mycotoxin using the MIP membrane as a stationary phase (pH, ionic strength, buffer concentration, volume of the solution, ratio between water and organic solvent, filtration rate) were optimized. The fluorescent sensor system based on the optimized MIP membranes provided a possibility of AFB1 detection within the range 14-500ngmL-1 demonstrating detection limit (3Ϭ) of 14ngmL-1. The developed technique was successfully applied for the analysis of model solutions and waste waters from bread-making plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Sergeyeva
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 150 Zabolotnogo str., 03680 Kiev, Ukraine.
| | - Daria Yarynka
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 150 Zabolotnogo str., 03680 Kiev, Ukraine; National University "Kyiv-Mohyla Academy", 2 Skovorody str., 04070 Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Elena Piletska
- University of Leicester, Chemistry Department, College of Science and Engineering, LE1 7RH Leicester, UK
| | - Rostyslav Lynnik
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Department of Chemistry, 64/13 Volodymyrska str., 01601 Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Olga Zaporozhets
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Department of Chemistry, 64/13 Volodymyrska str., 01601 Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr Brovko
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 48 Kharkivske Shosse, 02160 Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Sergey Piletsky
- University of Leicester, Chemistry Department, College of Science and Engineering, LE1 7RH Leicester, UK
| | - Anna El'skaya
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 150 Zabolotnogo str., 03680 Kiev, Ukraine
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31
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Pre-harvest aflatoxins and Aspergillus flavus contamination in variable germplasms of red chillies from Kunri, Pakistan. Mycotoxin Res 2017; 33:147-155. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-017-0274-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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32
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Hu L, Liu A, Chen W, Yang H, Wang X, Chen F. A non-toxic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for aflatoxin B 1 using anti-idiotypic antibodies as substitutes. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:1640-1645. [PMID: 27440223 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunoassays are widely employed techniques to detect aflatoxins since they are rapid, selective and sensitive. One common disadvantage of them is using aflatoxins as standard substances, which may trigger exposure risks to operators and environmental contamination without proper handling. Anti-idiotypic antibodies (anti-Ids or Ab2s), also named as internal-image anti-Ids, are able to mimic and function as antigens, so a non-toxic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ) is developed and validated using anti-Ids as substitutes. RESULTS Mouse monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody (McAb2) to AFB1 was generated by the hybridoma technique using Fab fragments of rabbit anti-AFB1 idiotype antibody (Ab1) as immunogen. As indicated by indirect competitive ELISA, McAb2, represented an internal-image of antigen AFB1 , was able to bind Fab with competition to AFB1 . Then, analysis of AFB1 in spiked samples by non-toxic ELISA using anti-Ids as substitutes was developed, and it showed no significant differences with comparison to AFB1 as competitive antigens. CONCLUSION Our work demonstrated that anti-Ids could be used as internal-image mimicry of AFB1 , and it had potential applications in immunoassays for antigen substitution to reduce operational risk for operators and environmental contamination. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Hu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biological Engineering, HuangHuai University, Zhumadian, 463000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiping Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, 625014, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Weifeng Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxiu Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Fusheng Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- National Key Laboratory of Agro-microbiology of China, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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33
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Kamber U, Gülbaz G, Aksu P, Doğan A. Detoxification of Aflatoxin B1
in Red Pepper (Capsicum annuum L
.) by Ozone Treatment and Its Effect on Microbiological and Sensory Quality. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ufuk Kamber
- Department of Food Safety and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Kafkas University; Kars Turkey
| | - Güven Gülbaz
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering; Kafkas University; Kars Turkey
| | - Pinar Aksu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences; Kafkas University; Kars Turkey
| | - Abdullah Doğan
- Department of Pharmacology Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Kafkas University; Kars Turkey
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34
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Goud KY, Sharma A, Hayat A, Catanante G, Gobi KV, Gurban AM, Marty JL. Tetramethyl-6-carboxyrhodamine quenching-based aptasensing platform for aflatoxin B1: Analytical performance comparison of two aptamers. Anal Biochem 2016; 508:19-24. [PMID: 27251432 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a simple TAMRA (tetramethyl-6-carboxyrhodamine) quenching-based aptasensing platform was designed for the detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Here, we compared the analytical performance of two aptamer sequences: seqA and seqB. The AFB1 detection was based on the interactions of FAM (carboxyfluorescein)-labeled aptamer with TAMRA-labeled DNA complementary strand in the presence and absence of target analyte. Under optimized experimental conditions, TAMRA-labeled strand quenched the fluorescence response of FAM-labeled aptamer due to the noncovalent interaction between the two DNA strands. The binding of AFB1 induced the complex formation and weakened the interaction between FAM-labeled aptamer and TAMRA-labeled complementary strand, resulting in the fluorescence recovery. By using this principle concept, an assay was constructed for the detection of AFB1. The method exhibited good sensitivity, good selectivity with a limit of detection of 0.2 ng ml(-1), and a wide linear range from 0.25 to 32 ng ml(-1). For real sample application, the aptasensors were tested in beer and wine samples, with good recovery rates obtained for AFB1 detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yugender Goud
- BAE Laboratory, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan 66860, France; Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, Telangana, 506004, India
| | - Atul Sharma
- BAE Laboratory, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan 66860, France; Biosensor Lab, Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani-K. K. Birla Goa Campus, Zuarinagar, Goa, 403726, India
| | - Akhtar Hayat
- BAE Laboratory, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan 66860, France; Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Gaëlle Catanante
- BAE Laboratory, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan 66860, France
| | - K Vengatajalabathy Gobi
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, Telangana, 506004, India
| | - Ana Maria Gurban
- BAE Laboratory, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan 66860, France; LaborQ, University of Bucharest, 030018 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Jean Louis Marty
- BAE Laboratory, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan 66860, France.
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35
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Bever CS, Dong JX, Vasylieva N, Barnych B, Cui Y, Xu ZL, Hammock BD, Gee SJ. VHH antibodies: emerging reagents for the analysis of environmental chemicals. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:5985-6002. [PMID: 27209591 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9585-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A VHH antibody (or nanobody) is the antigen binding fragment of heavy chain only antibodies. Discovered nearly 25 years ago, they have been investigated for their use in clinical therapeutics and immunodiagnostics, and more recently for environmental monitoring applications. A new and valuable immunoreagent for the analysis of small molecular weight environmental chemicals, VHH will overcome many pitfalls encountered with conventional reagents. In the work so far, VHH antibodies often perform comparably to conventional antibodies for small molecule analysis, are amenable to numerous genetic engineering techniques, and show ease of adaption to other immunodiagnostic platforms for use in environmental monitoring. Recent reviews cover the structure and production of VHH antibodies as well as their use in clinical settings. However, no report focuses on the use of these VHH antibodies to detect small environmental chemicals (MW < 1500 Da). This review article summarizes the efforts made to produce VHHs to various environmental targets, compares the VHH-based assays with conventional antibody assays, and discusses the advantages and limitations in developing these new antibody reagents particularly to small molecule targets. Graphical Abstract Overview of the production of VHHs to small environmental chemicals and highlights of the utility of these new emerging reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace S Bever
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jie-Xian Dong
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Natalia Vasylieva
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Bogdan Barnych
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yongliang Cui
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Zhen-Lin Xu
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Shirley J Gee
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Asghar MA, Zahir E, Rantilal S, Ahmed A, Iqbal J. Aflatoxins in composite spices collected from local markets of Karachi, Pakistan. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2016; 9:113-9. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2016.1150356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulent Kabak
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hitit University, Corum, Turkey
| | - Alan D. W. Dobson
- Microbiology Department and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
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Public health risk associated with the co-occurrence of mycotoxins in spices consumed in Sri Lanka. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 74:240-8. [PMID: 25455891 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative risk assessment of mycotoxins due to the consumption of chilli (Capsicum annum L.) and black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) was performed in Sri Lanka. A food frequency questionnaire was administered in order to collect the data on consumption of spices by households in the Northern and Southern region (n = 249). The mean chilli consumption in the North was significantly higher (p < 0.001) compared to the South. Mean exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in the North (3.49 ng/kg BW/day) and South (2.13 ng/kg BW/day) have exceeded the tolerable daily intake due to chilli consumption at the lower bound scenario, while exposure to OTA was small. Dietary exposure to other mycotoxins, fumonisin B1, fumonisin B2, sterigmatocystin and citrinin due to spices were estimated. Margin of exposure estimations at the mean exposure to AFB1 were remarkably lower due to chilli (45-78) than for pepper (2315–10,857). Moreover, the hepato cellular carcinoma (HCC) risk associated with the mean AFB1 exposure through chilli at the lower bound was 0.046 and 0.028 HCC cases/year/100,000 based on the North and South consumption, respectively. AFB1 exposure via chilli should be considered as a great public health concern in Sri Lanka due to both high mycotoxin concentration and high consumption.
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Özkan A, Bindak R, Erkmen O. Aflatoxin B₁ and aflatoxins in ground red chilli pepper after drying. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2015; 8:227-33. [PMID: 26099014 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2015.1063014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, 180 red chilli pepper (RCP) berry samples were obtained from two different croplands of Gaziantep and Kahramanmaraş (Turkey) in August, September and October. RCP berry samples were dried under sunlight and grinded. Ground red chilli pepper (GRCP) samples were analysed for aflatoxins (AFs, sum of B1, B2, G1 and G2) and AFB1 contamination. According to the results, in 49 of 180 samples, AFB1 and in 37 samples, AFs were higher than legal limits. The lowest amounts of AFs and AFB1 were obtained in August and the highest amounts in October. χ(2) analysis showed that there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between cities among 3 months according to number of samples with AFs and AFB1 above legal limits. According to the Duncan multiple-range test, there was no significant difference between all months. Strict measures are necessary to produce high-quality GRCP. RCP berry must be treated to reduce moulds before production of GRCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Özkan
- a Department of Gastronomy, Culinary Arts , Gaziantep University , Gaziantep , Turkey
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40
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Ali N, Hashim NH, Shuib NS. Natural occurrence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in processed spices marketed in Malaysia. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:518-32. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1011712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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41
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Waliyar F, Osiru M, Ntare B, Kumar KVK, Sudini H, Traore A, Diarra B. Post-harvest management of aflatoxin contamination in groundnut. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2014.1766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination in groundnut by Aspergillus section Flavi is a major pre- and post-harvest problem causing kernel-quality loss. Post-harvest aflatoxin contamination is caused initially by infestation of aflatoxigenic strains at the pre-harvest stage, resulting in reduced kernel quality after harvest. Improper handling of pods and storage methods after harvest lead to high moisture and ambient temperatures, directly causing aflatoxin contamination. In this review, we report the extent of post-harvest contamination along the groundnut value chain in the Kolokani, Kayes, and Kita districts of Mali in West Africa. Groundnut kernels and paste samples were collected from retailers in selected markets from December 2010 to June 2011, and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) content was estimated. Aflatoxin was significantly higher in groundnut paste than in kernels. Kolokani recorded the highest toxin levels in both kernels and groundnut paste compared with the other districts. Overall, AFB1 levels in kernels and paste increased during storage at the market level in the three districts and were above permissible levels (≯20 μg/kg). The effect of weather factors on post-harvest contamination and the reasons for aflatoxin build-up in Mali are discussed. This paper also highlights different management tools for reducing post-harvest aflatoxin contamination, such as post-harvest grain handling, post-harvest machinery, physical separation, storage methods and conditions, disinfestation, detoxification, inactivation, filtration, binding agents, and antifungal compounds. Post-harvest management options and enhanced use of good agricultural practices for mitigating this problem in Mali are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Waliyar
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), BP 320, Bamako, Mali
| | - M. Osiru
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), BP 320, Bamako, Mali
| | - B.R. Ntare
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), BP 320, Bamako, Mali
| | | | | | - A. Traore
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), BP 320, Bamako, Mali
| | - B. Diarra
- L’Institut d’Economie Rurale (IER), Bamako, Mali
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Woo C, El-Nezami H. Mycotoxins in Asia: is China in danger? QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2014.x005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C.S.J. Woo
- Faculty of Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China P.R
| | - H. El-Nezami
- Faculty of Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China P.R
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43
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Yogendrarajah P, Jacxsens L, De Saeger S, De Meulenaer B. Co-occurrence of multiple mycotoxins in dry chilli (Capsicum annum L.) samples from the markets of Sri Lanka and Belgium. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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44
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Mozaffari Nejad AS, Sabouri Ghannad M, Kamkar A. Determination of aflatoxin B1levels in Iranian and Indian spices by ELISA method. TOXIN REV 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/15569543.2014.942319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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45
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Prelle A, Spadaro D, Garibaldi A, Gullino ML. Co-occurrence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in spices commercialized in Italy. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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46
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Tansakul N, Limsuwan S, Böhm J, Hollmann M, Razzazi-Fazeli E. Aflatoxins in selected Thai commodities. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2013; 6:254-9. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2013.812148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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47
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Golge O, Hepsag F, Kabak B. Incidence and level of aflatoxin contamination in chilli commercialised in Turkey. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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48
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Zhao X, Schaffner DW, Yue T. Quantification of aflatoxin risk associated with Chinese spices: Point and probability risk assessments for aflatoxin B1. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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49
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Anukul N, Vangnai K, Mahakarnchanakul W. Significance of regulation limits in mycotoxin contamination in Asia and risk management programs at the national level. J Food Drug Anal 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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50
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Khan MA, Asghar MA, Iqbal J, Ahmed A, Shamsuddin ZA. Aflatoxins contamination and prevention in red chillies (Capsicum annuum L.) in Pakistan. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2013; 7:1-6. [PMID: 24779970 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2013.825330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
During 2006-2011, 331 red chilli samples (226 whole, 69 powdered and 36 crushed) were collected from all over Pakistan for the estimation of total aflatoxins (AFs = AFB1 + AFB2 + AFG1 + AFG2) contamination by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Mean AFs levels in whole, powdered and crushed chillies were 11.7, 27.8 and 31.2 µg kg(-1), respectively. AFs levels in 62.4% of whole, 26.1% of powdered and 19.4% of crushed chillies were found lower than the maximum limit (ML = 10 µg kg(-1)) as assigned by the European Union. Furthermore, whole (27.9%), powdered (28%) and crushed (27.8%) chillies showed AFs contamination which ranged between 10 and 20 µg kg(-1). However, 9.7% of whole, 46% of powdered and 52.8% of crushed chillies showed AFs levels beyond the ML of 20 µg kg(-1) as assigned by the USDA. It was concluded that AFs contamination in chillies requires further investigation, monitoring and routine analysis. Furthermore, proper harvesting, drying, handling, storage and transport conditions need to be employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mobeen Ahmed Khan
- a Food and Feed Safety Laboratory , Food and Marine Resources Research Centre, PCSIR Laboratories Complex , Karachi , Pakistan
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