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Shelver WL, McGarvey AM, Holthusen JE, Young JM, Byrd CJ, Smith DJ. Comparison of immunoassay and LC-tandem mass spectrometry analyses of ractopamine in hog oral fluid. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:162-174. [PMID: 38190266 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2300738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The accurate detection of ractopamine in food animals is crucial for marketing since some entities require animals or animal carcasses to be free of ractopamine residues. Field-based ractopamine screening tests that are rapid, sensitive, and capable of high-throughput are highly desirable to ensure that inadvertent exposure to ractopamine did not occur in animals marketed as animals that have not been fed ractopamine. An immunochemically based lateral flow assay was used to analyze oral fluids from hogs never exposed to ractopamine and from hogs that were presumed positives and results were confirmed using an enhanced sensitivity LC-MSMS method. We found that an immunochemically based lateral flow system having a working range of 2.5 to 15 ng mL-1 worked well as a screening assay with 1.7% false positive results in freshly collected hog oral fluids. Using ractopamine glucuronide standards and LC-MSMS, we determined that the false positive results were not due to the presence of ractopamine glucuronide metabolites in oral fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin L Shelver
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Amy M McGarvey
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Jason E Holthusen
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Jennifer M Young
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Christopher J Byrd
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - David J Smith
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
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2
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Saito K, Ito R, Ohsawa Y. Development of a Solid-Phase Dispersive Extraction Method for Molecularly Imprinted Polymers and LC-MS/MS for Analysis of Clenbuterol Residues in Swine Livers and Kidneys. J AOAC Int 2023; 106:1701-1705. [PMID: 37603714 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsad095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clenbuterol (CLB) is approved as a veterinary drug because of its tracheal smooth muscle and uterine relaxant effects. However, if improperly administered for the purpose of fattening livestock, CLB can remain in the organs, which may pose a health hazard to humans. OBJECTIVE We aimed to examine the combination of molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) and solid-phase dispersive extraction (SPDE) as a pretreatment method for swine liver and kidney, which contain more coexisting impurities than muscle tissue, and attempted to construct an analytical method using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). METHODS Swine livers and kidneys were homogenized and extracted using liquid-liquid partitioning with an ethyl acetate-n-hexane (1 + 1) mixture, followed by SPDE using an MIP gel, and measured using LC-MS/MS. For LC-MS/MS, either an absolute calibration method or isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) was used. For method validation, a recovery test (additive concentrations: 0.05 and 0.5 ng/g) was conducted, and the data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS The recoveries (trueness), repeatability, and intermediate precision obtained using absolute calibration were similar to those obtained using IDMS. CONCLUSION Using MIP-SPDE as a pretreatment method for CLB in swine liver and kidney samples yielded comparable results for absolute calibration and IDMS in LC-MS/MS analysis. HIGHLIGHTS MIP-SPDE can be used as a pretreatment method to analyze CLB in swine organs with high accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Saito
- Hoshi University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 2-4-41, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Rie Ito
- Hoshi University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 2-4-41, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ohsawa
- Hoshi University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 2-4-41, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
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3
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Xiao Z, Wang J, Cao Y, Yao T, Wang S, Liu J, Suo D, Tian J, Jia Z, Li Y, Fan X. Quick and high-throughput quantification of 22 β-agonists residues in animal-derived foods using enzymatic probe sonication. Food Chem 2023; 408:135262. [PMID: 36571879 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A high demand exists in veterinary drug residual analysis for rapid, automatic and high-throughput analytical techniques that produce data simultaneous and faster. Here, we describe a combined automated solid-phase extraction (SPE) and enzymatic probe sonication (EPS), subsequently ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) for the quick extraction, automated clean-up as well as simultaneous quantification of 22 β-agonists residues in animal-derived foods. Enhanced by the ultrasonic probe, only 2 min was needed for exhaustively extraction of β-agonists from foods of animal-origin; whereas traditional enzymatic digestion methods require hours or even days, which making it more appropriate for high-throughput biomonitoring. Moreover, the clean-up and pre-concentration procedures were conducted on the automatic SPE, which allowed 36 samples being performed simultaneously within 30 min. The method was successfully applied for analyzing 56 animal-derived food samples, 53.6 % of which contained detectable levels of at least one kind of β-agonists. Interestingly, both the detection rate and residual level of β-agonists in the ruminants (bovine and sheep) were higher as compared with the swine. Concerning the real food samples analyzed, the findings of this study suggest that stricter measures should be adopted to control the illegal usage of β-agonists on the farm animals, particularly for the ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Xiao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry, Beijing 100107, China
| | - Ying Cao
- Shanghai Institute for Veterinary Drugs and Feeds Control, Shanghai 201103, China
| | - Ting Yao
- Beijing Veterinary Drug and Feed Monitoring Center, Beijing 102200, China
| | - Shi Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Beijing Veterinary Drug and Feed Monitoring Center, Beijing 102200, China
| | - Decheng Suo
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zheng Jia
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yang Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xia Fan
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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Kumari S, Pal B, Sahu SK, Prabhakar PK, Tewari D. Adverse events of clenbuterol among athletes: a systematic review of case reports and case series. Int J Legal Med 2023:10.1007/s00414-023-02996-1. [PMID: 37062796 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-023-02996-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Clenbuterol is a potent beta-2 agonist widely misused by professional athletes and bodybuilders. Information on clenbuterol associated adverse events is present in case reports and case series, though it may not be readily available. This systematic review aimed to critically evaluate the evidence of adverse events associated with clenbuterol among athletes. The search strategy was in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched from 1990 to October 2021 to find out the relevant case reports and case series. There were 23 included studies. Using a suitable scale, the included studies' methodological quality analysis was evaluated. In total, 24 athletes experienced adverse events. Oral ingestion of clenbuterol was the most preferred route among them. The daily administered dose of clenbuterol was ranging from 20 µg to 30 mg. Major adverse events experienced by athletes were supraventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, hypotension, chest pain, myocardial injury, myocarditis, myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, hepatomegaly, hyperglycemia, and death. The cardiac-related complications were the most commonly occurring adverse events. Clenbuterol is notorious to produce life-threatening adverse events including death. Lack of evidence regarding the performance-enhancing effects of clenbuterol combined with its serious toxicities questions the usefulness of this drug in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Kumari
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Biplab Pal
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Sahu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Pranav Kumar Prabhakar
- School of Allied Medical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Devesh Tewari
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, 110017, India.
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Li F, Zhou J, Wang M, Zhang L, Yang M, Deng L. Production of a matrix certified reference material for measurement and risk monitoring of clenbuterol in mutton. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1487-1496. [PMID: 36732370 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04543-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel matrix certified reference material (CRM) for clenbuterol in mutton (GBW 10216) was developed to assist measurement and risk monitoring of clenbuterol in mutton. The candidate CRM raw samples were obtained by oral administration of clenbuterol and investigating the pharmacokinetics of clenbuterol in sheep. A high-precision isotope dilution coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ID-MS/MS) method was established and assigned the value of clenbuterol in mutton powder through combined detection of nine inter-laboratories. The certified value with expanded uncertainty was 21.1 ± 2.2 μg/kg (k = 2, 95% confidence) for clenbuterol in mutton. The prepared matrix CRM was sufficiently homogeneous between and within bottles. The long-term stability of clenbuterol in mutton powder was evaluated for 12 months at -20℃ and short-term stability for 7 days at 4℃ and 50℃. The uncertainties originating from characterization, homogeneity, and stability were systematically analyzed and evaluated. The prepared matrix CRM can be applied for proficiency testing and nationwide risk monitoring programs to guarantee the accuracy and comparability of clenbuterol measurement results in mutton.
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Affiliation(s)
- FuKai Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Min Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - LiYuan Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - MengRui Yang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - LiGang Deng
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology Research, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
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Determination of β 2-Agonist Residues in Fermented Ham Using UHPLC-MS/MS after Enzymatic Digestion and Sulfonic Resin Solid Phase Purification. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052039. [PMID: 36903285 PMCID: PMC10004211 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
β2-agonists are a class of synthetic sympathomimetic drugs with acute poisoning effects if consumed as residues in foods. To improve the efficiency of sample preparation and to overcome matrix-dependent signal suppression in the quantitative analysis of four β2-agonists (clenbuterol, ractopamine, salbutamol, and terbutaline) residues in fermented ham, an enzyme digestion coupled cation exchange purification method for sample preparation was established using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Enzymatic digests were subject to cleanup treatment on three different solid phase extraction (SPE) columns and a polymer-based strong cation resin (SCR) cartridge containing sulfonic resin was found to be optimal compared with silica-based sulfonic acid and polymer sulfonic acid resins based SPEs. The analytes were investigated over the linear range of 0.5 to 10.0 μg/kg with recovery rates of 76.0-102.0%, and a relative standard deviation of 1.8-13.3% (n = 6). The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.1 μg/kg and 0.3 μg/kg, respectively. This newly developed method was applied to the detection of β2-agonist residues in 50 commercial ham products and only one sample was found to contain β2-agonist residues (clenbuterol at 15.2 µg/kg).
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Sultana N, Islam R, Das RR, Haque Z, Rafiq K, Khan MAHNA. Steroid growth promoter modified glucose profile and liver morphology in broiler by altering the localization and expression pattern of hepatic glucocorticoid receptors. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:277-288. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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8
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Favretto D, Stocchero G, Pertile R, Stimamiglio R, Cirnelli A, Galeazzi M. Post-mortem investigation into a death involving doping agents: The case of a body builder. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:1795-1799. [PMID: 35964965 PMCID: PMC9804486 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A young male was found dead on the bed of a hotel room. He was expected to take part in a bodybuilding competition the day after. During the site inspection, drugs of different types were found. The next day, an autopsy was performed. The evidence of cardiomegaly with organ congestion involving lung, liver, kidneys, adrenal glands, spleen and brain was confirmed by both the autoptic and the histopathological exam. However, the cause of death needed to be investigated. METHODS A thorough toxicological investigation was undertaken by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) on samples of urine, blood and hair. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Clenbuterol, a long-acting selective beta2 agonist, was found in both blood (1 ng/ml) and urine (1 ng/ml), and evidence of its use was provided by the analysis of the 3-cm hair (25 pg/mg). The main metabolite of drostanolone (2 alpha-methyl-androsterone), an anabolic steroid, was found in the urine (202 ng/ml), where an increased ratio of testosterone/epitestosterone (T/E = 11) emerged. Due to the results of the hair analysis, a long-term use of various anabolic steroids was supposed. The integrated analysis of the results and the absence of other possible causes (such as trauma or cardiac conduction anomalies) led to the identification of the abuse of doping substances as the underlying cause of death. CONCLUSION Hair analysis has proven to be crucial in identifying drug misuse and the contributing cause of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donata Favretto
- Legal Medicine and ToxicologyUniversity Hospital of PaduaPaduaItaly
| | | | - Roberto Pertile
- Legal Medicine and ToxicologyUniversity Hospital of PaduaPaduaItaly
| | | | | | - Maddalena Galeazzi
- School of Specialisation in Legal MedicineUniversity Hospital of PaduaPaduaItaly
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9
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Wan L, Gao H, Liu X, Gao S, Zhou L, Wang F, Chen M. Electromembrane extraction of clenbuterol from swine urine for monitoring illegal use in livestock. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:3966-3973. [PMID: 36040857 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The illegal use of clenbuterol seriously endangers food safety and human health. Accurate monitoring the illegal use of clenbuterol in livestock can efficiently prevent the clenbuterol residue pork products from entering the consumer market. Thus, in this study, a simple, rapid and sensitive method for the determination of clenbuterol in swine urine was developed using electromembrane extraction combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. It should be noted that the electromembrane extraction method presented many advantages of simple operation, fast mass transfer rate, good sample clean-up capability and less organic solvent consumption. The effect of important factors on the extraction efficiency of clenbuterol was investigated. Under the optimal conditions, good linearity was achieved for clenbuterol over the range of 1-1000 ng/mL (R2 = 0.9996). The recoveries of clenbuterol in swine urine at three spiked levels ranged from 83.7 to 110.0% with relative standard deviation values lower than 9.7% (n = 4). Limits of detection and quantification for clenbuterol were 0.07 and 0.25 ng/mL, respectively. These results suggested that the proposed method has great potential on the extraction and determination of trace analyte in complex sample matrix for monitoring the illegal use in livestock. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libin Wan
- Institute of Business Scientific, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Haidong Gao
- Institute of Business Scientific, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Institute of Business Scientific, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Shucai Gao
- Institute of Business Scientific, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Li Zhou
- Institute of Business Scientific, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Fayun Wang
- Institute of Business Scientific, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Mantang Chen
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, PR China
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Wang CJ, Liu HJ, Chou TC, Lin CC, Pan WH, Chen PC, Hsu JF. Simultaneous determination of eight β-adrenergic agonists in human urine by an isotope dilution-online clean-up system coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 301:134778. [PMID: 35504472 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
β-Adrenergic agonist compounds are medicines that open up the lung's medium and large airways. β-Adrenergic agonist compounds have been illegally or legally used to increase lean muscle mass in meat animals, bodybuilding, weight-loss programs, and athletes. Developing a rapid analytical approach for determining β-adrenergic agonist compounds in biological samples is crucial for individual exposure assessment. This study established an analytical method for simultaneously measuring eight β-adrenergic agonist compounds in human urine, including clenbuterol, terbutaline, salbutamol, ractopamine, zilpaterol, cimaterol, tulobuterol, and fenoterol. Two hundred microliters of a urine sample were added to eight deuterium-labeled internal standard mixtures and glucuronidase/arylsulfatase for enzymatic hydrolysis, and were then analyzed using an online clean-up system coupled with a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry system (LC-MS/MS). The limit of quantification ranged from 0.03 to 0.12 ng/mL urine for the eight β-adrenergic agonist compounds. The relative standard deviations (RSD) of the within-run and between-run precisions were less than 10%, and the relative accuracy errors were less than 17% in the three-level spiked artificial urine samples. Two hundred eighty human urine samples collected from the general population in Taiwan were assessed to demonstrate the capability and feasibility of this method. The detection frequencies were 33% for clenbuterol, 5% for ractopamine, and less than 5% for the others. We concluded that the isotope dilution-online clean-up system coupled with LC-MS/MS method is a valuable analytical method for investigating urinary β-adrenergic agonist compounds in humans and is valuable for human biomonitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Jen Wang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Ju Liu
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chieh Chou
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, 40678, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chun Lin
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Harn Pan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Pau-Chung Chen
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan; Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Jing-Fang Hsu
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan.
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Luo H, Liu S, Shi L, Li Z, Bai Q, Du X, Wang L, Zha H, Li C. Paper-Based Fluidic Sensing Platforms for β-Adrenergic Agonist Residue Point-of-Care Testing. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12070518. [PMID: 35884321 PMCID: PMC9313176 DOI: 10.3390/bios12070518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The illegal use of β-adrenergic agonists during livestock growth poses a threat to public health; the long-term intake of this medication can cause serious physiological side effects and even death. Therefore, rapid detection methods for β-adrenergic agonist residues on-site are required. Traditional detection methods such as liquid chromatography have limitations in terms of expensive instruments and complex operations. In contrast, paper methods are low cost, ubiquitous, and portable, which has led to them becoming the preferred detection method in recent years. Various paper-based fluidic devices have been developed to detect β-adrenergic agonist residues, including lateral flow immunoassays (LFAs) and microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs). In this review, the application of LFAs for the detection of β-agonists is summarized comprehensively, focusing on the latest advances in novel labeling and detection strategies. The use of μPADs as an analytical platform has attracted interest over the past decade due to their unique advantages and application for detecting β-adrenergic agonists, which are introduced here. Vertical flow immunoassays are also discussed for their shorter assay time and stronger multiplexing capabilities compared with LFAs. Furthermore, the development direction and prospects for the commercialization of paper-based devices are considered, shedding light on the development of point-of-care testing devices for β-adrenergic agonist residue detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi 563002, China;
| | - Shan Liu
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 610072, China;
| | - Lina Shi
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China;
| | - Zhu Li
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China;
| | - Qianwen Bai
- Sichuan Jinxin Women & Children Hospital, Chengdu 610066, China;
| | - Xiaoxin Du
- Office of Scientific Research & Development, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 610054, China;
| | - Lijun Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
- Correspondence: (L.W.); (H.Z.); (C.L.)
| | - He Zha
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi 563002, China;
- Correspondence: (L.W.); (H.Z.); (C.L.)
| | - Chenzhong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Correspondence: (L.W.); (H.Z.); (C.L.)
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12
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Qaid MM, Abdoun KA. Safety and concerns of hormonal application in farm animal production: a review. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2022.2089149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M. Qaid
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Thamar University, Thamar, Yemen
| | - Khalid A. Abdoun
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Milosavljevic V, Mitrevska K, Gagic M, Adam V. Nanoarchitectonics of graphene based sensors for food safety monitoring. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:9605-9633. [PMID: 35729848 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2076650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Since the desire for the real-time food quality monitoring, plenty of research effort has been made to develop novel tools and to offer extremely efficient detection of food contaminants. Unique electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties make graphene an important material in the field of sensor research. The material can be manufactured into flakes, sheets, films and with its oxidized derivatives could be almost used for a limitless set of application. Herein, current graphene-based sensors for food quality monitoring, novel designs, sensing mechanisms and elements of sensor systems and potential challenges will be outlined and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedran Milosavljevic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Mitrevska
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Milica Gagic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
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14
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A Fast Method for the Simultaneous Analysis of 26 Beta-Agonists in Swine Muscle with a Multi-Functional Filter by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9050121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A rapid and simplified sample preparation method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 26 beta-agonists in swine muscle using a multi-functional filter (MFF) based on quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe methods (QuEChERS). MFF integrated the cleanup and filter procedures, thereby significantly improving the efficiency of sample preparation compared with traditional solid-phase extraction. The sample was processed via enzymatic hydrolysis, purified with the optimized MFF containing 150 mg magnesium sulfate, 50 mg PSA, and 50 mg C18, and then analyzed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. All procedures can be completed in 6.5 h. Good linearity (R2 > 0.99) was detected in all analytes. The recoveries ranged from 71.2% to 118.6%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of less than 18.37% in all spiked concentrations. The limits of detection (LOD) and the limits of quantitation (LOQ) were 0.01–0.10 and 0.10–0.50 μg/kg, respectively. The decision limit (CCα) and detection capacity (CCβ) values fluctuated in the range of 3.44–25.71 and 6.38–51.21 μg/kg, respectively. This method is a good alternative for detecting beta-agonist residues in swine muscle and can be successfully applied to the national risk monitoring of agro-product quality and safety in China.
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15
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Brown K, Blake RS, Dennany L. Electrochemiluminescence within Veterinary Science: A Review. Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 146:108156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Atta AH, Atta SA, Nasr SM, Mouneir SM. Current perspective on veterinary drug and chemical residues in food of animal origin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:15282-15302. [PMID: 34981398 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18239-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The marked increase in the demand for animal protein of high quality necessitates protecting animals from infectious diseases. This requires increasing the use of veterinary therapeutics. The overuse and misuse of veterinary products can cause a risk to human health either as short-term or long-term health problems. However, the biggest problem is the emergence of resistant strains of bacteria or parasites. This is in addition to economic losses due to the discarding of polluted milk or condemnation of affected carcasses. This paper discusses three key points: possible sources of drug and chemical residues, human health problems, and the possible method of control and prevention of veterinary drug residues in animal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attia H Atta
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
| | - Shimaa A Atta
- Immunology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, 12411, Egypt
| | - Soad M Nasr
- Department of Parasitology & Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Samar M Mouneir
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
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17
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Canton L, Lanusse C, Moreno L. Rational Pharmacotherapy in Infectious Diseases: Issues Related to Drug Residues in Edible Animal Tissues. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102878. [PMID: 34679899 PMCID: PMC8532868 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Drug use is essential to treat diseases in food-producing animals. The most widely used drugs are antiparasitics and antimicrobials. They contribute to guaranteeing good-quality food in sufficient quantity for human consumption. When using veterinary medicines, it is essential to follow the instructions on the package label. Administering the correct dose by the indicated route in the animal species for which the drug is labeled is critical. After a pharmacological treatment is administered to livestock, a period (indicated on the label) must often elapse before the tissues from the treated animals can be consumed by humans. Veterinary drug residues are controlled by taking food samples to verify that drug concentrations do not exceed the permitted limits. This allows authorities to know if the medicine use is correct or if suitable corrective measures should be taken. When label’s directions are not followed, drug residues may appear in food. The residues exceeding the permitted limits established by the authorities can produce unfavorable consequences, mainly on the consumer’s health. The food trade and even the environment can be affected by drug residues in animal tissues. Therefore, the correct use of drugs in livestock is critical, which includes respecting the rules to avoid residues in food for human consumption. Abstract Drugs are used in veterinary medicine to prevent or treat animal diseases. When rationally administered to livestock following Good Veterinary Practices (GVP), they greatly contribute to improving the production of food of animal origin. Since humans can be exposed chronically to veterinary drugs through the diet, residues in food are evaluated for effects following chronic exposures. Parameters such as an acceptable daily intake (ADI), the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), maximum residue limits (MRLs), and the withdrawal periods (WPs) are determined for each drug used in livestock. Drug residues in food exceeding the MRLs usually appear when failing the GVP application. Different factors related either to the treated animal or to the type of drug administration, and even the type of cooking can affect the level of residues in edible tissues. Residues above the MRLs can have a diverse negative impact, mainly on the consumer’s health, and favor antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Drug residue monitoring programmes are crucial to ensure that prohibited or authorized substances do not exceed MRLs. This comprehensive review article addresses different aspects of drug residues in edible tissues produced as food for human consumption and provides relevant information contributing to rational pharmacotherapy in food-producing animals.
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18
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Dilger AC, Johnson BJ, Brent P, Ellis RL. Comparison of beta-ligands used in cattle production: structures, safety, and biological effects. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6333506. [PMID: 34337648 PMCID: PMC8326055 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Technologies that increase the efficiency and sustainability of food animal production to provide meat for a growing population are necessary and must be used in a manner consistent with good veterinary practices, approved labeled use, and environmental stewardship. Compounds that bind to beta-adrenergic receptors (β-AR), termed beta-adrenergic receptor ligands (β-ligands), are one such technology and have been in use globally for many years. Though all β-ligands share some similarities in structure and function, the significance of their structural and pharmacological differences is sometimes overlooked. Structural variations in these molecules can affect absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion as well as cause substantial differences in biological and metabolic effects. Several β-ligands are available for use specifically in cattle production. Ractopamine and zilpaterol are beta-adrenergic agonists approved to increase weight gain, feed efficiency, and carcass leanness in cattle. They both bind to and activate β1- and β2-AR. Lubabegron is a newly developed selective beta-adrenergic modulator with unique structural and functional features. Lubabegron displays antagonistic behavior at the β1- and β2-AR but agonistic behavior at the β3-AR. Lubabegron is approved for use in cattle to reduce ammonia emissions per unit of live or carcass weight. Additionally, lubabegron can withstand prolonged use as the β3-AR lacks structural features needed for desensitization. Due to these unique features of lubabegron, this new β-ligand provides an additional option in cattle production. The individual properties of each β-ligand should be considered when making risk management decisions, as unique properties result in varying human food safety profiles that can determine appropriate safe β-ligand use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Dilger
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Corresponding author:
| | - Bradley J Johnson
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Paul Brent
- University of Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Global Risk Assessment and Risk Management Solutions, Queensland, Australia
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19
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Huang W, Guo E, Li J, Deng A. Quantitative and ultrasensitive detection of brombuterol by a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based lateral flow immunochromatographic assay (FLIA) using Ag MBA@Au-Ab as an immunoprobe. Analyst 2021; 146:296-304. [PMID: 33146162 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01949f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Brombuterol is a new emerging β-adrenergic agonist that has been used as an additive in animal feed to enhance the lean meat-to-fat ratio. Due to its potential harm to consumers, it is urgent to develop sensitive, simple and rapid analytical methods to monitor brombuterol residue. In this study, a competitive lateral flow immunochromatographic assay (FLIA) based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) was developed for ultrasensitive quantitative determination of brombuterol in swine liver, pork and feed samples. Ag@Au core-shell bimetallic nanoparticles with the highest SERS enhancement were synthesized, characterized and used as the substrate for preparation of the immunoprobe AgMBA@Au-Ab, in which the Raman reporter mercaptobenzoic acid (MBA) was embedded between the core-shell layers and monoclonal antibodies against brombuterol were immobilized on the surfaces of nanoparticles. The presence of brombuterol was identified through a color change on testing lines. In addition, quantitative detection of brombuterol was achieved by measuring the characteristic Raman peak intensity of MBA in the immunoprobes captured by the coating antigen. The IC50 and limit of detection (LOD) of the SERS-based FLIA for brombuterol were 45 pg mL-1 and 0.11 pg mL-1, respectively. The recoveries of brombuterol from spiked samples were in the range of 87.27-100.16% with relative standard deviations of 1.29%-6.99% (n = 3). The proposed SERS-based LFIA was proven to be a feasible method for ultrasensitive and rapid detection of brombuterol and might be a platform for sensitive and rapid detection of a broad range of analytes in clinical, environmental and food analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Huang
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry & Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Soochow University, Renai zRoad 199, Suzhou 215123, China.
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20
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Cao J, Liang S, Zhang H, Xu Q, Ji W. Sodium 4-styrenesulfonate functionalized nanofibers mat as 96-well plate solid-phase extraction adsorbent for quantitative determination of multiple β-agonists residues in pork samples. Food Chem 2020; 335:127631. [PMID: 32736157 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, sodium 4-styrenesulfonate functionalized polyacrylonitrile nanofibers mat (SS/PAN NFM) was firstly prepared and applied as 96-well plate solid-phase extraction adsorbent for quantitative determination of seven β-agonists residues in pork samples. The functional modification endowed the SS/PAN NFM with superior adsorption performance for target β-agonists. The adsorption process is spontaneous (ΔG < 0), the initial adsorption rate can reach 6.03-9.09 mg/g/min and the maximum adsorption capacity is calculated to be 48.3 mg/g at 298 K. Moreover, SS/PAN NFM can be reused for 12 times without degradation in adsorption capability. Combined with UPLC-MS/MS, the limits of detection can reach 0.006-0.24 μg/kg, the recoveries ranged from 87.2% to 111% and the relative standard deviations of intra-day and inter-day precisions were in the scope of 1.75%-11.6% and 5.08%-13.5%, respectively. The obtained results fully demonstrated the practicability of this method in preventing the hazard of β-agonists residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Sihui Liang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Wenliang Ji
- Jiangsu Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China.
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21
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Ma X, Lv H, Zhu Q, Chen M, Wang Y, Li F. A novel sensitive electrochemical method for the detection of ractopamine in meat food via polycitrulline-modified electrode. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:1459-1466. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1769867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Heze University, Heze, China
| | - Huiping Lv
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Heze University, Heze, China
| | - Qi Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Heze University, Heze, China
| | - Meifeng Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Heze University, Heze, China
| | - Yilei Wang
- College of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Heze University, Heze, China
| | - Fenghai Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Heze University, Heze, China
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22
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SAITO K, EKI M, ITO R. <i>In vitro </i>Study of Assumed <i>in vivo </i>Chiral Conversion of Clenbuterol. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2020. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2020.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi SAITO
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University
| | - Marika EKI
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University
| | - Rie ITO
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University
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23
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Espinoza W, Vargas Jentzsch P, Gualpa F, Andrade P, Moreno C, Vaca I, Betancourt R, Medina L, Enríquez D, Guijarro M, Garrido P, Bravo J, Ulic S, Montalvo García G, Ortega F, Stolker L, Ramos L. Survey of clenbuterol in bovine muscle and liver in Ecuador. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2020; 13:107-114. [PMID: 32151232 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2020.1735534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Clenbuterol is a steroid-type drug used in respiratory treatments in both humans and animals. However, it has a secondary effect related to the hypertrophy process in muscle and fat reduction. The illegal or bad use of clenbuterol has been reported in several countries, but there is scarce information in South America, where the production and consumption of meat are considerable. In this sense, the present study aimed at evaluating the occurrence of clenbuterol in bovine muscle and liver samples from a high cattle production area of Ecuador in 2015 and 2018. For this purpose, 57-58 samples were evaluated in 2015 and 20 samples in 2018 using the Enzyme-Linked Inmuno Sorbent Assay and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The results showed complained results for clenbuterol in meat samples from both years and 23% (2015) and 85% (2018) of the samples of meat complied the maximum residue level defined by CODEX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wania Espinoza
- Coordinación de Posgrados, Universidad del Azuay , Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Paul Vargas Jentzsch
- Departamento de Ciencias Nucleares, Facultad de Ingeniería Química y Agroindustria, Escuela Politécnica Nacional , Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Paulette Andrade
- Agencia de Regulación Fito y Zoosanitario_AGROCALIDAD , Tumbaco, Ecuador
| | - Carla Moreno
- Agencia de Regulación Fito y Zoosanitario_AGROCALIDAD , Tumbaco, Ecuador
| | - Israel Vaca
- Agencia de Regulación Fito y Zoosanitario_AGROCALIDAD , Tumbaco, Ecuador
| | - Rommel Betancourt
- Agencia de Regulación Fito y Zoosanitario_AGROCALIDAD , Tumbaco, Ecuador
| | - Lorena Medina
- Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación Agropecuaria_IICA_Ecuador , Quito, Ecuador
| | - Dominique Enríquez
- Centro de Investigación de Alimentos, CIAL, Universidad UTE , Quito, Ecuador
| | - Michelle Guijarro
- Centro de Investigación de Alimentos, CIAL, Universidad UTE , Quito, Ecuador
| | - Patricia Garrido
- Centro de Investigación de Alimentos, CIAL, Universidad UTE , Quito, Ecuador
| | - Juan Bravo
- Centro de Investigación de Alimentos, CIAL, Universidad UTE , Quito, Ecuador
| | - Sonia Ulic
- CEQUINOR (UNLP-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de La Plata , La Plata, Argentina.,Depto de Cs. Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján , Luján, Argentina
| | - Gemma Montalvo García
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, e Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias Policiales, Universidad de Alcalá , Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Fernando Ortega
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, e Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias Policiales, Universidad de Alcalá , Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Linda Stolker
- Wageningen Food Safety Research Part of Wageningen University & Research , Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luis Ramos
- Centro de Investigación de Alimentos, CIAL, Universidad UTE , Quito, Ecuador
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24
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Kintz P, Gheddar L, Ameline A, Dumestre-Toulet V, Verschoore M, Comte J, Raul JS. Complete Post-mortem Investigations in a Death Involving Clenbuterol After Long-term Abuse. J Anal Toxicol 2020; 43:660-665. [PMID: 31436794 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkz058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The body of a 61-year-old man was found at his home by his wife, lying on the floor, near the bathroom, around midnight. He was known to be training for bodybuilding, using anabolic steroids. Police investigations revealed the presence of two types of tablets at home, one supposed to contain clenbuterol (0.040 mg) and the other stanozolol (10 mg). Testing the tablets revealed different dosages from what was expected, i.e., 0.073 and 11.5 mg/tablet, for clenbuterol and stanozolol, respectively. External body examination and autopsy, which was performed the next day, revealed generalized organ congestion and lack of any traumatic injury (confirmed by radiology). Cardiomegaly, with a heart weighing 692 g, was obvious. Anatomic pathology tests did not reveal evidence of malformations, but atheromatous plaque was identified in the coronaries during complete histology investigations. Femoral blood, urine, bile, gastric contents and two strands of hair (6 cm) were collected for toxicology. These specimens were submitted to standard analyses, but also to a specific LC-MS-MS method for clenbuterol and stanozolol testing. Clenbuterol was identified in all the tissues, including femoral blood (1.1 ng/mL), urine (7.2 ng/mL), bile (2.4 ng/mL), gastric content (3.2 ng/mL) and hair (23 pg/mg). Stanozolol only tested positive in hair (11 pg/mg). All other analyses were negative, including blood alcohol and drugs of abuse. The pathologists concluded to cardiac insufficiency with support of cardiomegaly, in a context involving repetitive abuse of anabolic drugs. This case indicates that more attention should be paid to clenbuterol, a drug widely used as a stimulant by people who want to lose weight, athletes and bodybuilding practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Kintz
- X-Pertise Consulting, 42 Rue Principale, F-67206 Mittelhausbergen, France.,Institut de Médecine Légale, 11 Rue Humann, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurie Gheddar
- Institut de Médecine Légale, 11 Rue Humann, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Alice Ameline
- Institut de Médecine Légale, 11 Rue Humann, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Marion Verschoore
- Unité de Medicine Légale, Place Amélie Raba-Léon, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Julien Comte
- Unité de Medicine Légale, Place Amélie Raba-Léon, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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25
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Xu C, Gao H, Pan N, Jiang M, Huang Y, Zhu K, Gong P, Lv S. Clenbuterol, salbutamol, and ractopamine in fresh meat products in Jilin province, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2019.1634100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaojian Xu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haicheng Gao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Nanzhu Pan
- College of food engineering, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Mengmeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ketong Zhu
- College of food engineering, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Pingsheng Gong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shaowu Lv
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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26
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Huang Z, Xiong Z, Chen Y, Hu S, Lai W. Sensitive and Matrix-Tolerant Lateral Flow Immunoassay Based on Fluorescent Magnetic Nanobeads for the Detection of Clenbuterol in Swine Urine. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:3028-3036. [PMID: 30793901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The lack of sensitivity and poor matrix tolerance are the main bottlenecks of the lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA). Here, a sensitive and matrix-tolerant method that integrated immunomagnetic separation and fluorescent lateral flow immunoassay (IMS-FLFIA) based on fluorescent magnetic nanobeads was developed to detect the clenbuterol (CLE) residue in swine urine. The limit of detection (LOD) of IMS-FLFIA is 4 times lower than that of traditional colloidal gold LFIA. This method, which exhibits similar LOD and linearity range in both phosphate-buffered saline and urine swine, is highly correlated with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the detection of real swine urine samples. The result indicated that IMS-FLFIA has a universal resistance to the swine urine matrix. The merits of this assay, high sensitivity, matrix tolerance, accuracy, and specificity, ensure a promising future in detection of veterinary drug residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , 235 Nanjing East Road , Nanchang , Jiangxi 330047 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijuan Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , 235 Nanjing East Road , Nanchang , Jiangxi 330047 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , 235 Nanjing East Road , Nanchang , Jiangxi 330047 , People's Republic of China
| | - Song Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , 235 Nanjing East Road , Nanchang , Jiangxi 330047 , People's Republic of China
| | - Weihua Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , 235 Nanjing East Road , Nanchang , Jiangxi 330047 , People's Republic of China
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27
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Zeng Y, Liang D, Zheng P, Peng T, Sun S, Mari GM, Jiang H. Immunochromatographic fluorometric determination of clenbuterol with enhanced sensitivity. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:225. [PMID: 30848375 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3326-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A method is described to enhance the sensitivity of an immunochromatographic assay for clenbuterol (CLE) by making use of dually-labeled gold nanoparticles (GNPs), background fluorescence blocking, and immunomagnetic separation. The GNPs were labeled with biotinylated antibody and streptavidin, respectively, and dually labeled GNPs were obtained via the biotin-streptavidin interaction to amplify the detection signal. The fluorescent signal was blocked by dually labeled GNPs and decreased as the dually labeled GNPs aggregation increases on nitrocellulose membrane, which derived from fluorescent polyvinylchloride card. However, fluorescence (measured at excitation/emission wavelengths of 518/580 nm) recovers when CLE reacts with dually labeled GNPs. Immunomagnetic separation was first applied for sample pretreatment. This can offset the matrix effect and improves the sensitivity and accuracy of the assay. Under the optimal conditions, the limits of detection of CLE visually were 0.25 μg·L-1. In addition, clenbuterol can be quantified in swine urine with a 0.03 μg·L-1 detection limit. This is 60-fold lower than current immunochromatography. Response is linear in the 0.06-0.59 μg·L-1 concentration range, and the recoveries from spiked swine urine range from 81 to 115%." Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of the strategies for improving sensitivity of immunochromatographic assay. It includes immunomagnetic separations, dually-labeled gold nanoparticles and background fluorescence blocking. The assay was applied to detect clenbuterol (CLE) in swine urine with an excellent performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Zeng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Demei Liang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pimiao Zheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Peng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujuan Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ghulam Mujtaba Mari
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Zhao Z, Gu X, Li J, Li J, Xue M, Yang X, Gao Y, Qin Y. Residue Distribution and Depletion of Ractopamine in Goat Tissues After Exposure to Growth-Promoting Dose. J Anal Toxicol 2019; 43:134-137. [PMID: 30476085 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of the present study was to investigated the ractopamine (RAC) distribution and depletion process in various tissues of goat including liver, kidney, spleen, lung, heart, fat, bile, brain and the eyes. The experiment was carried out on 21 goats (18 treated and 3 controls). Treated goats were orally administered RAC in a dose of 1 mg/kg body mass per day for last 28 days and randomly sacrificed on withdrawal days of 0.25, 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21. RAC in all matrices were determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry. After 21 days treatment discontinuation, the levels of RAC in bile reached at 13.48 ± 3.36 mg/L, which was significantly higher than that in the other tissues. The concentrations of RAC were followed by kidney, the excretory organ and liver, the major metabolic organ (4.49 ± 0.16 mg/kg for kidney and 1.81 ± 0.11 mg/kg for liver, respectively). The residual concentration of the drug in the eyes of goat was less than that in bile, kidney, liver, lung and spleen on withdrawal days 0.25. RAC residues was higher than the limits of detection = 0.15 μg/mL in liver on Day 21. These findings demonstrated that liver can serve as an alimentary matrix and as a matrix for the control of RAC abuse hypothetically except for urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Institute of Nutritional Resources, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xu Gu
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Junguo Li
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Moyong Xue
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Veterinary Drugs and Feed Control, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yunfeng Gao
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yuchang Qin
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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29
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Tang J, Wang J, Shi S, Hu S, Yuan L. Determination of β-Agonist Residues in Animal-Derived Food by a Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometric Method Combined with Molecularly Imprinted Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2018; 2018:9053561. [PMID: 30046508 PMCID: PMC6036788 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9053561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel clenbuterol molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-coated stir bar was prepared and applied to the determination of six β-agonists in animal-derived food. Characterization and various parameters affecting adsorption and desorption behaviours were investigated. The extraction capacities of clenbuterol, salbutamol, ractopamine, mabuterol, brombuterol, and terbutaline for MIP coating were 3.8, 2.9, 3.1, 3.5, 3.2, and 3.3 times higher, respectively, than those of the NIP coating, respectively. The method of MIP-coated SBSE coupled with HPLC-MS/MS was developed. The recoveries in pork and liver samples were 75.8-97.9% with RSD from 2.6 to 5.3%. Limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) were 0.05-0.15 μg/kg and 0.10-0.30 μg/kg, respectively. Good linearities were obtained for six β-agonists with correlation coefficients (R2) higher than 0.994. These results indicated the superiority of the proposed method in the analysis of β-agonists in a complex matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwang Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Hunan Testing Institute Product and Commodity Supervison, Changsha 410007, China
| | - Jianxiu Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Shuyun Shi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Shengqiang Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Liejiang Yuan
- Hunan Testing Institute Product and Commodity Supervison, Changsha 410007, China
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30
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Analysis of 10 β-agonists in pork meat using automated dispersive pipette extraction and LC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1084:64-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Guitton Y, Dervilly-Pinel G, Jandova R, Stead S, Takats Z, Le Bizec B. Rapid evaporative ionisation mass spectrometry and chemometrics for high-throughput screening of growth promoters in meat producing animals. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:900-910. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1421778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yann Guitton
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Laboratoire d’Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Nantes, France
| | - Gaud Dervilly-Pinel
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Laboratoire d’Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Nantes, France
| | | | - Sara Stead
- UMR INRA 1329, Waters Corporation, Wilmslow, UK
| | - Zoltan Takats
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Laboratoire d’Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Nantes, France
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32
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Kristina Parr M, Müller-Schöll A. Pharmacology of doping agents—mechanisms promoting muscle hypertrophy. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2018.2.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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33
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Boobis A, Cerniglia C, Chicoine A, Fattori V, Lipp M, Reuss R, Verger P, Tritscher A. Characterizing chronic and acute health risks of residues of veterinary drugs in food: latest methodological developments by the joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 47:885-899. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1340259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Boobis
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Carl Cerniglia
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Alan Chicoine
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Vittorio Fattori
- Food Safety and Quality Unit, Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Markus Lipp
- Food Safety and Quality Unit, Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Rainer Reuss
- Food Data Analysis Section, Food Information Science and Technology Branch, Food Standards Australia New Zealand, Barton, Australia
| | - Philippe Verger
- Department of Food Safety and Zoonoses, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Angelika Tritscher
- Department of Food Safety and Zoonoses, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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34
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Peng D, Zhang L, Situ C, Pan Y, Tao Y, Wang Y, Yuan Z. Development of Monoclonal Antibodies and Indirect Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Kits for the Detection of Clenbuterol and Salbutamol in the Tissues and Products of Food-Producing Animals. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-0925-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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35
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Regal P, Díaz-Bao M, Barreiro R, Vázquez BI, Cepeda A. Confirmation of β-agonist residues in bovine retina and liver using HPLC-MS/MS and evaluation of matrix-dependent problems. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 34:598-607. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1271144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Regal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Mónica Díaz-Bao
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Rocío Barreiro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Beatriz I. Vázquez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Alberto Cepeda
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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36
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Parr MK, Blokland MH, Liebetrau F, Schmidt AH, Meijer T, Stanic M, Kwiatkowska D, Waraksa E, Sterk SS. Distinction of clenbuterol intake from drug or contaminated food of animal origin in a controlled administration trial - the potential of enantiomeric separation for doping control analysis. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 34:525-535. [PMID: 27690842 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1242169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation of clenbuterol abuse and unintentional ingestion from contaminated meat is crucial with respect to the valuation of an adverse analytical finding in human sports doping control. The proportion of the two enantiomers of clenbuterol may serve as potential discriminating parameter. For the determination of the individual enantiomers, specific methods were developed and validated for the different matrices under investigation based on chiral chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Data are presented from the administration to humans of clenbuterol from a pharmaceutical preparation, and from cattle meat and liver containing residues. A shift in the proportion of the enantiomers in cattle meat is detected and this signature is also found in human urine after ingestion. Thus, an altered enantiomeric composition of clenbuterol may be used to substantiate athletes' claims following adverse analytical findings in doping control. However, in meat, the enantiomeric composition was found to be highly variable. Species as well as tissue dependent variances need to be considered in interpreting enantiomer discrimination. Analysis of post administration urines from a controlled experiment comparing the administration of racemic clenbuterol from a registered pharmaceutical preparation and the administration of residue-containing meat and liver (nonracemic mixture) from treated animals is reported. Furthermore doping control samples from Mexican U17 World Championship 2011 of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), with adverse analytical findings for clenbuterol, were re-analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kristina Parr
- a Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy , Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Marco H Blokland
- b Institute for Food Safety , RIKILT Wageningen UR , Wageningen , Netherlands
| | - Franz Liebetrau
- a Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy , Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Alexander H Schmidt
- a Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy , Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany.,c Chromicent GmbH , Berlin , Germany
| | - Thijs Meijer
- b Institute for Food Safety , RIKILT Wageningen UR , Wageningen , Netherlands
| | | | - Dorota Kwiatkowska
- d Department of Anti-Doping Research , Institute of Sport - National Research Institute , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Emilia Waraksa
- d Department of Anti-Doping Research , Institute of Sport - National Research Institute , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Saskia S Sterk
- b Institute for Food Safety , RIKILT Wageningen UR , Wageningen , Netherlands
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37
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Zhao Z, Gu X, Su X, Li J, Li J, Dong Y, Yang Y, Yao T, Qin Y. Distribution and Depletion of Ractopamine in Goat Plasma, Urine and Various Muscle Tissues. J Anal Toxicol 2016; 41:60-64. [PMID: 27744371 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkw102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the ractopamine (RAC) distribution and depletion process in goat plasma, urine and various muscle tissues which were associated with a potential risk for consumer health. The experiment was carried out in 21 goats (18 treated and 3 controls). Treated animals were administered orally a dose of 1 mg/kg body mass per day for 28 consecutive days and randomly sacrificed on Days 0.25, 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 of the withdrawal period. RAC in goat samples was analyzed by using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. RAC was below the limits of detection (LOD = 0.15 ng/mL) in plasma while which was higher than the LOD in urine on withdrawal day 21. The residues in goat longissimus dorsi muscle, biceps femoris muscle and triceps surae muscle were differed significantly. These findings demonstrated that urine can be used as the target matrix for monitoring RAC abuse in goat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Xu Gu
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Xiaoou Su
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Junguo Li
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Yingchao Dong
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Yujuan Yang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Ting Yao
- Beijing Institute of Feed Control, Beijing 10081, PR China
| | - Yuchang Qin
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
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38
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Lay S, Yu HN, Hu BX, Shen SR. Molecularly imprinted polymers as the extracted sorbents of clenbuterol ahead of liquid chromatographic determination. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2016; 17:465-75. [PMID: 27256680 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1500225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A pre-treatment methodology for clenbuterol hydrochloride (CLEN) isolation and enrichment in a complex matrix environment was developed through exploiting molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). CLEN-imprinted polymers were synthesized by the combined use of ally-β-cyclodextrin (ally-β-CD) and methacrylic acid (MAA), allyl-β-CD and acrylonitrile (AN), and allyl-β-CD and methyl methacrylate (MMA) as the binary functional monomers. MAA-linked allyl-β-CD MIPs (M-MAA) were characterized by Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Based upon the results, M-MAA polymers generally proved to be an excellent selective extraction compared to its references: AN-linked allyl-β-CD MIPs (M-AN) and MMA-linked allyl-β-CD MIPs (M-MMA). M-MAA polymers were eventually chosen to run through a molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE) micro-column to enrich CLEN residues spiked in pig livers. A high recovery was achieved, ranging from 91.03% to 96.76% with relative standard deviation (RSD) ≤4.45%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sovichea Lay
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hai-Ning Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Bao-Xiang Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Sheng-Rong Shen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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39
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Zhang K, Liang X, Su C, Tang C, Zhao Q, Zhang J, Meng Q. Salbutamol Residues in Plasma, Urine and Hair of Heifers After a Single Dose and Throughout. J Anal Toxicol 2016; 40:454-9. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkw036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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40
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Quinley KE, Chen HY, Yang HS, Lynch KL, Olson KR. Clenbuterol causing non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in a teenage female desiring to lose weight: case and brief literature review. Am J Emerg Med 2016; 34:1739.e5-7. [PMID: 26873408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2015.12.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Quinley
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Highland Hospital Alameda Health System, Oakland, CA 94602.
| | - Hsien-Yi Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; San Francisco Division of California Poison Control System,San Francisco, CA.
| | - He S Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Ave, NH2M16, San Francisco, CA 94110.
| | - Kara L Lynch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Ave, NH2M16, San Francisco, CA 94110.
| | - Kent R Olson
- San Francisco Division of the California Poison Control System, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-1369.
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41
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Wang L, Zeng Z, Wang Z, He L. Correction function for biased results due to matrix effects in residue analysis of beta-agonists in porcine tissues and urine with LC-MS/MS. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra28050h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A correction function is proposed to compensate for matrix effects in the residue analysis of nine β-agonists by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- LiQi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine
- Jiangxi Agricultural University
- Nanchang
- China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU)
| | - ZhenLing Zeng
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU)
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Zhong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine
- Jiangxi Agricultural University
- Nanchang
- China
| | - LiMin He
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU)
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou
- China
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42
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Beyene T, Endalamaw D, Tolossa Y, Feyisa A. Evaluation of rational use of veterinary drugs especially antimicrobials and anthelmintics in Bishoftu, Central Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:482. [PMID: 26415926 PMCID: PMC4584433 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1466-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rational use of drugs in veterinary medicine has numerous benefits, such as increasing efficacy, decreasing the potential adverse effects, reducing risk of drug residue and combating development of microorganism’s drug resistance. Methods A retrospective study with the aim of evaluating the current rational use of veterinary drugs was conducted at college of veterinary medicine and agriculture veterinary teaching hospital and Ada district veterinary clinic, central Ethiopia. One thousand eight hundred and nineteen animal patients’ encounters were randomly selected for the study from prescription papers and prescription registration books retrospectively. Results The average number of drugs prescribed per encounter was 1.23 with maximum of five. The percentage of encounters in which antimicrobials and anthelmintics was prescribed were 54.4 % (1216/2235) and 38.9 % (869/2235), respectively. The percentages of drugs prescribed by generic name and from essential veterinary drug list were 90.1 % (2014/2235) and 99.7 % (2229/2235), respectively. The most commonly prescribed antimicrobials and anthelmintics were oxytetracycline 1016 (45.5 %), penicillin and streptomycin combination 168 (7.5 %), sulfa drugs 23 (1.0 %), and albendazole 732 (32.8 %) and ivermectin 137 (6.1 %). Among the 1819 animal-patient encounters, only 57 % (n = 1037) of the prescriptions were written adequately, 43 % (n = 782) incorrectly prescribed and 1179 cases of the adequately specified prescription were tentatively diagnosed. For 656 (53.9 %) and 233 (26.8 %) inadequately specified cases antimicrobials and anthelmintics were prescribed, respectively. Antibiotics were prescribed irrationally for cases which were tentatively diagnosed as parasitic 21.6 % (n = 262) and viral to prevent secondary bacterial complications 6.0 % (n = 73). Among all patients that were admitted to veterinary clinics, 96.6 % (1757) were treated empirically without getting correct laboratory-supported diagnosis. Chi Square test for trend analysis showed a statistically significant association between irrational drug usage and year (p = 0.000). Conclusions The findings had shown problems in generic prescribing, incorrect diagnosis, and non-availability of standard veterinary treatment guideline and drug formulary in the study area. Therefore, veterinary drugs, specially, antimicrobial agents should be judiciously used; and a wide scale study to safeguard the public from drug residual effects and antimicrobial resistance development is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takele Beyene
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
| | - Dagnachew Endalamaw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
| | - Yonas Tolossa
- Department of Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
| | - Ashenafi Feyisa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
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43
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Beucher L, Dervilly-Pinel G, Prévost S, Monteau F, Le Bizec B. Determination of a Large Set of β-Adrenergic Agonists in Animal Matrices Based on Ion Mobility and Mass Separations. Anal Chem 2015; 87:9234-42. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laure Beucher
- Laboratoire d’Etude
des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), LUNAM Université, Oniris, Nantes F-44307, France
| | - Gaud Dervilly-Pinel
- Laboratoire d’Etude
des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), LUNAM Université, Oniris, Nantes F-44307, France
| | - Stéphanie Prévost
- Laboratoire d’Etude
des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), LUNAM Université, Oniris, Nantes F-44307, France
| | - Fabrice Monteau
- Laboratoire d’Etude
des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), LUNAM Université, Oniris, Nantes F-44307, France
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- Laboratoire d’Etude
des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), LUNAM Université, Oniris, Nantes F-44307, France
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44
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Vulić A, Durgo K, Pleadin J, Herceg L, Kopjar N. Mutagenicity and DNA-damaging potential of clenbuterol and its metabolite 4-amino-3,5-dichlorobenzoic acid in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 77:82-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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45
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Guo C, Shi F, Gong L, Tan H, Hu D, Zhang J. Ultra-trace analysis of 12 β2-agonists in pork, beef, mutton and chicken by ultrahigh-performance liquid-chromatography–quadrupole-orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 107:526-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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46
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Yan H, Xu D, Meng H, Shi L, Li L. Food poisoning by clenbuterol in China. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2014.x006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Yan
- South China University of Technology, College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Wushan Rd, TianHe District, 510641 Guangzhou, China P.R
| | - D. Xu
- South China University of Technology, College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Wushan Rd, TianHe District, 510641 Guangzhou, China P.R
| | - H. Meng
- South China University of Technology, College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Wushan Rd, TianHe District, 510641 Guangzhou, China P.R
| | - L. Shi
- South China University of Technology, College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Wushan Rd, TianHe District, 510641 Guangzhou, China P.R
| | - L. Li
- South China University of Technology, College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Wushan Rd, TianHe District, 510641 Guangzhou, China P.R
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47
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Choughule KV, Locuson CW, Coughtrie MWH. Characterization of bovine phenol sulfotransferases: evidence of a major role for SULT1B1 in the liver. Xenobiotica 2014; 45:495-502. [PMID: 25539458 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2014.997325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
1. Cattle are an important component of the human food chain. Drugs used either legally or illegally in cattle may therefore enter the food chain and it is thus important to understand pathways of drug metabolism in this species, including sulfation catalyzed by the sulfotransferases (SULTs). 2. In this study, we have analyzed the sulfation of 4-nitrophenol and other compounds in male and female bovine liver and characterized recombinant bovine SULT isoforms 1A1 and 1B1 expressed in Escherichia coli. 3. We found that, in contrast to most other mammalian species, the major phenol sulfotransferase SULT1A1 is not expressed in bovine liver. Rather SULT1B1 seems to be a major form in both male and female bovine liver. 4. We also identified kinetic differences between bovine and human SULT1A1 and, using the human SULT1A1 crystal structure, identified two amino acid positions in the active site of bovine SULT1A1 (Ile89Val and Phe247Val) that may be responsible for these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika V Choughule
- Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee , Dundee , UK
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48
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Krumbholz A, Anielski P, Gfrerer L, Graw M, Geyer H, Schänzer W, Dvorak J, Thieme D. Statistical significance of hair analysis of clenbuterol to discriminate therapeutic use from contamination. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:1108-16. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aniko Krumbholz
- Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry (IDAS) Dresden; Germany
| | - Patricia Anielski
- Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry (IDAS) Dresden; Germany
| | - Lena Gfrerer
- Institute of Legal Medicine of the University of Munich; Germany
| | - Matthias Graw
- Institute of Legal Medicine of the University of Munich; Germany
| | - Hans Geyer
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne (DSHS); Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne (DSHS); Germany
| | - Jiri Dvorak
- Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA); Medical Assessment and Research Centre (F-MARC) and Schulthess Clinic; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Detlef Thieme
- Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry (IDAS) Dresden; Germany
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49
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Tao Y, Zhu F, Chen D, Xie S, Yuanhu P, Wang X, Liu Z, Peng D, Yuan Z. Evaluation of matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction for 11 β-agonists in swine feed by liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2574-82. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Tao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU)/MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan China
| | - Fangwei Zhu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU)/MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU)/MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan China
| | - Shuyu Xie
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU)/MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan China
| | - Pan Yuanhu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU)/MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan China
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU)/MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU)/MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan China
| | - Dapeng Peng
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU)/MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU)/MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan China
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50
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Mi J, Li S, Xu H, Liang W, Sun T. Rapid analysis of three β-agonist residues in food of animal origin by automated on-line solid-phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2431-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiebo Mi
- Tianjin Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of the People's Republic of China; Tianjin China
| | - Shujing Li
- Tianjin Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of the People's Republic of China; Tianjin China
| | - Hong Xu
- Tianjin Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of the People's Republic of China; Tianjin China
| | - Wei Liang
- Esensing Analytical Technology; Beijing China
| | - Tao Sun
- Esensing Analytical Technology; Beijing China
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