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Development and Validation for Quantitative Determination of Genotoxic Impurity in Gemfibrozil by Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry. SEPARATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10030145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
All regulatory organizations are paying close attention to the identification and measurement of genotoxic contaminants. Using conventional analytical techniques like high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography to quantify probable genotoxic substances (PGIs) at the trace level is difficult (GC). Therefore, there is a necessity for advanced analytical techniques for the development of highly sensitive analytical procedures for the determination of trace-level PGIs in drug products and drug substances. This study’s goal is to develop and evaluate an analytical technique for measuring allyl chloride, a possible genotoxic contaminant in gemfibrozil. For the detection of very low and trace levels of impurities, a gas chromatography with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometry detector (GC-MS/MS) approach was developed and validated. Using a column USP phase G27, a nonpolar and low bleed 5% diphenyl, 95% dimethylpolysiloxane, with dimensions of 30 m in length, 0.32 mm internal diameters, and 1.5 m film thickness, along with a flow rate of 2.0 mL/min and Helium (He) as a carrier gas, this method uses a thermal gradient elution program. The method was calibrated with a linearity range from 30% to 150% concentration with respect to the specification level and achieved a limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.005 ppm and 0.01 ppm, respectively, for allyl chloride. According to current ICH requirements, the method was validated, and it was discovered to be specific, exact, accurate, linear, sensitive, tough, robust, and stable. This method is suitable for determining allyl chloride in the regular analysis of Gemfibrozil.
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Soyseven M, Keçili R, Aboul-Enein HY, Arli G. Determination of Potential Genotoxic Impurity, 5-Amino-2-Chloropyridine, in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Using the HPLC-UV System. J Chromatogr Sci 2021; 59:241-245. [PMID: 33236069 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmaa100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A novel analytical method, based on high-performance liquid chromatography with a UV (HPLC-UV) detection system for the sensitive detection of a genotoxic impurity (GTI) 5-amino-2-chloropyridine (5A2Cl) in a model active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) tenoxicam (TNX), has been developed and validated. The HPLC-UV method was used for the determination of GTI 5A2Cl in API TNX. The compounds were separated using a mobile phase composed of water (pH 3 adjusted with orthophosphoric acid): MeOH, (50:50: v/v) on a C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm i.d., 2.7 μm) at a flow rate of 0.7 mL min-1. Detection was carried out in the 254 nm wavelength. Column temperature was maintained at 40°C during the analyses and 10 μL volume was injected into the HPLC-UV system. The method was validated in the range of 1-40 μg mL-1. The obtained calibration curves for the GTI compound was found linear with equation, y = 40766x - 1125,6 (R2 = 0.999). The developed analytical method toward the target compounds was accurate, and the achieved limit of detection and limit of quantification values for the target compound 5A2Cl were 0.015 and 0.048 μg mL-1, respectively. The recovery values were calculated and found to be between 98.80 and 100.03%. The developed RP-HPLC-UV analytical method in this research is accurate, precise, rapid, simple and appropriate for the sensitive analysis of target GTI 5A2Cl in model API TNX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Soyseven
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Yunus Emre Vocational School of Health Services, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26470, Turkey
| | - Rüstem Keçili
- Department of Pharmacy, Program in Pharmacy Services, Yunus Emre Vocational School of Health Services, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26470, Turkey
| | - Hassan Y Aboul-Enein
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Göksel Arli
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Yunus Emre Vocational School of Health Services, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26470, Turkey.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26470, Turkey
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Sümbelli Y, Keçili R, Hür D, Ersöz A, Say R. Molecularly imprinted polymer embedded-cryogels as selective genotoxic impurity scavengers. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2020.1869259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiğitcan Sümbelli
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Rüstem Keçili
- Yunus Emre Vocational School of Health Services, Pharmacy Services Programme, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Deniz Hür
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Arzu Ersöz
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir, Turkey
- Bionkit Co. Ltd, Eskişehir, Turkey
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Reddy AVB, Jaafar J, Umar K, Majid ZA, Aris AB, Talib J, Madhavi G. Identification, control strategies, and analytical approaches for the determination of potential genotoxic impurities in pharmaceuticals: A comprehensive review. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:764-79. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jafariah Jaafar
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
| | - Khalid Umar
- Department of Environmental Engineering; Faculty of Civil Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
| | - Zaiton Abdul Majid
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
| | - Azmi Bin Aris
- Department of Environmental Engineering; Faculty of Civil Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
| | - Juhaizah Talib
- Department of Environmental Engineering; Faculty of Civil Engineering; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
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Kecili R, Billing J, Nivhede D, Sellergren B, Rees A, Yilmaz E. Fast identification of selective resins for removal of genotoxic aminopyridine impurities via screening of molecularly imprinted polymer libraries. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1339:65-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Cappiello A, Famiglini G, Palma P, Termopoli V, Trufelli H. A new liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry approach for generic screening and quantitation of potential genotoxic alkylation compounds without derivatization. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:286-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Kecili R, Nivhede D, Billing J, Leeman M, Sellergren B, Yilmaz E. Removal of Acrolein from Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Using Aldehyde Scavengers. Org Process Res Dev 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/op3000459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rustem Kecili
- MIP Technologies AB, a Subsidiary of Biotage AB, Box 737, 22007 Lund, Sweden
- INFU, Universität Dortmund, Otto Hahn Strasse 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - David Nivhede
- MIP Technologies AB, a Subsidiary of Biotage AB, Box 737, 22007 Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Billing
- MIP Technologies AB, a Subsidiary of Biotage AB, Box 737, 22007 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mats Leeman
- MIP Technologies AB, a Subsidiary of Biotage AB, Box 737, 22007 Lund, Sweden
| | - Börje Sellergren
- INFU, Universität Dortmund, Otto Hahn Strasse 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ecevit Yilmaz
- MIP Technologies AB, a Subsidiary of Biotage AB, Box 737, 22007 Lund, Sweden
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Giordani A, Kobel W, Gally HU. Overall impact of the regulatory requirements for genotoxic impurities on the drug development process. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 43:1-15. [PMID: 21420491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade a considerable effort has been made both by the regulators and the pharmaceutical industry to assess genotoxic impurities (GTI) in pharmaceutical products. Though the control of impurities in drug substances and products is a well established and consolidated procedure, its extension to GTI has given rise to a number of problems, both in terms of setting the limits and detecting these impurities in pharmaceutical products. Several papers have dealt with this issue, discussing available regulations, providing strategies to evaluate the genotoxic potential of chemical substances, and trying to address the analytical challenge of detecting GTI at trace levels. In this review we would like to discuss the available regulations, the toxicological background for establishing limits, as well as the analytical approaches used for GTI assessment. The final aim is that of providing a complete overview of the topic with updated available information, to address the overall GTI issue during the development of new drug substances.
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Liu DQ, Sun M, Kord AS. Recent advances in trace analysis of pharmaceutical genotoxic impurities. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 51:999-1014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kondo K, Watanabe A, Akiyama H, Maitani T. The metabolisms of agaritine, a mushroom hydrazine in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 46:854-62. [PMID: 18061328 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Revised: 10/09/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The mushroom hydrazine agaritine was measured in mouse plasma and urine using LC/MS/MS, which is highly specific. Agaritine concentration peaked 20 min after oral administration to mice (4.0 and 40 mg/kg). The concentration gradually decreased and returned to the basal level in 100 min. The maximum concentration, the time to the maximum concentration, and the half life were 0.37 microg/ml plasma, 0.33 h, and 0.71 h, respectively after administration of agaritine at 40 mg/kg body weight. One agaritine metabolite was found in the plasma and the urine from agaritine-administered mice. The structure of metabolites of agaritine by gamma-GT was next investigated using LC/MS. HMPH proved to be generated from agaritine. The oxidative stress marker 8-OHdG was detected in agaritine-administered mouse urine. After administration, the 8-OHdG level immediately tripled, and then decreased to the control level over 48 h. Its level then elevated again and remained high for 11 days. These results suggest that agaritine quickly metabolizes and disappears in the plasma, whereas DNA damage lasts for a long time after a single administration of agaritine to mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunari Kondo
- Division of Biosignaling, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan.
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