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Hegedüs Z, Gömöri C, Varga M, Vágvölgyi C, Szekeres A. Separation of ochratoxins by centrifugal partition chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1724:464898. [PMID: 38669941 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The present research work was dedicated to developing an efficient method based on liquid-liquid chromatography (centrifugal partition chromatography, CPC) applicable to routine purifications of ochratoxins (OT) from the liquid culture of the strain A. albertensis SZMC 2107. The crude extract contained numerous components in addition to OTA (90.1 %,) and OTB (1.1 %,) according to HPLC examinations. For the separation of OTs by CPC, several tertiary systems based on acetonitrile, acetone, and short-chain alcohols were examined to find the most applicable biphasic system. The hexane/i-propanol/water 35:15:50 system supplemented with 0.1 % acetic acid was found to be the most efficient for use in CPC separation. Using liquid-liquid instrumental separation, the two OTs, namely OTA (2.23 mg) and OTB (0.031 mg), were successfully isolated with 96.3 % and-72.8 % purity, respectively, from 1 L ferment broth. The identities and purities of the purified components were confirmed and the performance parameters of each separation step and the whole procedure were determined. The developed method could be used effectively to purify OTs for analytical or toxicological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Hegedüs
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged H-6726, Hungary; Doctoral School in Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csilla Gömöri
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
| | - Mónika Varga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
| | - András Szekeres
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged H-6726, Hungary.
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Scale-up of Aflatoxin Purification by Centrifugal Partition Chromatography. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15030178. [PMID: 36977068 PMCID: PMC10051833 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are a group of secondary metabolites that cause several diseases in both animals and humans. Since the discovery of this group of toxins, several effects were revealed, such as hepatic changes, carcinoma, failure, and cancer of the liver. In the European Union, there are concentration limits for this group of mycotoxins in food and feed products; thus, these substances are required in their pure forms to prepare reference standards or certified reference materials. In our present work, a liquid–liquid chromatographic method utilizing a toluene/acetic acid/water ternary system was improved. In order to enhance the purification and gain a higher amount of pure AFs in one separation run, a scale-up of the previous separation was carried out. In several scale-up steps—including the determination of the maximum concentration and volume to load on a 250 mL rotor via a loop and via a pump as well, and the quadruplication of the entire separation procedure to a 1000 mL rotor—an efficient scale-up was achieved. Utilizing a 250 mL rotor in an 8-hour workday, altogether approximately 2.2 g of total AFs could be purified with 8.2 liters of solvent, while on a 1000 mL column, approximately 7.8 g AFs could be prepared, utilizing around 31 liters of solvents.
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Guo Z, Gao L, Jiang S, El-Seedi HR, El-Garawani IM, Zou X. Sensitive determination of Patulin by aptamer functionalized magnetic surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) sensor. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Hu J, Lv H, Hou M, Wang G, Lee YW, Shi J, Gu Z, Xu J. Preparative isolation and purification of B-type fumonisins by using macroporous resin column and high-speed countercurrent chromatography. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 37:143-152. [PMID: 31647745 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1678768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
B-type fumonisins (FBs) are water-soluble mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species, which are mainly found in maize products and threaten food safety. Toxicological studies and quantitative determinations of fumonisins require large amounts of pure toxins, and their high prices limit progress in FBs research. In this study, we used a macroporous resin column combined with high-speed countercurrent chromatography to separate large quantities of FBs. A fermented rice culture was extracted with 75% methanol. The dynamic adsorption capacity of FBs on XAD-2 resin was 27.5 mg/g resin at 25°C, pH 4.0, and then the FBs were desorbed with 60% methanol. The crude FBs were further purified using a biphasic system consisting of n-heptane/n-butanol/methanol/water (2:4:1:4, v/v/v/v). The method yielded 1.55 g of FB1 and 0.55 g of FB3 with purities of 96.8% and 95.6%, respectively, from 1 kg of rice culture, and the final overall yield of FBs was 74.8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiang Hu
- College of Food Science and Technology/College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Hui Lv
- College of Food Science and Technology/College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Mingxuan Hou
- College of Food Science and Technology/College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yin-Won Lee
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jianrong Shi
- College of Food Science and Technology/College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Zhenxin Gu
- College of Food Science and Technology/College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jianhong Xu
- College of Food Science and Technology/College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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Endre G, Hegedüs Z, Turbat A, Škrbić B, Vágvölgyi C, Szekeres A. Separation and Purification of Aflatoxins by Centrifugal Partition Chromatography. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11060309. [PMID: 31151208 PMCID: PMC6628226 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are mycotoxins that are produced by several species of filamentous fungi. In the European Union, the concentration limits for this group of mycotoxins in food and feed products are very low (on the order of parts per billion). Thus, relatively high amounts of these substances in their pure forms are required as reference standards. Chromatographic techniques based on solid stationary phases are generally used to purify these molecules; however, liquid–liquid chromatographic separations may be a promising alternative. Therefore, this study proposes a liquid–liquid chromatographic method for the separation of four aflatoxins and impurities. To optimise the method, numerous biphasic solvent systems (chloroform-, acetone- and acetic acid-based systems) were tested and evaluated in terms of their effectiveness at partitioning aflatoxins; the toluene/acetic acid/water (30:24:50, v/v/v/%) system was found to be the most efficient for application in centrifugal partition chromatographic instrument. Using liquid–liquid instrumental separation, the four aflatoxins, namely B1 (400 mg), B2 (34 mg), G1 (817 mg) and G2 (100 mg), were successfully isolated with 96.3%–98.2% purity from 4.5 L of Aspergillus parasiticus fermented material in a 250 mL centrifugal partition chromatography column. The identities and purities of the purified components were confirmed, and the performance parameters of each separation step and the whole procedure was determined. The developed method could be effectively used to purify aflatoxins for analytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Endre
- Departement of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
- Doctoral School in Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Zsófia Hegedüs
- Departement of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
- Doctoral School in Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Adiyadolgor Turbat
- Departement of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
- Doctoral School in Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Biljana Škrbić
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Departement of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - András Szekeres
- Departement of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
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He JW, Yang R, Zhou T, Boland GJ, Scott PM, Bondy GS. An epimer of deoxynivalenol: purification and structure identification of 3-epi-deoxynivalenol. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:1523-30. [PMID: 26247304 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1072771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In an investigation of deoxynivalenol (DON)-transformation products by Devosia mutans 17-2-E-8, the major product was identified as 3-epi-DON. This DON-transformation product was analysed by liquid chromatography and identified by congruent retention time and UV/Vis spectrum, as well as mass spectrometric data. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments including correlation spectroscopy (COSY), heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) and nuclear overhauser effect (NOE) were conducted for structural characterisation of 3-epi-DON. High-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) was applied to scale up the separation of 3-epi-DON from DON in a D. mutans 17-2-E-8 culture. From the culture where 100 mg DON was applied, 56 mg of 3-epi-DON (purity of 96.8%) was obtained from the HSCCC. The purified 3-epi-DON will be used for toxicological characterisation studies of this chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wei He
- a Guelph Food Research Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Guelph, ON , Canada
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Englert M, Vetter W. Tubing modifications for countercurrent chromatography (CCC): Stationary phase retention and separation efficiency. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 884:114-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Tong S, Zheng Y, Yan J. Application and comparison of high performance liquid chromatography and high speed counter-current chromatography in enantioseparation of (±)-2-phenylpropionic acid. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1281:79-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Szekeres A, Lorántfy L, Bencsik O, Kecskeméti A, Szécsi Á, Mesterházy Á, Vágvölgyi C. Rapid purification method for fumonisin B1 using centrifugal partition chromatography. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 30:147-55. [PMID: 23043634 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.729161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a highly toxic mycotoxin produced by fungal strains belonging to the Fusarium genus, which can be found mainly in maize products, and is gaining interest in food safety. To produce large amounts of pure FB1, a novel purifying method was developed by using centrifugal partition chromatography, which is a prominent member of the liquid-liquid chromatographic techniques. Rice cultured with Fusarium verticillioides was extracted with a mixture of methanol/water and found to contain 0.87 mg of FB1 per gram. The crude extracts were purified on a strong anion-exchange column and then separated by using a biphasic solvent system consisting of methyl-tert-butyl-ether-acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid in water. The collected fractions were analysed by flow injection-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Corona-charged aerosol detector and identified by congruent retention time on high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometric data. This method produced approximately 120 mg of FB1 with a purity of more than 98% from 200 g of the rice culture. The whole purification process is able to produce a large amount of pure FB1 for analytical applications or for toxicological studies.
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