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Vale P. Shellfish contamination with marine biotoxins in Portugal and spring tides: a dangerous health coincidence. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:41143-41156. [PMID: 32809126 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10389-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bivalve molluscs can acquire marine biotoxins by filter-feeding upon certain toxin-producing microalgae. The two most common syndromes observed in temperate coastal waters have been diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) and paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). While DSP is a non-fatal gastrointestinal syndrome, PSP is a neurological syndrome which can lead to death by respiratory paralysis in high intoxication scenarios. In Portugal, the presence of both DSP and PSP toxins leads to recurrent seasonal bans of bivalve harvesting. On a few occasions, the bans were not placed in time, not properly disseminated to the public or were disregarded by recreational harvesters. Several cases of poisonings have been studied in collaboration between health authorities and the laboratory in charge of the biotoxin monitoring programme. Some of the outbreaks have even called the attention of the local media. In several of these recorded cases, a common trait has emerged throughout the years: bivalve harvest had often been done during very low tides attributed to either new or full moons. These tides expose intertidal bivalves more widely, increase harvesting time, and allow picking of larger-sized specimens. In some occasions, the consumers were extremely unfortunate because a noxious coincidence had occurred: larger-sized specimens were available but had attained the highest toxin content of the toxic season. This review alerts that despite costly monitoring programmes have been perfected through the years, human poisonings still take place due to the rapid increase in toxin levels and/or disrespect of harvest bans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Vale
- National Reference Laboratory for Marine Biotoxins, Sea and Marine Resources Department, The Portuguese Institute for Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, IP), R. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-165, Algés, Portugal.
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NAN DN, LIU WW, FU WX, LI BQ, KONG JL. Study on Fast Recognition of Biotoxins and Biological Modifiers Using Data Fusion Algorithm. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(20)60052-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Tripathi P, Upadhyay N, Nara S. Recent advancements in lateral flow immunoassays: A journey for toxin detection in food. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:1715-1734. [PMID: 28071928 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1276048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Biotechnology embraces various physical and chemical phenomena toward advancement of health diagnostics. Toward such advancement, detection of toxins plays an important role. Toxins produce severe health impacts on consumption with high mortality associated in acute cases. The most prominent route of infection and intoxication is through food matrices. Therefore, rapid detection of toxins at low concentrations is the need of modern diagnostics. Lateral flow immunoassays are one of the emergent and popularly used rapid detection technology developed for detecting various kinds of analytes. This review thus focuses on recent advancements in lateral flow immunoassays for detecting different toxins in agricultural food. Appropriate emphasis was given on how the labels, recognition elements, or detection strategy has laid an impact on improvement in immunochromatographic assays for toxins. The paper also discusses the gradual change in sensitivities and specificities of assays in accordance with the method of food processing used. The review concludes with the major challenges faced by this technology and provides an outlook and insight of ideas to improve it in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Tripathi
- a Department of Biotechnology , Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology , Allahabad , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Neha Upadhyay
- a Department of Biotechnology , Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology , Allahabad , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Seema Nara
- a Department of Biotechnology , Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology , Allahabad , Uttar Pradesh , India
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Jawaid W, Meneely JP, Campbell K, Melville K, Holmes SJ, Rice J, Elliott CT. Development and Validation of a Lateral Flow Immunoassay for the Rapid Screening of Okadaic Acid and All Dinophysis Toxins from Shellfish Extracts. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:8574-8583. [PMID: 26287989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A single-step lateral flow immunoassay was developed and validated to detect okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysis toxins (DTXs), which cause diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. The performance characteristics of the test were investigated, in comparison to reference methods (liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and/or bioassay), using both spiked and naturally contaminated shellfish. A portable reader was used to generate a qualitative result, indicating the absence or presence of OA-group toxins, at concentrations relevant to the maximum permitted level (MPL). Sample homogenates could be screened in 20 min (including extraction and assay time) for the presence of free toxins (OA, DTX1, DTX2). DTX3 detection could be included with the addition of a hydrolysis procedure. No matrix effects were observed from the species evaluated (mussels, scallops, oysters, and clams). Results from naturally contaminated samples (n = 72) indicated no false compliant results and no false noncompliant results at <50% MPL. Thus, the development of a new low-cost but highly effective tool for monitoring a range of important phycotoxins has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqass Jawaid
- Neogen Europe Limited, The Dairy School, Auchincruive, Ayr, KA6 5HU, Scotland, U.K
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University , David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K
| | - Julie P Meneely
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University , David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K
| | - Katrina Campbell
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University , David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K
| | - Karrie Melville
- Neogen Europe Limited, The Dairy School, Auchincruive, Ayr, KA6 5HU, Scotland, U.K
| | - Stephen J Holmes
- Neogen Europe Limited, The Dairy School, Auchincruive, Ayr, KA6 5HU, Scotland, U.K
| | - Jennifer Rice
- Neogen Corporation, 620 Lesher Place, Lansing, Michigan 48912, United States
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University , David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K
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Konoki K, Onoda T, Furumochi S, Cho Y, Yotsu-Yamashita M, Yasumoto T. The binding of okadaic acid analogs to recombinant OABP2.1 originally isolated from the marine sponge Halichondria okadai. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5833-5. [PMID: 24054121 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.08.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The binding between [24-(3)H]okadaic acid (OA) and a recombinant OA binding protein OABP2.1 was examined using various OA analog, including methyl okadaate, norokadanone, 7-deoxy OA, and 14,15-dihydro OA, 7-O-palmitoyl DTX1, to investigate the structure activity relationship. Among them, 7-O-palmitoyl DTX1, which is one of the diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins identified in shellfish, displayed an IC50 for [24-(3)H]OA binding at 51±6.3nM (Mean±SD). In addition, a synthetic compound, N-pyrenylmethyl okadamide, exhibited its IC50 at 10±2.9nM (Mean±SD). These results suggested that the recombinant OABP2.1 and the N-pyrenylmethyl okadamide might be core substances in a novel assay for the DSP toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Konoki
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan.
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Anfossi L, Baggiani C, Giovannoli C, D'Arco G, Giraudi G. Lateral-flow immunoassays for mycotoxins and phycotoxins: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:467-80. [PMID: 22543716 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural toxin (for example mycotoxin and phycotoxin) contamination of food is of safety and economic concern, so much effort is devoted to the development of screening methods which enable the toxins to be continuously and widely monitored in food and feed. More generally speaking, rapid and non-instrumental assays for detection of a variety of food contaminants are generating ever-increasing scientific and technological interest because they enable high-throughput, economical, on-site monitoring of such contaminants. Among rapid methods for first-level screening of food contaminants, lateral-flow immunoassay (LFIA), also named immunochromatographic assay or immune-gold colloid immunoassay, has recently attracted scientific and industrial interest because of its attractive property of enabling very rapid, one-step, in-situ analysis. This review focuses on new aspects of the development and optimization of lateral-flow devices for mycotoxin and phycotoxin detection, including strategies for management of matrix interference and, particularly, for investigation of the improvements achieved by signal-enhancing strategies or by application of non-gold nanoparticle signal reporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Anfossi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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A screening lateral flow immunochromatographic assay for on-site detection of okadaic acid in shellfish products. Anal Biochem 2012; 422:59-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Gerssen A, Pol-Hofstad IE, Poelman M, Mulder PP, van den Top HJ, de Boer J. Marine toxins: chemistry, toxicity, occurrence and detection, with special reference to the Dutch situation. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:878-904. [PMID: 22069615 PMCID: PMC3153220 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2040878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Various species of algae can produce marine toxins under certain circumstances. These toxins can then accumulate in shellfish such as mussels, oysters and scallops. When these contaminated shellfish species are consumed severe intoxication can occur. The different types of syndromes that can occur after consumption of contaminated shellfish, the corresponding toxins and relevant legislation are discussed in this review. Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP), Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP), Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) and Azaspiracid Shellfish Poisoning (AZP) occur worldwide, Neurologic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP) is mainly limited to the USA and New Zealand while the toxins causing DSP and AZP occur most frequently in Europe. The latter two toxin groups are fat-soluble and can therefore also be classified as lipophilic marine toxins. A detailed overview of the official analytical methods used in the EU (mouse or rat bioassay) and the recently developed alternative methods for the lipophilic marine toxins is given. These alternative methods are based on functional assays, biochemical assays and chemical methods. From the literature it is clear that chemical methods offer the best potential to replace the animal tests that are still legislated worldwide. Finally, an overview is given of the situation of marine toxins in The Netherlands. The rat bioassay has been used for monitoring DSP and AZP toxins in The Netherlands since the 1970s. Nowadays, a combination of a chemical method and the rat bioassay is often used. In The Netherlands toxic events are mainly caused by DSP toxins, which have been found in Dutch shellfish for the first time in 1961, and have reoccurred at irregular intervals and in varying concentrations. From this review it is clear that considerable effort is being undertaken by various research groups to phase out the animal tests that are still used for the official routine monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjen Gerssen
- RIKILT, Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (P.P.J.M.); (H.J.T.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +0031-317-480433; Fax: 0031-317-417717
| | - Irene E. Pol-Hofstad
- Microbiological Laboratory for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, A. van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Marnix Poelman
- IMARES, Wageningen UR, Korringaweg 5, 4401 NT Yerseke, The Netherlands;
| | - Patrick P.J. Mulder
- RIKILT, Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (P.P.J.M.); (H.J.T.)
| | - Hester J. van den Top
- RIKILT, Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (P.P.J.M.); (H.J.T.)
| | - Jacob de Boer
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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