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Suryani S, Chaerunisaa AY, Joni IM, Ruslin R, Aspadiah V, Anton A, Sartinah A, Ramadhan LOAN. The Chemical Modification to Improve Solubility of Chitosan and Its Derivatives Application, Preparation Method, Toxicity as a Nanoparticles. Nanotechnol Sci Appl 2024; 17:41-57. [PMID: 38469157 PMCID: PMC10926861 DOI: 10.2147/nsa.s450026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a functional polymer in the pharmaceutical field, including for nanoparticle drug delivery systems. Chitosan-based nanoparticles are a promising carrier for a wide range of therapeutic agents and can be administered in various routes. Solubility is the main problem for its production and utilization in large-scale industries. Chitosan modifications have been employed to enhance its solubility, including chemical modification. Many reviews have reported the chemical modification but have not focused on the specific characteristics obtained. This review focused on the modification to improve chitosan solubility. Additionally, this review also focused on the application of chitosan derivatives in nanoparticle drug delivery systems since very few similar reviews have been reported. The specific method for chitosan derivative-based nanoparticles was also reported and the latest report of chitosan, chitosan derivative, and chitosan toxicity were also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryani Suryani
- Doctor of Pharmacy Study Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, Indonesia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Halu Oleo University, Kendari, Indonesia
| | - Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, Indonesia
- Dosage Form Development Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, Indonesia
| | - I Made Joni
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, Indonesia
- Functional Nano Powder University Centre of Excellence, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, Indonesia
| | - Ruslin Ruslin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Halu Oleo University, Kendari, Indonesia
| | - Vica Aspadiah
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Halu Oleo University, Kendari, Indonesia
| | - Anton Anton
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Halu Oleo University, Kendari, Indonesia
| | - Ari Sartinah
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Halu Oleo University, Kendari, Indonesia
| | - La Ode Ahmad Nur Ramadhan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Halu Oleo University, Kendari, Indonesia
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Abd El-Hack ME, Kamal M, Alazragi RS, Alreemi RM, Qadhi A, Ghafouri K, Azhar W, Shakoori AM, Alsaffar N, Naffadi HM, Taha AE, Abdelnour SA. Impacts of chitosan and its nanoformulations on the metabolic syndromes: a review. BRAZ J BIOL 2024; 83:e276530. [PMID: 38422267 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.276530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
A significant public health issue worldwide is metabolic syndrome, a cluster of metabolic illnesses that comprises insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hypertension. The creation of natural treatments and preventions for metabolic syndrome is crucial. Chitosan, along with its nanoformulations, is an oligomer of chitin, the second-most prevalent polymer in nature, which is created via deacetylation. Due to its plentiful biological actions in recent years, chitosan and its nanoformulations have drawn much interest. Recently, the chitosan nanoparticle-based delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 has been applied in treating metabolic syndromes. The benefits of chitosan and its nanoformulations on insulin resistance, obesity, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hypertension will be outlined in the present review, highlighting potential mechanisms for the avoidance and medication of the metabolic syndromes by chitosan and its nanoformulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Abd El-Hack
- Zagazig University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Poultry, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - M Kamal
- Agricultural Research Center, Animal Production Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - R S Alazragi
- University of Jeddah, College of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - R M Alreemi
- University of Jeddah, College of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Qadhi
- Umm Al-Qura University, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Clinical Nutrition Department, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - K Ghafouri
- Umm Al-Qura University, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Clinical Nutrition Department, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - W Azhar
- Umm Al-Qura University, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Clinical Nutrition Department, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - A M Shakoori
- Umm Al-Qura University, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Laboratory Medicine Department, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - N Alsaffar
- Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - H M Naffadi
- Umm Al-Qura University, College of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - A E Taha
- Alexandria University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Edfina, Egypt
| | - S A Abdelnour
- Zagazig University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production, Zagazig, Egypt
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Verma D, Okhawilai M, Goh KL, Thakur VK, Senthilkumar N, Sharma M, Uyama H. Sustainable functionalized chitosan based nano-composites for wound dressings applications: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 235:116580. [PMID: 37474094 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Functionalized chitosan nanocomposites have been studied for wound dressing applications due to their excellent antibacterial and anti-fungal properties. Polysaccharides show excellent antibacterial and drug-release properties and can be utilized for wound healing. In this article, we comprise distinct approaches for chitosan functionalization, such as photosensitizers, dendrimers, graft copolymerization, quaternization, acylation, carboxyalkylation, phosphorylation, sulfation, and thiolation. The current review article has also discussed brief insights on chitosan nanoparticle processing for biomedical applications, including wound dressings. The chitosan nanoparticle preparation technologies have been discussed, focusing on wound dressings owing to their targeted and controlled drug release behavior. The future directions of chitosan research include; a) finding an effective solution for chronic wounds, which are unable to heal completely; b) providing effective wound healing solutions for diabetic wounds and venous leg ulcers; c) to better understanding the wound healing mechanism with such materials which can help provide the optimum solution for wound dressing; d) to provide an improved treatment option for wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Verma
- International Graduate Program of Nanoscience and Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Manunya Okhawilai
- Metallurgy and Materials Science Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Polymeric Materials for Medical Practice Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Kheng Lim Goh
- Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK; Newcastle University in Singapore, 567739, Singapore
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, SRUC, Barony Campus, Parkgate, Dumfries DG1 3NE, United Kingdom
| | - Nangan Senthilkumar
- Metallurgy and Materials Science Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Mohit Sharma
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hiroshi Uyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Bashir SM, Ahmed Rather G, Patrício A, Haq Z, Sheikh AA, Shah MZUH, Singh H, Khan AA, Imtiyaz S, Ahmad SB, Nabi S, Rakhshan R, Hassan S, Fonte P. Chitosan Nanoparticles: A Versatile Platform for Biomedical Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15196521. [PMID: 36233864 PMCID: PMC9570720 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan is a biodegradable and biocompatible natural polymer that has been extensively explored in recent decades. The Food and Drug Administration has approved chitosan for wound treatment and nutritional use. Furthermore, chitosan has paved the way for advancements in different biomedical applications including as a nanocarrier and tissue-engineering scaffold. Its antibacterial, antioxidant, and haemostatic properties make it an excellent option for wound dressings. Because of its hydrophilic nature, chitosan is an ideal starting material for biocompatible and biodegradable hydrogels. To suit specific application demands, chitosan can be combined with fillers, such as hydroxyapatite, to modify the mechanical characteristics of pH-sensitive hydrogels. Furthermore, the cationic characteristics of chitosan have made it a popular choice for gene delivery and cancer therapy. Thus, the use of chitosan nanoparticles in developing novel drug delivery systems has received special attention. This review aims to provide an overview of chitosan-based nanoparticles, focusing on their versatile properties and different applications in biomedical sciences and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Showkeen Muzamil Bashir
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama Alusteng, Srinagar 190006, India
- Correspondence: (S.M.B.); (G.A.R.); (P.F.)
| | - Gulzar Ahmed Rather
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science & Technology (Deemed to be University), Chennai 600119, India
- Correspondence: (S.M.B.); (G.A.R.); (P.F.)
| | - Ana Patrício
- iBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Zulfiqar Haq
- ICAR-Poultry Seed Project, Division of LPM, Skuast-K 132001, India
| | - Amir Amin Sheikh
- International Institute of Veterinary Education and Research (IIVER), Bahu Akbarpur, Rohtak 124001, India
| | - Mohd Zahoor ul Haq Shah
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Bioscience, Barkatullah University, Bhopal 462026, India
| | - Hemant Singh
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Azmat Alam Khan
- ICAR-Poultry Seed Project, Division of LPM, Skuast-K 132001, India
| | - Sofi Imtiyaz
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama Alusteng, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Sheikh Bilal Ahmad
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama Alusteng, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Showket Nabi
- Large Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama Alusteng, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Rabia Rakhshan
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama Alusteng, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Saqib Hassan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Pedro Fonte
- iBB—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Center for Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Gambelas Campus, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Gambelas Campus, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Correspondence: (S.M.B.); (G.A.R.); (P.F.)
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Sahu P, Kashaw SK, Kashaw V, Shabaaz JP, Dahiya R. Synthesis and ex vivo evaluation of PLGA chitosan surface modulated double walled transdermal Pluronic nanogel for the controlled delivery of Temozolomide. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 187:742-754. [PMID: 34310997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A surface modulated biodegradable transdermal strategy has been exploited for improving the biopharmaceutical properties of Temozolomide augmented in Poly Lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) chitosan double walled nanogel (PCNGL). The PCNGL was synthesized by dual approach methodology showing consistent nanosize particle range of 210 nm and PDI 0.325 ± 0.43 with cationic zeta potential values +29.34 ± 0.79 mV. The PCNGL showed qualitative endothermic & exothermic temperature dependent degradation peaks by thermogravimetry analysis. Blood hemolysis and coagulation assay showed 3.37 ± 0.19 as hemolytic ratio, validating biologically safe margin for transdermal delivery. The in vitro drug release showed 85% transdermal release at slightly acidic pH mimicking skin microenvironment. The ex vivo studies displayed noteworthy penetration potential validated by concentration depth assay and confocal laser scanning microscopy, exhibiting 80% Temozolomide uptake in porcine epidermal tissue. The current research demonstrated the biodegradable controlled delivery of chemotherapeutic Temozolomide leading to biologically safe transdermal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Sahu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, MP, India
| | - Sushil K Kashaw
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, MP, India.
| | - Varsha Kashaw
- Sagar Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sagar, MP, India
| | - J P Shabaaz
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Bangalore University, J.B. Campus, Bangalore 5600n56, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajiv Dahiya
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
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Lino PR, Leandro J, Amaro M, Gonçalves LMD, Leandro P, Almeida AJ. In Silico and In Vitro Tailoring of a Chitosan Nanoformulation of a Human Metabolic Enzyme. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13030329. [PMID: 33806405 PMCID: PMC8000282 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzyme nanoencapsulation holds an enormous potential to develop new therapeutic approaches to a large set of human pathologies including cancer, infectious diseases and inherited metabolic disorders. However, enzyme formulation has been limited by the need to maintain the catalytic function, which is governed by protein conformation. Herein we report the rational design of a delivery system based on chitosan for effective encapsulation of a functionally and structurally complex human metabolic enzyme through ionic gelation with tripolyphosphate. The rationale was to use a mild methodology to entrap the multimeric multidomain 200 kDa human phenylalanine hydroxylase (hPAH) in a polyol-like matrix that would allow an efficient maintenance of protein structure and function, avoiding formulation stress conditions. Through an in silico and in vitro based development, the particulate system was optimized with modulation of nanomaterials protonation status, polymer, counterion and protein ratios, taking into account particle size, polydispersity index, surface charge, particle yield production, protein free energy of folding, electrostatic surface potential, charge, encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity and transmission electron microscopy morphology. Evaluation of the thermal stability, substrate binding profile, relative enzymatic activity, and substrate activation ratio of the encapsulated hPAH suggests that the formulation procedure does not affect protein stability, allowing an effective maintenance of hPAH biological function. Hence, this study provides an important framework for an enzyme formulation process.
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Cai Y, Lapitsky Y. Biomolecular uptake effects on chitosan/tripolyphosphate micro- and nanoparticle stability. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 193:111081. [PMID: 32403037 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Colloidal chitosan/tripolyphosphate (TPP) particles have attracted significant attention as potential delivery vehicles for drugs, genes and vaccines. Yet, there have been several fundamental studies that showed these particles to disintegrate at physiological pH and ionic strength levels. To reconcile these findings with the published drug, gene and vaccine delivery research where chitosan/TPP particle disintegration was not reported, it has been postulated that the particles could be stabilized by their bioactive payloads. To test this hypothesis, here we examine whether the association of chitosan/TPP particles with model anionic proteins, α-lactalbumin (α-LA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA), and polynucleotides (DNA) enhances chitosan/TPP particle stability at physiological ionic strengths, using 150 mM NaCl (pH 5.5) and 1× PBS (pH 6.0) as the dissolution media. Light scattering and UV-vis spectroscopy revealed that anionic protein uptake had no impact on particle stability, likely due to the relatively weak protein/particle binding at near-physiological ionic strengths, which caused the protein to be rapidly released. This result occurred regardless of whether the protein was loaded during or after particle formation. Conversely, DNA uptake (at least at some compositions) increased the chitosan fractions persisting in a complexed/particulate form in model dissolution media, with the DNA remaining largely complexed to the chitosan at all investigated conditions. Collectively, these findings suggest that, while most bioactive payloads do not interact with chitosan strongly enough to stabilize chitosan/TPP particles, these chitosan particles can be stabilized to dissolution through the incorporation of polyanions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Cai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Yakov Lapitsky
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States.
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Ozturk K, Arslan FB, Tavukcuoglu E, Esendagli G, Calis S. Aggregation of chitosan nanoparticles in cell culture: Reasons and resolutions. Int J Pharm 2020; 578:119119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Cai Y, Lapitsky Y. Pitfalls in analyzing release from chitosan/tripolyphosphate micro- and nanoparticles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 142:204-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mekawey AAI, El-Metwally MM. Impact of nanoencapsulated natural bioactive phenolic metabolites on chitosan nanoparticles as aflatoxins inhibitor. J Basic Microbiol 2019; 59:599-608. [PMID: 30900741 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201800481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are part of fungal secondary metabolites which become serious health, environmental, and economic problems and can cause corruption of many crops and agricultural grains that used as food and feed for human and animal. Aflatoxins mainly produce by Aspergillus spp. especially Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. The present work aimed to study the effect of nanoencapsulation of chitosan (CS) nanoparticles with two phenolic compounds 1-(2-ethyl,6-heptyl)phenol (EHP) extracted from Cuminum cyminum and 5-ethyl-2-(methoxymethyl)phenol (EMMP) extracted from black pepper on growth and aflatoxins production of A. flavus and A. parasiticus. A. flavus growth was completely inhibited by 0.6 mg/ml of EHP and EMMP as well as A. parasiticus which showed the same minimal inhibition concentration with the first compound and 0.8 mg/ml with the second one. CS nanoparticles inhibited the growth of the tested organisms more than CS especially with A. parasiticus and this potency became much better when nanoencapsulated with the two extracted phenolic compounds. In inhibition of aflatoxins production, EHP reduced the production of aflatoxin B1 and B2 of A. flavus by 68.6% and 69.7%, respectively. In the same manner EMMP reduce the production of the two toxins by 87.3% and 82.6%, respectively. The reduction effect of CS nanoparticles is much more than that of CS as it record in most cases about twofold increase. Nanoencapsulation of CS nanoparticles by the extracted phenolic compounds is much more effective with complete inhibition of aflatoxin B1 of both fungi and aflatoxin G1 of A. parasiticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal A I Mekawey
- Fungal Identification Unit, The Regional Center of Mycology and Biotechnology, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammad M El-Metwally
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
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Chiesa E, Dorati R, Conti B, Modena T, Cova E, Meloni F, Genta I. Hyaluronic Acid-Decorated Chitosan Nanoparticles for CD44-Targeted Delivery of Everolimus. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082310. [PMID: 30087241 PMCID: PMC6121415 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), caused by lung allograft-derived mesenchymal cells' abnormal proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition, is the main cause of lung allograft rejection. In this study, a mild one-step ionotropic gelation method was set up to nanoencapsulate the everolimus, a key molecule in allograft organ rejection prevention, into hyaluronic acid-decorated chitosan-based nanoparticles. Rationale was the selective delivery of everolimus into lung allograft-derived mesenchymal cells; these cells are characterized by the CD44-overexpressing feature, and hyaluronic acid has proven to be a natural selective CD44-targeting moiety. The optimal process conditions were established by a design of experiment approach (full factorial design) aiming at the control of the nanoparticle size (≤200 nm), minimizing the size polydispersity (PDI 0.171 ± 0.04), and at the negative ζ potential maximization (-30.9 mV). The everolimus was successfully loaded into hyaluronic acid-decorated chitosan-based nanoparticles (95.94 ± 13.68 μg/100 mg nanoparticles) and in vitro released in 24 h. The hyaluronic acid decoration on the nanoparticles provided targetability to CD44-overexpressing mesenchymal cells isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage of BOS-affected patients. The mesenchymal cells' growth tests along with the nanoparticles uptake studies, at 37 °C and 4 °C, respectively, demonstrated a clear improvement of everolimus inhibitory activity when it is encapsulated in hyaluronic acid-decorated chitosan-based nanoparticles, ascribable to their active uptake mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Chiesa
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Rossella Dorati
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Bice Conti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Modena
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Cova
- Clinica di Malattie del Apparato Respiratorio, IRCCS Fondazione S. Matteo, via Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Federica Meloni
- Clinica di Malattie del Apparato Respiratorio, IRCCS Fondazione S. Matteo, via Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Pneumology Unit, University of Pavia, Viale Golgi, 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Ida Genta
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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Sawtarie N, Cai Y, Lapitsky Y. Preparation of chitosan/tripolyphosphate nanoparticles with highly tunable size and low polydispersity. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 157:110-117. [PMID: 28578269 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles prepared through the ionotropic gelation of chitosan with tripolyphosphate (TPP) have been extensively studied as vehicles for drug and gene delivery. Though a number of these works have focused on preparing particles with narrow size distributions, the monodisperse particles produced by these methods have been limited to narrow size ranges (where the average particle size was not varied by more than twofold). Here we show how, by tuning the NaCl concentration in the parent chitosan and TPP solutions, low-polydispersity particles with z-average diameters ranging between roughly 100 and 900nm can be prepared. Further, we explore how the size of these particles depends on the method by which the TPP is mixed into the chitosan solution, specifically comparing: (1) single-shot mixing; (2) dropwise addition; and (3) a dilution technique, where chitosan and TPP are codissolved at a high (gelation-inhibiting) ionic strength and then diluted to lower ionic strengths to trigger gelation. Though the particle size increases sigmoidally with the NaCl concentration for all three mixing methods, the dilution method delivers the most uniform/gradual size increase - i.e., it provides the most precise control. Also investigated are the effects of mixture composition and mixing procedure on the particle yield. These reveal the particle yield to increase with the chitosan/TPP concentration, decrease with the NaCl concentration, and vary only weakly with the mixing protocol; thus, at elevated NaCl concentrations, it may be beneficial to increase chitosan and TPP concentrations to ensure high particle yields. Finally, possible pitfalls of the salt-assisted size control strategy (and their solutions) are discussed. Taken together, these findings provide a simple and reliable method for extensively tuning chitosan/TPP particle size while maintaining narrow size distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Sawtarie
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, United States
| | - Yuhang Cai
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, United States
| | - Yakov Lapitsky
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, United States; School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, United States.
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Analysis of chitosan/tripolyphosphate micro- and nanogel yields is key to understanding their protein uptake performance. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 494:242-254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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On the kinetics of chitosan/tripolyphosphate micro- and nanogel aggregation and their effects on particle polydispersity. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 486:27-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Lepeltier E, Loretz B, Desmaële D, Zapp J, Herrmann J, Couvreur P, Lehr CM. Squalenoylation of Chitosan: A Platform for Drug Delivery? Biomacromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Lepeltier
- Drug
Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland
(HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Brigitta Loretz
- Drug
Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland
(HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Didier Desmaële
- Faculté
de Pharmacie, Institut Galien Paris Sud, Université Paris Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Paris 92296, France
| | - Josef Zapp
- Institut
für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Jennifer Herrmann
- Microbial
Natural Products, Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research
Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Patrick Couvreur
- Faculté
de Pharmacie, Institut Galien Paris Sud, Université Paris Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Paris 92296, France
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Drug
Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland
(HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
- Department
of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
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16
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Malatesta M, Grecchi S, Chiesa E, Cisterna B, Costanzo M, Zancanaro C. Internalized chitosan nanoparticles persist for long time in cultured cells. Eur J Histochem 2015; 59:2492. [PMID: 25820565 PMCID: PMC4378219 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2015.2492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan-based nanoparticles (chiNPs) are considered to be potentially good carriers for the sustained intracellular delivery of specific molecules. However, scarce attention has been paid to the long-lasting permanence of these NPs in the intracellular milieu, as well as to their intracellular fate (i.e., distribution, interaction with cell organelles, and degradation) in the long term. In the present study, the presence and subcellular location of FITC-labelled chiNPs were monitored in HeLa cells up to 14 days post-administration using multicolorfluorescence confocal microscopy and diaminobenzidine photo-oxidation at transmission electron microscopy. The main result of the present study is the demonstration that internalized chiNPs persist inside the cell up to two weeks, occurring in both the cytoplasm and nucleus; accordingly, chiNPs are able to pass from mother to daughter cells through several mitotic cycles. The cells did not show increased mortality or structural damage up to 14 days after chiNP exposure.
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Huang Y, Cai Y, Lapitsky Y. Factors affecting the stability of chitosan/tripolyphosphate micro- and nanogels: resolving the opposing findings. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:5957-5970. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00431d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The stability of submicron chitosan/tripolyphosphate particles depends on the chitosan type, pH, ionic strength and particle concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- University of Toledo
- Toledo
- USA
| | - Yuhang Cai
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- University of Toledo
- Toledo
- USA
| | - Yakov Lapitsky
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- University of Toledo
- Toledo
- USA
- School of Green Chemistry and Engineering
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18
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Ionically crosslinked polyelectrolyte nanocarriers: Recent advances and open problems. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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19
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Malatesta M, Galimberti V, Cisterna B, Costanzo M, Biggiogera M, Zancanaro C. Chitosan nanoparticles are efficient carriers for delivering biodegradable drugs to neuronal cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2013; 141:551-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-013-1175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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20
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Formation and dissolution of chitosan/pyrophosphate nanoparticles: is the ionic crosslinking of chitosan reversible? Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 115:100-8. [PMID: 24333908 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ionically crosslinked chitosan particles with submicron dimensions attract widespread interest as materials for controlled release. To this end, we have examined the formation and dissolution of nanoparticles prepared by crosslinking chitosan with pyrophosphate (PPi). The formation of these particles required a critical PPi concentration (which increased with the chitosan concentration), and their z-average hydrodynamic diameters could be predictably tuned from roughly 60 to 220 nm by varying the concentration of the parent chitosan solutions. Unlike the nanoparticles crosslinked with the commonly used tripolyphosphate (TPP), which coagulated and precipitated when TPP was in excess, the chitosan/PPi nanoparticles remained colloidally stable even at high PPi concentrations. Moreover, the analysis of their dissolution revealed hysteresis in the particle formation/dissolution cycle, where portions of the crosslinked chitosan/PPi complexes remained stably intact at PPi concentrations below those required for their formation. This irreversible behavior was surmised to reflect the cooperativity of chitosan/PPi binding and was qualitatively modeled using the Bragg-Williams theory.
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21
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Colonna C, Dorati R, Conti B, Caliceti P, Genta I. Sub-unit vaccine against S. aureus-mediated infections: Set-up of nano-sized polymeric adjuvant. Int J Pharm 2013; 452:390-401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Pastor M, Esquisabel A, Pedraz JL. Biomedical applications of immobilized enzymes: an update. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1051:285-99. [PMID: 23934812 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-550-7_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Immobilized enzymes have been widely studied during the last few decades. Biocatalyst systems may work as biosensors or may be used for the treatment of different diseases. This chapter presents different attempts to immobilize enzymes in the biomedical field, particularly the use of prolidase and superoxide dismutase as two examples of this approach. Although this chapter focuses on liposomes and nanoparticles for the entrapment of these enzymes, the methods detailed here could be adapted for the immobilization of other enzymes with therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pastor
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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23
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Huang Y, Lapitsky Y. Salt-Assisted Mechanistic Analysis of Chitosan/Tripolyphosphate Micro- and Nanogel Formation. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:3868-76. [DOI: 10.1021/bm3014236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Department of Chemical
and Environmental
Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo,
Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Yakov Lapitsky
- Department of Chemical
and Environmental
Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo,
Ohio 43606, United States
- School of Green Chemistry and
Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo,
Ohio 43606, United States
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24
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Kitchener RL, Grunden AM. Prolidase function in proline metabolism and its medical and biotechnological applications. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 113:233-47. [PMID: 22512465 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05310.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prolidase is a multifunctional enzyme that possesses the unique ability to degrade imidodipeptides in which a proline or hydroxyproline residue is located at the C-terminal end. Prolidases have been isolated from archaea and bacteria, where they are thought to participate in proline recycling. In mammalian species, prolidases are found in the cytoplasm and function primarily to liberate proline in the final stage of protein catabolism, particularly during the biosynthesis and degradation of collagen. Collagen comprises nearly one-third of the total protein in the body, and it is essential in maintaining tissue structure and integrity. Prolidase deficiency (PD), a rare autosomal recessive disorder in which mutations in the PEPD gene affect prolidase functionality, tends to have serious and sometimes life-threatening clinical symptoms. Recombinant prolidases have many applications and have been investigated not only as a possible treatment for PD, but also as a part of anti-cancer strategies, a component of biodecontamination cocktails and in the dairy industry. This review will serve to discuss the many in vivo functions of procaryotic and eucaryotic prolidases, as well as the most recent advances in therapeutic and biotechnological application of prolidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Kitchener
- Department of Microbiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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25
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Malatesta M, Giagnacovo M, Costanzo M, Conti B, Genta I, Dorati R, Galimberti V, Biggiogera M, Zancanaro C. Diaminobenzidine photoconversion is a suitable tool for tracking the intracellular location of fluorescently labelled nanoparticles at transmission electron microscopy. Eur J Histochem 2012; 56:e20. [PMID: 22688301 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2012.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan-based nanoparticles (NPs) deserve particular attention as suitable drug carriers in the field of pharmaceutics, since they are able to protect the encapsulated drugs and/or improve their efficacy by making them able to cross biological barriers (such as the blood-brain barrier) and reach their intracellular target sites. Understanding the intracellular location of NPs is crucial for designing drug delivery strategies. In this study, fluorescently-labelled chitosan NPs were administered in vitro to a neuronal cell line, and diaminobenzidine (DAB) photoconversion was applied to correlate fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy to precisely describe the NPs intracellular fate. This technique allowed to demonstrate that chitosan NPs easily enter neuronal cells, predominantly by endocytosis; they were found both inside membrane-bounded vesicles and free in the cytosol, and were observed to accumulate around the cell nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Malatesta
- Department of Neurological, Neuropsychological, Morphological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy.
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26
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Costante M, Biggemann L, Alamneh Y, Soojhawon I, Short R, Nigam S, Garcia G, Doctor BP, Valiyaveettil M, Nambiar MP. Hydrolysis potential of recombinant human skin and kidney prolidase against diisopropylfluorophosphate and sarin by in vitro analysis. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 26:182-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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27
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Colonna C, Dorati R, Conti B, Modena T, Biggiogera M, Spedito A, Genta I. Induction of an in vitro reversible hypometabolism through chitosan-based nanoparticles. J Microencapsul 2011; 28:229-39. [PMID: 21545314 DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2011.557746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chitosan-based nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared to promote intracellular sustained delivery of the synthetic delta opioid D-Ala(2)-D-Leu(5)-enkephalin (DADLE), prolonging peptide activity and inducing a safe and reversible hypometabolic state. MATERIALS AND METHODS NPs were prepared by combining ionotropic gelation and ultrasonication treatment. NP uptake studies and the effects of encapsulated DADLE on HeLa cells proliferation were tested by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, by immuno-fluorescence and immuno-cytochemistry. RESULTS DADLE-loaded NPs are produced with suitable characteristics, a satisfactory process yield (55.4% ± 2.4%) and encapsulation efficiency (64.6% ± 2.1%). NPs are effective in inducing a hypometabolic stasis at a 10(-4) M DADLE concentration. Moreover, as seen from the immunofluorescence study, the effect persists through the recovery period (72 h). Indeed, NPs labelled by anti-enkephalin antibody inside cell nucleus reassert that the in vivo release of the peptide can be prolonged with respect to the case of free peptide supply. CONCLUSION The nanoparticulate drug delivery system described seems to be effective in inducing and prolonging a sort of hibernation-like state in the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Colonna
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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28
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Ulery BD, Nair LS, Laurencin CT. Biomedical Applications of Biodegradable Polymers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE. PART B, POLYMER PHYSICS 2011; 49:832-864. [PMID: 21769165 PMCID: PMC3136871 DOI: 10.1002/polb.22259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1185] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Utilization of polymers as biomaterials has greatly impacted the advancement of modern medicine. Specifically, polymeric biomaterials that are biodegradable provide the significant advantage of being able to be broken down and removed after they have served their function. Applications are wide ranging with degradable polymers being used clinically as surgical sutures and implants. In order to fit functional demand, materials with desired physical, chemical, biological, biomechanical and degradation properties must be selected. Fortunately, a wide range of natural and synthetic degradable polymers has been investigated for biomedical applications with novel materials constantly being developed to meet new challenges. This review summarizes the most recent advances in the field over the past 4 years, specifically highlighting new and interesting discoveries in tissue engineering and drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bret D. Ulery
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New England Musculoskeletal Institute, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
- Institute of Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - Lakshmi S. Nair
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New England Musculoskeletal Institute, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
- Institute of Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
- Department of Chemical, Materials & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268
| | - Cato T. Laurencin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New England Musculoskeletal Institute, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
- Institute of Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
- Department of Chemical, Materials & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268
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30
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31
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Rafat M, Cléroux CA, Fong WG, Baker AN, Leonard BC, O'Connor MD, Tsilfidis C. PEG-PLA microparticles for encapsulation and delivery of Tat-EGFP to retinal cells. Biomaterials 2010; 31:3414-21. [PMID: 20149443 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The efficient and controlled delivery of genes and proteins to retinal cells remains a challenge. In this study, we evaluated polyethylene glycol-polylactic acid (PEG-PLA) microparticles for encapsulation and delivery of a Transactivator of transcription-enhanced green fluorescent protein fusion (Tat-EGFP) to retinal cells. Our main objective was to develop a microparticle system that delivers Tat-EGFP with an initial rapid release (within 24 h) followed by a sustained release. We prepared four different formulations of Tat-EGFP encapsulated PEG-PLA particles to investigate the effects of protein and polymer concentrations on particle morphology and protein release, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fluorometry techniques. The optimum formulation was selected based on higher protein release, and smaller particle size. The optimum formulation was then tested in vitro for cell biocompatibility and protein internalization, and in vivo for cellular toxicity following sub-retinal injections into rat eyes. The results suggest that PEG-PLA microparticles can deliver proteins in cell culture allowing protein internalization in as little as 1 h. In vivo, protein was shown to localize within the photoreceptor layer of the retina, and persist for at least 9 weeks with no observed toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Rafat
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa Hospital, General Division, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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32
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Pignatello R, Basile L, Puglisi G. Chitosan glutamate hydrogels with local anesthetic activity for buccal application. Drug Deliv 2009; 16:176-81. [PMID: 19514978 DOI: 10.1080/10717540902861267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels for the buccal application of the anesthetic drug lidocaine hydrochloride (LDC) were prepared using chitosan glutamate (CHG), a soluble salt of chitosan, or a binary mixture of CHG and glycerin, at different weight ratios. The in vitro drug release was studied at the pH value of saliva to assess the effect of the different formulations on drug delivery. The anesthetic activity of mucoadhesive LDC-CHG hydrogels was assessed in vivo after application on the buccal mucosa, compared to commercial semisolid formulations containing the same drug. LDC-loaded hydrogels can be proposed for the symptom relief of aphthosis or other painful mouth diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pignatello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, viale A. Doria, 6, Catania I-95125, Italy.
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Maculotti K, Tira EM, Sonaggere M, Perugini P, Conti B, Modena T, Pavanetto F. In vitroevaluation of chondroitin sulphate-chitosan microspheres as carrier for the delivery of proteins. J Microencapsul 2009; 26:535-43. [DOI: 10.1080/02652040802485725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Theriot CM, Tove SR, Grunden AM. Biotechnological applications of recombinant microbial prolidases. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2009; 68:99-132. [PMID: 19426854 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(09)01203-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Prolidase is a metallopeptidase that is ubiquitous in nature and has been isolated from mammals, bacteria and archaea. Prolidase specifically hydrolyzes dipeptides with a prolyl residue in the carboxy terminus (NH(2)-X-/-Pro-COOH). Currently, the only solved structure of prolidase is from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. This enzyme is of particular interest because it can be used in many biotechnological applications. Prolidase is able to degrade toxic organophosphorus (OP) compounds, namely, by cleaving the P-F and P-O bonds in the nerve agents, sarin and soman. Applications using prolidase to detoxify OP nerve agents include its incorporation into fire-fighting foams and as biosensors for OP compound detection. Prolidases are also employed in the cheese-ripening process to improve cheese taste and texture. In humans, prolidase deficiency (PD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that affects the connective tissue. Symptoms of PD include skin lesions, mental retardation and recurrent respiratory infections. Enzyme replacement therapies are currently being studied in an effort to optimize enzyme delivery and stability for this application. Previously, prolidase has been linked to collagen metabolism and more recently is being associated with melanoma. Increased prolidase activity in melanoma cell lines has lead investigators to create cancer prodrugs targeting this enzyme. Thus, there are many biotechnological applications using recombinant and native forms of prolidase and this review will describe the biochemical and structural properties of prolidases as well as discuss their most current applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey M Theriot
- Department of Microbiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7615, USA
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Davidenko N, Blanco MD, Peniche C, Becherán L, Guerrero S, Teijón JM. Effects of different parameters on the characteristics of chitosan-poly(acrylic acid) nanoparticles obtained by the method of coacervation. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.29231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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36
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Site-directed PEGylation as successful approach to improve the enzyme replacement in the case of prolidase. Int J Pharm 2008; 358:230-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Revised: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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