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Santos ANB, Santos DJD, Carastan DJ. Microencapsulation of reactive isocyanates for application in self-healing materials: a review. J Microencapsul 2021; 38:338-356. [PMID: 33938373 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2021.1921068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Microencapsulation of curing agents is a major strategy for the development of self-healing polymers. Isocyanates are among the most promising compounds for the development of one-part, catalyst free, self-healing materials, but their microencapsulation is challenging due to their high reactivity. To keep the healing agent intact in the liquid state and containing free-NCO groups, the monitoring of several synthesis parameters is essential. This review aims to summarise the outcomes in the microencapsulation of isocyanates, emphasising the efforts reported in the literature to modulate the microcapsule properties. In this regard, the main synthesis procedures are presented, followed by the most relevant characterisation methods used to assess microcapsule properties. The correlation between these properties and synthesis parameters is also discussed, and finally the main potential and challenges for industrial applications are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N B Santos
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Graduate Program (PPG-Nano), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, Brazil
| | - Demetrio J Dos Santos
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Graduate Program (PPG-Nano), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, Brazil.,Material Science and Engineering Graduate Program (PPG-CEM), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, Brazil
| | - Danilo J Carastan
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Graduate Program (PPG-Nano), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, Brazil.,Material Science and Engineering Graduate Program (PPG-CEM), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, Brazil
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Costa M, Pinho I, Loureiro MV, Marques AC, Simões CL, Simoes R. Optimization of a microfluidic process to encapsulate isocyanate for autoreactive and ecological adhesives. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03690-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Du G, Hu J, Zhou J, Wang G, Guan S, Liu H, Geng M, Lü C, Ming Y, Qu J. The study on the mechanical properties of PU/MF double shell self-healing microcapsules. Chin J Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Attaei M, Vale M, Shakoor A, Kahraman R, Montemor MF, Marques AC. Hybrid shell microcapsules containing isophorone diisocyanate with high thermal and chemical stability for autonomous self‐healing of epoxy coatings. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahboobeh Attaei
- Centro de Química Estrutural‐CQE, DEQ, Instituto Superior TécnicoUniversidade de Lisboa, Avenue Rovisco Pais Lisbon 1049‐001 Portugal
| | - Mário Vale
- CERENA, DEQ, Instituto Superior TécnicoUniversidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais Lisbon 1049‐001 Portugal
| | | | | | - M. Fátima Montemor
- Centro de Química Estrutural‐CQE, DEQ, Instituto Superior TécnicoUniversidade de Lisboa, Avenue Rovisco Pais Lisbon 1049‐001 Portugal
| | - Ana C. Marques
- CERENA, DEQ, Instituto Superior TécnicoUniversidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais Lisbon 1049‐001 Portugal
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Song Y, Chen KF, Wang JJ, Liu Y, Qi T, Li GL. Synthesis of Polyurethane/Poly(urea-formaldehyde) Double-shelled Microcapsules for Self-healing Anticorrosion Coatings. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-019-2317-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Yan X, Wang Y, Liu H, Li R, Qian C. Synthesis and Characterization of Melamine-Formaldehyde Microcapsules Containing Pyraclostrobin by In situ Polymerization. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s156009041806012x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Isophorone Diisocyanate (IPDI) Microencapsulation for Mono-Component Adhesives: Effect of the Active H and NCO Sources. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10080825. [PMID: 30960750 PMCID: PMC6403942 DOI: 10.3390/polym10080825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyurea/polyurethane (PUa/PU) shell microcapsules (MCs), containing high loadings of isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) in the core, were developed to enable the production of mono-component, eco-friendly and safer adhesive formulations for the footwear industry. IPDI microencapsulation was obtained via oil⁻in⁻water (O/W) microemulsion combined with interfacial polymerization. A methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) compound (a commercial blend of monomeric and polymeric species), with higher reactivity than IPDI and low viscosity, was added to the O phase to competitively contribute to the shell formation, improving its quality. Four different active H sources were tested, aimed at achieving a high encapsulation yield. The successful encapsulation of IPDI was confirmed by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), while the MCs' morphology and size distribution were assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The incorporation of a multifunctional isocyanate silane in the O phase, as "latent" active H source, led to the formation of impermeable PUa/PU-silica hybrid shell MCs with more than 60 wt.% of pure encapsulated IPDI. A proof-of-concept study shows high peeling strength and a structural type of failure of the adhesive joint, revealing an effective IPDI release. These new engineered MCs are found to be promising crosslinkers for mono-component adhesives for high demanding applications.
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Hu J, Zhang X, Qu J. Investigation on the mechanical properties of polyurea (PU)/melamine formaldehyde (MF) microcapsules prepared with different chain extenders. J Microencapsul 2018; 35:219-228. [PMID: 29630422 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2018.1462414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
There is lack of understanding on controlling of mechanical properties of moisture-curing PU/MF microcapsules which limited its further application. PU/MF microcapsules containing a core of isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) were prepared with different chain extenders, polyetheramine D400, H2O, triethylenetetramine and polyetheramine (PEA) D230 by following a two-step synthesis method in this study. Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy, Malvern particle sizing, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). And micromanipulation technique was used to identify chemical bonds in the shell, size distributions, structure, thickness, and mechanical properties of microcapsules. The results show that PU/MF microcapsules were successfully prepared. Tr increased from 46.4 ± 13.9 N/m to 75.8 ± 23.3 N/m when extender changed from D400 to D230. And the Tr increased from 51.3 ± 14.1 to 94.8 ± 17.5 N/m when the swelling time increased from 1 to 3h. Morphologies of the shell were utilised to understand the mechanism of reactions in forming the shell materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Hu
- a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , PR China
| | - Xiaotong Zhang
- b School of Chemical Engineering , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham , UK
| | - Jinqing Qu
- a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , PR China
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Hu J, Zhang X, Qu J, Wen Y, Sun W. Synthesis, Characterizations and Mechanical Properties of Microcapsules with Dual Shell of Polyurethane (PU)/Melamine Formaldehyde (MF): Effect of Different Chain Extenders. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b04973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Xiaotong Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Jinqing Qu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Yuliang Wen
- Guangzhou Goaland Energy Conservation Tech Co., Ltd, Luogang District, Guangzhou 510663, P.R. China
| | - Weifu Sun
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K
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Çakir S, Bauters E, Rivero G, Parasote T, Paul J, Du Prez FE. High-Throughput Platform for Synthesis of Melamine-Formaldehyde Microcapsules. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2017; 19:447-454. [PMID: 28574702 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.7b00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of microcapsules via in situ polymerization is a labor-intensive and time-consuming process, where many composition and process factors affect the microcapsule formation and its morphology. Herein, we report a novel combinatorial technique for the preparation of melamine-formaldehyde microcapsules, using a custom-made and automated high-throughput platform (HTP). After performing validation experiments for ensuring the accuracy and reproducibility of the novel platform, a design of experiment study was performed. The influence of different encapsulation parameters was investigated, such as the effect of the surfactant, surfactant type, surfactant concentration and core/shell ratio. As a result, this HTP-platform is suitable to be used for the synthesis of different types of microcapsules in an automated and controlled way, allowing the screening of different reaction parameters in a shorter time compared to the manual synthetic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Çakir
- Polymer
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular
Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Erwin Bauters
- FLAMAC, A division of SIM, Technologiepark
903A, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Guadalupe Rivero
- Polymer
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular
Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA), J.B. Justo 4302, B7608FDQ, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Tom Parasote
- FLAMAC, A division of SIM, Technologiepark
903A, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Johan Paul
- FLAMAC, A division of SIM, Technologiepark
903A, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Filip E. Du Prez
- Polymer
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular
Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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