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Zhong C, Nidetzky B. Bottom-Up Synthesized Glucan Materials: Opportunities from Applied Biocatalysis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2400436. [PMID: 38514194 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Linear d-glucans are natural polysaccharides of simple chemical structure. They are comprised of d-glucosyl units linked by a single type of glycosidic bond. Noncovalent interactions within, and between, the d-glucan chains give rise to a broad variety of macromolecular nanostructures that can assemble into crystalline-organized materials of tunable morphology. Structure design and functionalization of d-glucans for diverse material applications largely relies on top-down processing and chemical derivatization of naturally derived starting materials. The top-down approach encounters critical limitations in efficiency, selectivity, and flexibility. Bottom-up approaches of d-glucan synthesis offer different, and often more precise, ways of polymer structure control and provide means of functional diversification widely inaccessible to top-down routes of polysaccharide material processing. Here the natural and engineered enzymes (glycosyltransferases, glycoside hydrolases and phosphorylases, glycosynthases) for d-glucan polymerization are described and the use of applied biocatalysis for the bottom-up assembly of specific d-glucan structures is shown. Advanced material applications of the resulting polymeric products are further shown and their important role in the development of sustainable macromolecular materials in a bio-based circular economy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhong
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, Graz, 8010, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Krenngasse 37, Graz, 8010, Austria
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Zhou J, Schutzman R, Shi NQ, Ackermann R, Olsen K, Wang Y, Schwendeman SP. Influence of encapsulation variables on formation of leuprolide-loaded PLGA microspheres. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 636:401-412. [PMID: 36640551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.11.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Emulsion-based solvent evaporation microencapsulation methods for producing PLGA microspheres are complex often leading to empirical optimization. This study aimed to develop a more detailed understanding of the effects of process variables on the complex emulsification processes during encapsulation of leuprolide in PLGA microspheres using a high-shear rotor-stator mixer. Following extensive analysis of previously developed formulation conditions that yield microspheres of equivalent composition to the commercial 1-month Lupron Depot, multiple variables during the formation of primary and secondary emulsion were investigated with the aid of dimensional analysis, including: rotor speed (ω) and time (t), dispersed phase fraction (Φ) and continuous phase viscosity (µc). The dimensionless Sauter mean diameter (d3,2) of primary emulsion was observed to be proportional to the product of several key dimensionless groups (Φ1,We,Re,ω1t1) raised to the appropriate power indices. A new dimensionless group (Θ ) (surface energy/energy input) was used to rationalize insertion of a proportionate time dependence in the scaling of the d3,2. The dimensionless d3,2 of secondary emulsion was found proportional to the product of three dimensionless groups ( [Formula: see text] ) raised to the appropriate power indices. The increased viscosity of the primary emulsion, decreased secondary water phase volume and reduced second homogenization time each elevated encapsulation efficiency of peptide by reducing drug leakage to the outer water phase. These results could be useful for dimensional analysis and improving manufacturing of PLGA microspheres by the solvent evaporation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Richard Schutzman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nian-Qiu Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, Jilin Province, China
| | - Rose Ackermann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Karl Olsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Steven P Schwendeman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Blvd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Hu Q, Lu Y, Luo Y. Recent advances in dextran-based drug delivery systems: From fabrication strategies to applications. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 264:117999. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Nikpour P, Salimi-Kenari H, Fahimipour F, Rabiee SM, Imani M, Dashtimoghadam E, Tayebi L. Dextran hydrogels incorporated with bioactive glass-ceramic: Nanocomposite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 190:281-294. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.02.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Farshbaf M, Davaran S, Zarebkohan A, Annabi N, Akbarzadeh A, Salehi R. Significant role of cationic polymers in drug delivery systems. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 46:1872-1891. [PMID: 29103306 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1395344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cationic polymers are characterized as the macromolecules that possess positive charges, which can be either inherently in the polymer side chains and/or its backbone. Based on their origins, cationic polymers are divided in two category including natural and synthetic, in which the possessed positive charges are as result of primary, secondary or tertiary amine functional groups that could be protonated in particular situations. Cationic polymers have been employed commonly as drug delivery agents due to their superior encapsulation efficacy, enhanced bioavailability, low toxicity and improved release profile. In this paper, we focus on the most prominent examples of cationic polymers which have been revealed to be applicable in drug delivery systems and we also discuss their general synthesis and surface modification methods as well as their controlled release profile in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Farshbaf
- a Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science , Tabriz University of Medical Science , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Soodabeh Davaran
- b Research Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology , Tabriz University of Medical Science , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Amir Zarebkohan
- a Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science , Tabriz University of Medical Science , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Nasim Annabi
- c Biomaterials Innovation Research Centre , Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Cambridge , MA , USA.,d Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA.,e Department of Chemical Engineering , Northeastern University , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Abolfazl Akbarzadeh
- a Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science , Tabriz University of Medical Science , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Roya Salehi
- f Drug Applied Research Centre and Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science , Tabriz University of Medical Science , Tabriz , Iran
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Sheikholeslami ZS, Salimi-Kenari H, Imani M, Atai M, Nodehi A. Exploring the effect of formulation parameters on the particle size of carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles prepared via reverse micellar crosslinking. J Microencapsul 2017; 34:270-279. [DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2017.1321047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamed Salimi-Kenari
- Faculty of Engineering & Technology, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Mohammad Imani
- Novel Drug Delivery Systems Department, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Atai
- Polymer Science Department, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azizollah Nodehi
- Process Modeling and Control Department, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran
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