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Zong W, Shao X, Li J, Cai Z, Zhang X. Towards a biomimetic cellular structure and physical morphology with liposome-encapsulated agarose sol systems. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130418. [PMID: 38412936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The cytoplasm, serving as the primary hub of cellular metabolism, stands as a pivotal cornerstone for the harmonious progression of life. The ideal artificial cell should not only have a biomembrane structure system similar to that of a cell and the function of carrying genetic information, but also should have an intracellular environment. In this pursuit, we employed a method involving the incorporation of glycerol into agarose, resulting in the formation of agarose-glycerol mixed sol (AGs). This dynamic sol exhibited fluidic properties at ambient temperature, closely mimicking the viscosity of authentic cytoplasm. Harnessing the electroformation technique, AGs was encapsulated within liposomes, enabling the efficient creation of artificial cells that closely resembled native cellular dimensions through meticulous parameter adjustments of the alternating current (AC) field. Subsequently, artificial cells harboring AGs were subjected to diverse electrolyte and non-electrolyte solutions, enabling a comprehensive exploration of their deformation phenomena, encompassing both inward and outward budding. This study represents a significant stride forward in addressing one of the most fundamental challenges in the construction of artificial cytoplasm. It is our fervent aspiration that this work shall offer invaluable insights and guidance for future endeavors in the realm of artificial cell construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China; Heilongjiang Industrial Hemp Processing Technology Innovation Center, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Xiaotong Shao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China; Heilongjiang Industrial Hemp Processing Technology Innovation Center, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Zhenzhen Cai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Xunan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China; Heilongjiang Industrial Hemp Processing Technology Innovation Center, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China.
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2
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Aneja P, Negi P, Aneja S, Garad SR, Kumar S. Formulation optimization of pH-sensitive liposomes based drug delivery of Carboplatin and anti-proliferative evaluation against A549 (human lung carcinoma) cell lines. MAIN GROUP CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.3233/mgc-220078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The developments of pH–sensitive liposomes which are stable at physiological pH i.e. (6.8–7.4) have not explored much up until now. These lipid vesicles will go through destabilization and attain fusogenic properties in acidic conditions leading to liberation of aqueous contents. Carboplatin, included in the family of alkylating agent was found to exhibit adverse effects like myelo suppression, ion thrombocytopenia and leucopenia. Therefore, in order to circumvent these effects, carboplatin pH-sensitive liposomes for specific delivery is the ideal criteria and it poses a great challenge since the water-soluble drugs exhibited very low entrapment efficiency. The essential portion of study was evaluated using the Design Expert software 8. The pH-sensitive liposomes were optimized using Central composite design and one factor Response surface model design method and were prepared by film hydration method. Two formulation variables like drug: lipid ratio (X1) and volume of hydration media (X2) used to vary at three different levels and the other three variables viz. temperature, speed of rotation and vacuum applied were kept constant. The Response surface and contour plots were figured to elicit the effects of interaction of variables on the overall entrapment efficiency. pH-sensitive liposomes of carboplatin have been regarded as a promising delivery systematic approach in order to target tumor tissue as evaluated by the pre-clinical studies in both in vitro and ex-vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Aneja
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Abhilashi College of Pharmacy, Nerchowk, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Prabhat Negi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Abhilashi College of Pharmacy, Nerchowk, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Shivali Aneja
- Department of Microbiology, Shoolini University Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | | | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, J.C. Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, Faridabad, Haryana, India
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Liu Y, Yang G, Hui Y, Ranaweera S, Zhao CX. Microfluidic Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2106580. [PMID: 35396770 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202106580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted tremendous interest in drug delivery in the past decades. Microfluidics offers a promising strategy for making NPs for drug delivery due to its capability in precisely controlling NP properties. The recent success of mRNA vaccines using microfluidics represents a big milestone for microfluidic NPs for pharmaceutical applications, and its rapid scaling up demonstrates the feasibility of using microfluidics for industrial-scale manufacturing. This article provides a critical review of recent progress in microfluidic NPs for drug delivery. First, the synthesis of organic NPs using microfluidics focusing on typical microfluidic methods and their applications in making popular and clinically relevant NPs, such as liposomes, lipid NPs, and polymer NPs, as well as their synthesis mechanisms are summarized. Then, the microfluidic synthesis of several representative inorganic NPs (e.g., silica, metal, metal oxide, and quantum dots), and hybrid NPs is discussed. Lastly, the applications of microfluidic NPs for various drug delivery applications are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Guangze Yang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Yue Hui
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
| | - Supun Ranaweera
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Chun-Xia Zhao
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
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Zhang M, Zhang Y, Mu W, Dong M, Han X. In Situ Synthesis of Lipid Analogues Leading to Artificial Cell Growth and Division. CHEMSYSTEMSCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/syst.202200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingrui Zhang
- Harbin Institute of Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Ying Zhang
- Heilongjiang Institute of Technology College of Materials and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Wei Mu
- Harbin Institute of Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Mingdong Dong
- Aarhus Universitet Interdisciplinary Nanosci Ctr iNANO DENMARK
| | - Xiaojun Han
- Harbin Institute of Technology School of Chemical Engineering and Technology No.92, West Da-Zhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China 150001 harbin CHINA
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Zhang X, Shao X, Cai Z, Yan X, Zong W. The fabrication of phospholipid vesicle-based artificial cells and their functions. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05538g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipid vesicles as artificial cells are used to simulate the cellular structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qiqihar University
- Qiqihar
- China
| | - Xiaotong Shao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qiqihar University
- Qiqihar
- China
| | - Zhenzhen Cai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qiqihar University
- Qiqihar
- China
| | - Xinyu Yan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qiqihar University
- Qiqihar
- China
| | - Wei Zong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qiqihar University
- Qiqihar
- China
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Chang HY, Tsai HC, Sheng YJ, Tsao HK. Floating and Diving Loops of ABA Triblock Copolymers in Lipid Bilayers and Stability Enhancement for Asymmetric Membranes. Biomacromolecules 2020; 22:494-503. [PMID: 33356177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid membranes of lipids and AxByAz triblock copolymers can possess better biocompatibility and mechanical stability. In this work, triblock copolymer conformations and stability of asymmetric membranes are explored by dissipative particle dynamics. The triblock copolymers in the membranes exhibit either the bridge or loop conformation. As hydrophobic B-blocks interact attractively with lipid heads, bridge-shaped copolymers are significantly inhibited and loop-shaped copolymers prefer to stay at the interface between hydrophilic and hydrophobic layers. This floating loop has a flattened conformation, consistent with the experimental findings. In contrast, for repulsive interactions between B-blocks and lipid heads, bridge-shaped copolymers are abundant and loop-shaped copolymers tend to plunge into the hydrophobic layer. This diving loop displays a random coil conformation. The asymmetric membrane in which the fractions of loop-shaped copolymers in the upper and lower leaflets are different is thermodynamically unstable. Two approaches are proposed to acquire kinetically stable asymmetric membranes. First, membrane symmetrization is arrested by eliminating bridge-shaped copolymers, which is achieved by B-block/lipid head attraction and B-block/lipid tail repulsion. Second, asymmetric triblock copolymers (x ≠ z) are used to prevent the passage of the long A-block through the hydrophobic layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yu Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Chi Tsai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jane Sheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Heng-Kwong Tsao
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli 320, Taiwan
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Zhang X, Zong W, Wang J, Dong M, Cheng W, Sun T, Han X. Multicompartmentalized vesosomes containing DOX loaded liposomes and 5FU loaded liposomes for synergistic tumor treatment. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj00238c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A multicompartmentalized vesosome drug delivery system was developed for enhanced cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- China
| | - Wei Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- China
| | - Jialiang Wang
- The First Hospital and Institute of Immunology
- International Center of Future Science
- Jilin University
- China
| | - Mingdong Dong
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Aarhus University
- 8000 Aarhus
- Denmark
| | - Wenlong Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Monash University
- Victoria 3800
- Australia
| | - Tianmeng Sun
- The First Hospital and Institute of Immunology
- International Center of Future Science
- Jilin University
- China
| | - Xiaojun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- China
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8
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Cui X, Cheng W, Dong M, Han X. A multifunctional biomimetic hybrid nanocarrier for the controlled delivery of chemotherapy drugs by near-infrared light. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj05879b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have constructed a biocompatible magnetic nanoparticle-based nanocomposite material by integrating the features of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, mesoporous silica and lipid bilayer for the treatment of tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- China
| | - Wenlong Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Monash University
- Victoria
- Australia
| | - Mingdong Dong
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Aarhus University
- 8000 Aarhus
- Denmark
| | - Xiaojun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin
- China
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9
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Zong W, Li Q, Zhang X, Han X. Deformation of giant unilamellar vesicles under osmotic stress. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 172:459-463. [PMID: 30196231 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Biological membrane plays an important role in maintaining an osmotic equilibrium between the cytoplasm and the extracellular solution of cells. Here, the giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) as cell models were used to investigate the effect of osmotic stress on phospholipid membranes. The deformation of GUVs, including inward budding and outward budding, was systematically investigated by the osmotic press from glucose, sucrose, LiCl, and KCl solutions. The permeability (P) of DMPC, DMPC/10 mol% Chol GUVs, DMPC/25 mol% Chol GUVs, and DMPC/40 mol% Chol GUVs in glucose, sucrose, LiCl, and KCl solutions were all obtained. The P value decreases with the addition of more cholesterol in the bilayer. The monovalent cations caused higher permeability of lipid bilayer membranes due to their combination with phospholipids. The molar flux of water (J) value was found to be the key factor for determining the deformation state from mainly inward budding to mainly outward budding. The findings in this paper may help us to understand cell transformation triggered with osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Da-Zhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Qingchuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Da-Zhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xunan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Da-Zhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xiaojun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Da-Zhi Street, Harbin, 150001, China.
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10
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Development of doxorubicin hydrochloride loaded pH-sensitive liposomes: Investigation on the impact of chemical nature of lipids and liposome composition on pH-sensitivity. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 133:331-338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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11
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Hierarchical drug release of pH-sensitive liposomes encapsulating aqueous two phase system. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 127:177-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Lyu D, Chen S, Guo W. Liposome Crosslinked Polyacrylamide/DNA Hydrogel: a Smart Controlled-Release System for Small Molecular Payloads. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1704039. [PMID: 29479856 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201704039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel stimuli-responsive hydrogel system with liposomes serving as both noncovalent crosslinkers and functional small molecules carriers for controlled-release is developed. Liposomes can crosslink polyacrylamide copolymers functionalized with cholesterol-modified DNA motifs to yield a DNA hydrogel system, due to the hydrophobic interaction between cholesteryl groups and the lipid bilayer of liposomes. Functional information encoded DNA motifs on the polymer backbones endow the hydrogel with programmable smart responsive properties. In a model system, the hydrogel exhibits stimuli-responsive gel-to-sol transformation triggered by the opening of DNA motifs upon the presence of a restriction endonuclease enzyme, EcoR I, or temperature change, realizing the controlled-release of liposomes which are highly efficient carriers of active small molecules payloads. Two active molecules, 1,1-dioctadecyl-3,3,3,3-tetramethylindodicarbocyanine perchlorate (DiIC18(5)) and calcein, are chosen as the hydrophobic and hydrophilic model payloads, respectively, to address the feasibility of the releasing strategy. Moreover, the hydrogel exhibits injectable property as well as self-recovery behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danya Lyu
- College of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- College of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Weiwei Guo
- College of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300071, China
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Zong W, Zhang X, Li C, Han X. Thylakoid Containing Artificial Cells for the Inhibition Investigation of Light-Driven Electron Transfer during Photosynthesis. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:945-951. [PMID: 29439569 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of artificial cells containing nature components is challenging. Herein we construct a thylakoid containing artificial cell (TA-cell) by forming multicompartmental structure inside giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) using osmotic stress. The thylakoids are selectively loaded inside each compartment in GUVs to mimic "chloroplast". The TA-cells are able to carry out photosynthesis upon light on. The TA-cells keep their 50% functionality of electron transfer for 12 days, which is twice of those of free thylakoids. Using TA-cells the inhibition of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) and heavy metal ions (Hg2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+) on the electron transfer process in TA-cells is systematically investigated. Their half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values are 36.23 ± 1.87, 0.02 ± 0.01, 0.42 ± 0.08, 0.82 ± 0.12, 1.97 ± 0.21, and 4.08 ± 0.18 μM, respectively. Hg2+ is the most toxic ion for the photosynthesis process among these five heavy metal ions. This biomimetic system can be expanded to study other processes during the photosynthesis. The TA-cells pave a way to fabricate more complicated nature component containing artificial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Da-Zhi Street, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xunan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Da-Zhi Street, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Da-Zhi Street, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiaojun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Da-Zhi Street, Harbin 150001, China
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Electroformation of double vesicles using an amplitude modulated electric field. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 160:697-703. [PMID: 29035817 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Double vesicles are a promising model to mimic eukaryotic cells, yet effective preparation methods with high yields and stable double vesicles are scarce. Previously reported electroformation methods were mainly based on sinusoidal AC fields. Using a combination of sinusoidal and amplitude modulated (AM) electric fields lipid double vesicles could be produced for the first time by a simple electroformation process. First lipid domes formed in a sinusoidal AC field. The domes grew into tubes during the subsequent application of an AM field. These tubes deformed into double vesicles to minimize their free energy in accordance with the area-difference-elasticity model. Two forces are involved to explain the mechanism behind tube formation. The pulling force (F) is responsible to drag the domes into tubular vesicles, but has to overcome a critical force (Fc). The most important parameters of the electrical field were explored systematically. In our work, a maximum yield for double vesicles of 63% was achieved. These vesicles proved to be stable for one week at least. Hence our method could provide a way to fabricate novel cell models.
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St. Clair JR, Wang Q, Li G, London E. Preparation and Physical Properties of Asymmetric Model Membrane Vesicles. SPRINGER SERIES IN BIOPHYSICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-6244-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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