Ethosome as Antigen Delivery Carrier: Optimization, Evaluation and Induction of Immunological Response via Nasal Route Against Hepatitis B

Optimisation and in-vivo evaluation of extracted Karanjin loaded liposomal topical formulation for treatment of psoriasis in tape-stripped mouse model

AIM

The present work is focus on development of anti-psoriasis activity of Karanjin (isolated from Pongamia pinnata seed oil) loaded liposome based lotion for enhancement of skin permeation and retention.

METHOD

Karanjin was isolated using liquid-liquid extraction method and characterised by HPLC analysis and partition coefficient. Further, isolated Karanjin was loaded into liposomes using thin-film hydration technique and optimised by Box-Behnken design. Selected optimised batch was characterised their mean diameter, PDI, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency, morphology (by TEM), FTIR and ex-vivo skin retention. Additionally, Karanjin loaded liposomes were formulated into lotion and characterise their rheological, spreadability, texture, ex-vivo skin permeation & retention, stability and anti-psoriatic activity in mouse tail model.

RESULT

The yield of Karanjin from seed oil was 0.1% w/v and have lipophilic nature. The optimised liposomal formulation showed 195 ± 1.8 nm mean diameter, 0.271 ± 0.02 PDI, -27.0 ± 2.1 mV zeta potential and 61.97 ± 2.5% EE. TEM image revel the spherical shap of liposome surrounded by single phospholipid bilayer and no interection between drug and excipients. Further, lotion was prepared by 0.1% w/v carbopol and found to 615 mPa.sec viscosity, good thixotropic behaviour, spreadability and texture. There was 22.44% increase in drug permeation for Karanjin loaded liposomal lotion compared to pure Karanjin lotion, confirm by ex-vivo permeation and retention. While, in-vivo study revel the liposomal lotion of Karanjin was found to have 16.09% higher drug activity then 5% w/w conventional Karanjin lotion.

CONCLUSION

Karanjin loaded liposomal lotion have an effective anti-psoriatic agent and showed better skin permeation and retention than the conventional Karanjin lotion.

Clinical perspective on topical vaccination strategies

Vaccination is one of the most successful measures in modern medicine to combat diseases, especially infectious diseases, and saves millions of lives every year. Vaccine design and development remains critical and involves many aspects, including the choice of platform, antigen, adjuvant, and route of administration. Topical vaccination, defined herein as the introduction of a vaccine to any of the three layers of the human skin, has attracted interest in recent years as an alternative vaccination approach to the conventional intramuscular administration because of its potential to be needle-free and induce a superior immune response against pathogens. In this review, we describe recent progress in developing topical vaccines, highlight progress in the development of delivery technologies for topical vaccines, discuss potential factors that might impact the topical vaccine efficacy, and provide an overview of the current clinical landscape of topical vaccines.

Delivery of nano-emulgel carrier: optimization, evaluation and in vivo anti-inflammation estimations for osteoarthritis

Aim: Optimization and evaluation of Aceclofenac nanoemulgel for treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and reduction of GI irritation and enhancement of bioavaibility. Materials & methods: Different batches of emulgel and selected batch was proceeded for characterization like particle size, scanning electron microscopy, drug ingredient, in vitro release, Fourier transform infrared and x-ray diffraction in vitro inflammation and gel evaluation such as (spreadability, swelling index), ex vitro permeation, skin irritation and in vivo anti-inflammatory. Result: Emulgel showed nanometri size sustained release (79.96% in 6 h), compatibility and anti-inflammatory activity compared with pure drug. Concluded that emulgels had better (nearly twice as good) anti-inflammatory action as the commercial product. Conclusion: Compared with the commercial gel, the emulgel's anti-inflammatory effect had a quicker onset and a longer duration of action.

Recent Advances in Intranasal Administration for Brain-Targeting Delivery: A Comprehensive Review of Lipid-Based Nanoparticles and Stimuli-Responsive Gel Formulations

Addressing disorders related to the central nervous system (CNS) remains a complex challenge because of the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which restricts the entry of external substances into the brain tissue. Consequently, finding ways to overcome the limited therapeutic effect imposed by the BBB has become a central goal in advancing delivery systems targeted to the brain. In this context, the intranasal route has emerged as a promising solution for delivering treatments directly from the nose to the brain through the olfactory and trigeminal nerve pathways and thus, bypassing the BBB. The use of lipid-based nanoparticles, including nano/microemulsions, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and nanostructured lipid carriers, has shown promise in enhancing the efficiency of nose-to-brain delivery. These nanoparticles facilitate drug absorption from the nasal membrane. Additionally, the in situ gel (ISG) system has gained attention owing to its ability to extend the retention time of administered formulations within the nasal cavity. When combined with lipid-based nanoparticles, the ISG system creates a synergistic effect, further enhancing the overall effectiveness of brain-targeted delivery strategies. This comprehensive review provides a thorough investigation of intranasal administration. It delves into the strengths and limitations of this specific delivery route by considering the anatomical complexities and influential factors that play a role during dosing. Furthermore, this study introduces strategic approaches for incorporating nanoparticles and ISG delivery within the framework of intranasal applications. Finally, the review provides recent information on approved products and the clinical trial status of products related to intranasal administration, along with the inclusion of quality-by-design-related insights.

Ethosomes for Curcumin and Piperine Cutaneous Delivery to Prevent Environmental-Stressor-Induced Skin Damage

Diesel particulate matter is one of the most dangerous environmental stressors affecting human health. Many plant-derived compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties have been proposed to protect the skin from pollution damage. Curcumin (CUR) has a plethora of pharmacological activities, including anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. However, it has low bioavailability due to its difficult absorption and rapid metabolism and elimination. CUR encapsulation in nanotechnological systems and its combination with biopotentiators such as piperine (PIP) can improve its pharmacokinetics, stability and activity. In this study, ethosomes (ETs) were investigated for CUR and PIP delivery to protect the skin from damage induced by diesel particulate matter. ETs were produced by different strategies and characterized for their size distribution by photon correlation spectroscopy, for their morphology by transmission electron microscopy, and for their drug encapsulation efficiency by high-performance liquid chromatography. Franz cells enabled us to evaluate in vitro the drug diffusion from ETs. The results highlighted that ETs can promote the skin permeation of curcumin. The studies carried out on their antioxidant activity demonstrated an increase in the antioxidant power of CUR using a combination of CUR and PIP separately loaded in ETs, suggesting their possible application for the prevention of skin damage due to exogenous stressors. Ex vivo studies on human skin explants have shown the suitability of drug-loaded ETs to prevent the structural damage to the skin induced by diesel engine exhaust exposure.

Unlocking the potential of cosmetic dermal delivery with ethosomes: A comprehensive review

BACKGROUND

In a world where hair loss, acne, and skin whitening are common concerns, ethosomes emerge as a captivating breakthrough in cosmetic drug delivery.

METHOD

This review provides a comprehensive overview of the ethosomal system and assesses its potential as an effective nanocarrier for delivering active ingredients to the skin. The focus is on exploring their applications in various pathologies, particularly skin disorders such as acne, hair loss, and skin pigmentation.

RESULTS

Ethosomes are a novel type of vesicular nanocarrier composed of high concentrations of ethanol (20-45%) and phospholipids. Their unique structure and composition make them an ideal choice for transporting active ingredients through the skin, offering targeted and effective treatment. The inclusion of ethanol in ethosomes' composition gives them distinctive properties, including flexibility, deformability, and stability, facilitating deep penetration into the skin and enhancing medication deposition. Moreover, ethosomes improved theoverall drug-loading capacity, and specificity of target treatment CONCLUSION: Ethosomes represent a unique and suitable approach for delivering active cosmetic ingredients in the treatment of hair loss, acne, and skin whitening, presenting a versatile alternative to traditional dermal delivery systems. Despite the challenges associated with their complex preparation and sensitivity to temperature and humidity, the remarkable potential benefits of ethosomes cannot be ignored. Further research is crucial to unlock their full potential, understand their limitations, and refine their formulations and administration methods. Ethosomes hold the promise of transforming the way we address these cosmetic concerns, offering an exciting glimpse into the future of advanced skincare solutions.

Design and evaluations of a nanostructured lipid carrier loaded with dopamine hydrochloride for intranasal bypass drug delivery in Parkinson's disease

AIM

The goal of this study is to optimisation and evaluation of dopamine-loaded NLC (NLC-DOPA) for achieve dopamine concentrations into brain for treatment of Parkinson's disease which causes progressive neuronal death.

METHOD

NLC-DOPA prepared by homogenisation method using solid lipids (Cholesterol and Soya lecithin), liquid lipid (Oleic acid) and surfactant (Poloxamer- 188) as major excipients, optimised by central composite design using design expert-13 software. The optimised formulations were characterised by particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, SEM, TEM, FTIR, DSC, XRD, stability study and in-vitro drug release. The histopathology of rat brain tissues and goat nasal tissues were performed. The ex-vivo (permeability and nasal ciliotoxicity study) and in vivo pharmacodynamics study were also accomplished to determine its efficacy and potency of NLC.

RESULT

The NLC-DOPA formulations were optimised in particle size and (EE)% with range from 85.53 ± 0.703 to 106.11 ± 0.822 nm and 82.17 ± 0.794 to 95.45 ± 0.891%, respectively. The optimised formulation F11 showing best goodness-fitted model kinetic, followed by Korsmeyer-Peppas equation and zero order kinetic. The SEM and TEM confirmed the spherical and smooth morphology of formulation. FTIR and DSC spectra were given compatibility of compound and XRD diffractograms confirmed the amorphous nature. An ex-vivo study was showed the high permeability coefficient (6.67*1 0 -4 cm/min, which is twice, compare to pure drug) and there was no damage in nasal mucosa, confirmed by the ciliotoxicity study. In-vivo study was shown significant effects of optimised NLC-DOPA on locomotor activity, force-swimming test and neurochemical assessment using rotenone induced Parkinson's model on Albino Wistar rats.

CONCLUSION

NLC-DOPA was prepared and optimised successfully with increased bioavailability of drug from the NLC into brain with reduce toxicity in effective treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Emerging Trends in Lipid-Based Vaccine Delivery: A Special Focus on Developmental Strategies, Fabrication Methods, and Applications

Lipid-based vaccine delivery systems such as the conventional liposomes, virosomes, bilosomes, vesosomes, pH-fusogenic liposomes, transferosomes, immuno-liposomes, ethosomes, and lipid nanoparticles have gained a remarkable interest in vaccine delivery due to their ability to render antigens in vesicular structures, that in turn prevents its enzymatic degradation in vivo. The particulate form of lipid-based nanocarriers confers immunostimulatory potential, making them ideal antigen carriers. Facilitation in the uptake of antigen-loaded nanocarriers, by the antigen-presenting cells and its subsequent presentation through the major histocompatibility complex molecules, leads to the activation of a cascade of immune responses. Further, such nanocarriers can be tailored to achieve the desired characteristics such as charge, size, size distribution, entrapment, and site-specificity through modifications in the composition of lipids and the selection of the appropriate method of preparation. This ultimately adds to its versatility as an effective vaccine delivery carrier. The current review focuses on the various lipid-based carriers that have been investigated to date as potential vaccine delivery systems, the factors that affect their efficacy, and their various methods of preparation. The emerging trends in lipid-based mRNA vaccines and lipid-based DNA vaccines have also been summarized.

Ethosomes and their monotonous effects on Skin cancer disruption

Skin cancer is one of the most prominent diseases, affecting all continents worldwide, and has shown a significant rise in mortality and prevalence. Conventional therapy, including chemotherapy and surgery, has a few drawbacks. The ethosomal systems would be thoroughly reviewed in this compilation, and they would be classified based on constituents: classical ethosomes, binary ethosomes, and transethosomes. Ethosomes systems are model lipid vesicular carriers with a substantial portion of ethanol. The impacts of ethosomal system components, preparation techniques, and their major roles in selecting the final characteristics of these nanocarriers are comprehensively reviewed in this chapter. The special techniques for ethosomes, including the cold approach, hot approach, injection method, mechanical dispersion method, and conventional method, are explained in this chapter. Various evaluation parameters of ethosomes were also explained. Furthermore, ethosomal gels, patches, and creams can be emphasised as innovative pharmaceutical drug formulations. Some hybrid ethosomal vesicles possessing combinatorial cancer therapy using nanomedicine could overcome the current drug resistance of specific cancer cells. Through the use of repurpose therapy, phytoconstituents may be delivered more effectively. A wide range of in vivo models are employed to assess their effectiveness. Ethosomes have provided numerous potential skin cancer therapeutic approaches in the future.

Grafting, characterization and enhancement of therapeutic activity of berberine loaded PEGylated PAMAM dendrimer for cancerous cell

Berberine is an anticancer medication that generates side effects due to its hydrophobicity and low cellular promiscuity as well as high dose requirement. Thus, have to prepare PEGylated dendrimer conjugates which increases the targeting and release of chemotherapeutic drugs at the tumor site although falling the adverse side effects. The circulation time of drug is enhanced by PEGylation. It is the covalent attachment of PEG to therapeutic protein or any molecule. PEGylated berberine dendrimer was prepared by biotinylation cross linking method and characterized by particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, in vitro release and stability study. The Structure validation of berberine before and after grafting was confirmed by FTIR and NMR spectroscopy. Further prepared PEGylated complex were proceeded for the cellular uptake study in AMJ-13, and BT-20 cells line by fluorescent microscopy study and MTT assay cytotoxicity study in MCF-7 cell line. The prepared PEGylated formulation showed nanometric size, desired zeta potential, and 69.56 ± 23% entrapment efficiency. The prepared PEGylated particle showed 70.23% release at 72 h with good stability at 90 days. The cellular uptake of formulation was highly appreciable which is clearly observed in AMJ-13 and BT-20 cells line. In comparison to pure drug, developed formulation has 10.8 M high efficiency for breast cancer cell line. PEGylation is easy and reasonable way, as it requires lesser time and is proved to be superior technique for treatment of cancer.

Intranasal drug delivery of sumatriptan succinate-loaded polymeric solid lipid nanoparticles for brain targeting

Migraine is a frequent neurological condition characterized by throbbing headaches, nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia, among other symptoms. Sumatriptan belongs to a BCS class III, which exhibits poor oral bioavailability and several side-effects. The objective of the present study was to develop solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNPs) of sumatriptan succinate for brain targeting by nasal route. Solvent injection method was used to increase the entrapment efficiency of hydrophilic drug. Thus, formulation was optimized by central composite design with minimum particle size, optimized zeta potential, and maximum entrapment efficiency, which was found to be 133.4 nm, -17.7 mV, and 75.5%, respectively. Optimized batch was further evaluated for surface morphology, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, in vitro release, permeation across nasal mucosa, and histopathology. It was seen that most of the particles were spherical in shape as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The release of drug through the lipid showed initial burst release followed by sustained release up to 12 h. The ex vivo diffusion study using goat nasal mucosa at pH 6.8 revealed that SLNPs permeation across nasal mucosa was quick, which was sufficient for brain targeting. Histopathology studies further revealed integrity of nasal mucosa after treatment with SLNPs. The investigation indicated that hydrophilic drug, sumatriptan succinate can be successfully entrapped in SLNPs to target brain via nasal delivery, and thus it could be an effective approach for nose-to-brain delivery.