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Shafirstein G, Oakley E, Hamilton S, Habitzruther M, Chamberlain S, Sexton S, Curtin L, Bellnier DA. In Vivo Models for Studying Interstitial Photodynamic Therapy of Locally Advanced Cancer. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2451:151-162. [PMID: 35505016 PMCID: PMC9904013 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2099-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Interstitial photodynamic therapy (I-PDT) is a promising therapy considered for patients with locally advanced cancer. In I-PDT, laser fibers are inserted into the tumor for effective illumination and activation of the photosensitizer in a large tumor. The intratumoral light irradiance and fluence are critical parameters that affect the response to I-PDT. In vivo animal models are required to conduct light dose studies, to define optimal irradiance and fluence for I-PDT. Here we describe two animal models with locally advanced tumors that can be used to evaluate the response to I-PDT. One model is the C3H mouse bearing large subcutaneous SCCVII carcinoma (400-600 mm3). Using this murine model, multiple light regimens with one or two optical fibers with cylindrical diffuser ends (cylindrical diffuser fiber, CDF) can be used to study tumor response to I-PDT. However, tissue heating may occur when 630 nm therapeutic light is delivered through CDF at an intensity ≥60 mW/cm and energy ≥100 J/cm. These thermal effects can impact tumor response while treating locally advanced mice tumors. Magnetic resonance imaging and thermometry can be used to study these thermal effects. A larger animal model, New Zealand White rabbit with VX2 carcinoma (~5000 mm3) implanted in either the sternomastoid (neck implantation model) or the biceps femoris muscle (thigh implantation model), can be used to study I-PDT with image-based pretreatment planning using computed tomography. In the VX2 model, the light delivery can include the use of multiple laser fibers to test light dosimetry and delivery that are relevant for clinical use of I-PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Shafirstein
- Photodynamic Therapy Center at the Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (Roswell Park), Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Emily Oakley
- Photodynamic Therapy Center at the Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (Roswell Park), Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sasheen Hamilton
- Photodynamic Therapy Center at the Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (Roswell Park), Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Michael Habitzruther
- Photodynamic Therapy Center at the Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (Roswell Park), Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sarah Chamberlain
- Photodynamic Therapy Center at the Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (Roswell Park), Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sandra Sexton
- Laboratory Animals Shared Resources, Roswell Park, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Leslie Curtin
- Laboratory Animals Shared Resources, Roswell Park, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - David A Bellnier
- Photodynamic Therapy Center at the Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (Roswell Park), Buffalo, NY, USA
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Directional Microwave Ablation: Experimental Evaluation of a 2.45-GHz Applicator in Ex Vivo and In Vivo Liver. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2020; 31:1170-1177.e2. [PMID: 32171539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2020.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To experimentally characterize a microwave (MW) ablation applicator designed to produce directional ablation zones. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using a 14-gauge, 2.45-GHz side-firing MW ablation applicator, 36 ex vivo bovine liver ablations were performed. Ablations were performed at 60 W, 80 W, and 100 W for 3, 5, and 10 minutes (n = 4 per combination). Ablation zone forward and backward depth and width were measured and directivity was calculated as the ratio of forward to backward depth. Thirteen in vivo ablations were performed in 2 domestic swine with the applicator either inserted into the liver (80 W, 5 min, n = 3; 100 W, 5 min, n = 3; 100 W, 10 min, n = 2) or placed on the surface of the liver with a nontarget tissue placed on the back side of the applicator (80 W, 5 min, n = 5). The animals were immediately euthanized after the procedure; the livers were harvested and sectioned perpendicular to the axis of the applicator. In vivo ablation zones were measured following viability staining and assessed on histopathology. RESULTS Mean ex vivo ablation forward depth was 8.3-15.5 mm. No backward heating was observed at 60 W, 3-5 minutes; directivity was 4.7-11.0 for the other power and time combinations. In vivo ablation forward depth was 10.3-11.5 mm, and directivity was 11.5-16.1. No visible or microscopic thermal damage to nontarget tissues in direct contact with the back side of the applicator was observed. CONCLUSIONS The side-firing MW ablation applicator can create directional ablation zones in ex vivo and in vivo tissues.
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Shafirstein G, Bellnier DA, Oakley E, Hamilton S, Habitzruther M, Tworek L, Hutson A, Spernyak JA, Sexton S, Curtin L, Turowski SG, Arshad H, Henderson B. Irradiance controls photodynamic efficacy and tissue heating in experimental tumours: implication for interstitial PDT of locally advanced cancer. Br J Cancer 2018; 119:1191-1199. [PMID: 30353043 PMCID: PMC6251027 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0210-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Currently delivered light dose (J/cm2) is the principal parameter guiding interstitial photodynamic therapy (I-PDT) of refractory locally advanced cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of light dose rate (irradiance, mW/cm2) and associated heating on tumour response and cure. Methods Finite-element modeling was used to compute intratumoural irradiance and dose to guide Photofrin® I-PDT in locally advanced SCCVII in C3H mice and large VX2 neck tumours in New Zealand White rabbits. Light-induced tissue heating in mice was studied with real-time magnetic resonance thermometry. Results In the mouse model, cure rates of 70–90% were obtained with I-PDT using 8.4–245 mW/cm2 and ≥45 J/cm2 in 100% of the SCCVII tumour. Increasing irradiance was associated with increase in tissue heating. I-PDT with Photofrin® resulted in significantly (p < 0.05) higher cure rate compared to light delivery alone at same irradiance and light dose. Local control and/or cures of VX2 were obtained using I-PDT with 16.5–398 mW/cm2 and ≥45 J/cm2 in 100% of the tumour. Conclusion In Photofrin®-mediated I-PDT, a selected range of irradiance prompts effective photoreaction with tissue heating in the treatment of locally advanced mouse tumour. These irradiances were translated for effective local control of large VX2 tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Shafirstein
- Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (Roswell Park), Buffalo, NY, USA. .,Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - David A Bellnier
- Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (Roswell Park), Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Emily Oakley
- Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (Roswell Park), Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sasheen Hamilton
- Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (Roswell Park), Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Michael Habitzruther
- Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (Roswell Park), Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Lawrence Tworek
- Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (Roswell Park), Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Alan Hutson
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Joseph A Spernyak
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Translational Imaging Shared Resource, Roswell Park, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sandra Sexton
- Laboratory Animals Shared Resources, Roswell Park, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Leslie Curtin
- Laboratory Animals Shared Resources, Roswell Park, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Steven G Turowski
- Translational Imaging Shared Resource, Roswell Park, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Hassan Arshad
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Roswell Park, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Barbara Henderson
- Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (Roswell Park), Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Poleszczuk JT, Luddy KA, Prokopiou S, Robertson-Tessi M, Moros EG, Fishman M, Djeu JY, Finkelstein SE, Enderling H. Abscopal Benefits of Localized Radiotherapy Depend on Activated T-cell Trafficking and Distribution between Metastatic Lesions. Cancer Res 2016; 76:1009-18. [PMID: 26833128 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It remains unclear how localized radiotherapy for cancer metastases can occasionally elicit a systemic antitumor effect, known as the abscopal effect, but historically, it has been speculated to reflect the generation of a host immunotherapeutic response. The ability to purposefully and reliably induce abscopal effects in metastatic tumors could meet many unmet clinical needs. Here, we describe a mathematical model that incorporates physiologic information about T-cell trafficking to estimate the distribution of focal therapy-activated T cells between metastatic lesions. We integrated a dynamic model of tumor-immune interactions with systemic T-cell trafficking patterns to simulate the development of metastases. In virtual case studies, we found that the dissemination of activated T cells among multiple metastatic sites is complex and not intuitively predictable. Furthermore, we show that not all metastatic sites participate in systemic immune surveillance equally, and therefore the success in triggering the abscopal effect depends, at least in part, on which metastatic site is selected for localized therapy. Moreover, simulations revealed that seeding new metastatic sites may accelerate the growth of the primary tumor, because T-cell responses are partially diverted to the developing metastases, but the removal of the primary tumor can also favor the rapid growth of preexisting metastatic lesions. Collectively, our work provides the framework to prospectively identify anatomically defined focal therapy targets that are most likely to trigger an immune-mediated abscopal response and therefore may inform personalized treatment strategies in patients with metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan T Poleszczuk
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.
| | - Kimberly A Luddy
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Sotiris Prokopiou
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Mark Robertson-Tessi
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Eduardo G Moros
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida. Department of Radiation Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Mayer Fishman
- Department of GU Oncology MMG, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Julie Y Djeu
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | | | - Heiko Enderling
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
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McWilliams BT, Schnell EE, Curto S, Fahrbach TM, Prakash P. A Directional Interstitial Antenna for Microwave Tissue Ablation: Theoretical and Experimental Investigation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2015; 62:2144-50. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2015.2413672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Przybyla BD, Shafirstein G, Vishal SJ, Dennis RA, Griffin RJ. Molecular changes in bone marrow, tumor and serum after conductive ablation of murine 4T1 breast carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2013; 44:600-8. [PMID: 24270800 PMCID: PMC3898720 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermal ablation of solid tumors using conductive interstitial thermal therapy (CITT) produces coagulative necrosis in the center of ablation. Local changes in homeostasis for surviving tumor and systemic changes in circulation and distant organs must be understood and monitored in order to prevent tumor re-growth and metastasis. The purpose of this study was to use a mouse carcinoma model to evaluate molecular changes in the bone marrow and surviving tumor after CITT treatment by quantification of transcripts associated with cancer progression and hyperthermia, serum cytokines, stress proteins and the marrow/tumor cross-talk regulator stromal-derived factor 1. Analysis of 27 genes and 22 proteins with quantitative PCR, ELISA, immunoblotting and multiplex antibody assays revealed that the gene and protein expression in tissue and serum was significantly different between ablated and control mice. The transcripts of four genes (Cxcl12, Sele, Fgf2, Lifr) were significantly higher in the bone marrow of treated mice. Tumors surviving ablation showed significantly lower levels of the Lifr and Sele transcripts. Similarly, the majority of transcripts measured in tumors decreased with treatment. Surviving tumors also contained lower levels of SDF-1α and HIF-1α proteins whereas HSP27 and HSP70 were higher. Of 16 serum chemokines, IFNγ and GM-CSF levels were lower with treatment. These results indicate that CITT ablation causes molecular changes which may slow cancer cell proliferation. However, inhibition of HSP27 may be necessary to control aggressiveness of surviving cancer stem cells. The changes in bone marrow are suggestive of possible increased recruitment of circulatory cancer cells. Therefore, the possibility of heightened bone metastasis after thermal ablation needs to be further investigated and inhibition strategies developed, if warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata D Przybyla
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Gal Shafirstein
- Department of Cell Stress Biology and Otolaryngology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sagar J Vishal
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Richard A Dennis
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Central Arkansas Veteran Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Robert J Griffin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock, AR, USA
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Przybyla BD, Shafirstein G, Koonce NA, Webber JS, Griffin RJ. Conductive thermal ablation of 4T1 murine breast carcinoma reduces severe hypoxia in surviving tumour. Int J Hyperthermia 2012; 28:156-62. [PMID: 22335229 DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2011.636783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to quantify hypoxia changes in viable tumour volumes after thermal ablation of a murine breast carcinoma. METHODS Murine breast 4T1 tumours were grown in the rear leg of BALB/c mice to an average diameter of 10-12 mm. Tumours were treated with conductive interstitial thermal therapy (CITT) at a peak temperature of 80-90°C for 10 min. The animals were euthanised 72 h later, and the tumours were removed for immunohistochemical staining with pimonidazole - a marker of partial pressure of oxygen. The levels of pimonidazole staining intensity were used to quantify changes in hypoxia gradients in terms of strong, medium and weak positive pixel fractions. RESULTS The pimonidazole staining ratio of viable control tumour tissue to viable tissue in tumours that were ablated was 0.7 for weak staining, 2.7 for medium staining and 8.0 (p < 0.03) for strong pimonidazole staining. CONCLUSION This shift of pimonidazole staining toward lower intensity pixels in the remaining tumour indicates that tumour ablation with CITT may increase radiosensitivity of the remaining tumour tissue and presents a rationale for combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata D Przybyla
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA.
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Chen YK, Lin LM. DMBA-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinoma and VX2-induced rabbit cancer as a model for human oral carcinogenesis. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2011; 10:1485-96. [PMID: 20836683 DOI: 10.1586/era.10.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we have described and compared the advantages and disadvantages of two potential animal cancer models (the hamster buccal pouch cancer model and the VX2-induced rabbit cancer model) for human squamous cell carcinomas of the oral mucosa. Currently, no animal cancer model is perfectly applicable to human oral squamous cell carcinomas. This is because the hamster buccal pouch cancer model has a different etiology and genetic constitution compared with human oral carcinomas. In addition, the VX2-induced rabbit cancer model is not produced in situ and, consequently, its natural behavior is totally reliant on the location of transplantation. Nonetheless, with the use of these two animal cancer models together, researchers could evaluate different aspects of the cellular and molecular biological characteristics or assess potential novel treatment regimens for squamous cell carcinomas of the human oral mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuk-Kwan Chen
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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