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Moskaluk AE, VandeWoude S. Current Topics in Dermatophyte Classification and Clinical Diagnosis. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11090957. [PMID: 36145389 PMCID: PMC9502385 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11090957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytes are highly infectious fungi that cause superficial infections in keratinized tissues in humans and animals. This group of fungi is defined by their ability to digest keratin and encompasses a wide range of species. Classification of many of these species has recently changed due to genetic analysis, potentially affecting clinical diagnosis and disease management. In this review, we discuss dermatophyte classification including name changes for medically important species, current and potential diagnostic techniques for detecting dermatophytes, and an in-depth review of Microsporum canis, a prevalent zoonotic dermatophyte. Fungal culture is still considered the “gold standard” for diagnosing dermatophytosis; however, modern molecular assays have overcome the main disadvantages of culture, allowing for tandem use with cultures. Further investigation into novel molecular assays for dermatophytosis is critical, especially for high-density populations where rapid diagnosis is essential for outbreak prevention. A frequently encountered dermatophyte in clinical settings is M. canis, which causes dermatophytosis in humans and cats. M. canis is adapting to its primary host (cats) as one of its mating types (MAT1-2) appears to be going extinct, leading to a loss of sexual reproduction. Investigating M. canis strains around the world can help elucidate the evolutionary trajectory of this fungi.
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Liang C, Shan Q, Zhong J, Li W, Zhang X, Wang J, Cao C, Zeng Z. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of itraconazole oral solution in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 18:310-4. [PMID: 25916686 PMCID: PMC11112252 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15581408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to describe the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of itraconazole (ITR) oral solution in healthy cats. METHODS The pharmacokinetics of ITR were studied in eight healthy, fasted cats after a single intravenous (IV) and oral (PO) administration at a dose of 5 mg/kg, in a two-period crossover design study. Blood was obtained at predetermined intervals for the determination of ITR concentrations with high-performance liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic characterisation was performed by a non-compartmental method using WinNonlin 5.2.1. RESULTS After IV administration, the major pharmacokinetic parameters were as follows (mean ± SD): terminal elimination half-life (T1/2λz ) 15.8 ± 1.88 h; area under the curve from time zero to infinity (AUC0-∞ ) 13.9 ± 3.17 h·μg/ml; total body clearance 0.37 ± 0.08 l/h/kg; apparent volume of distribution 8.51 ± 1.92 l/kg; mean residence time 20.6 ± 3.95 h. After PO administration, the principal pharmacokinetic parameters were as follows (mean ± SD): T1/2λz 15.6 ± 3.20 h; AUC0-∞ 7.94 ± 2.83 h·μg/ml; peak concentration 0.70 ± 0.14 μg/ml; time of peak 1.43 ± 0.53 h. The absolute bioavailability of ITR oral solution after oral administration was 52.1 ± 11.6%. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The disposition of ITR oral solution in cats is characterised by a long terminal half-life, a short peak time and moderate bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoping Liang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Shan
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jialian Zhong
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Li
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiufeng Zhang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Guangzhou Senya Animal's Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changfu Cao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenling Zeng
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Ilhan Z, Karaca M, Ekin IH, Solmaz H, Akkan HA, Tutuncu M. Detection of seasonal asymptomatic dermatophytes in Van cats. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47:225-30. [PMID: 26887249 PMCID: PMC4822779 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2015.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Van cat is a domestic landrace found in the Van province of eastern Turkey. In this study, we aimed to determine the seasonal carriage of dermatophytes in Van cats without clinical lesions. A total of 264 hair specimens were collected from clinically healthy cats in and around the Van Province. Of these samples, 30.3% were obtained in spring, 30.6% in summer, 16.6% in autumn, and 22.3% in winter; 45.1% of samples were from male cats and the rest from female ones. Of the studied cats, 118 were younger than 1 year, 78 were 1-3 years old, and 68 were older than 3 years. The specimens were subjected to direct microscopic examination with 15% potassium hydroxide and cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar and dermatophyte test medium supplemented with cycloheximide and chloramphenicol. Dermatophyte identification was carried out based on macroscopic and microscopic colony morphology, urease activities, in vitro hair perforation test, growth at 37°C, and pigmentation on corn meal agar. Dermatophytes were isolated from 19 (7.1%) of the 264 specimens examined. The most frequently isolated fungi were Trichophyton terrestre (4.1%), followed by Microsporum gypseum (1.1%), M. nanum (1.1%), and T. mentagrophytes (0.7%), and these fungi may represent a health risk for humans in contact with clinically healthy Van cats. M. canis was not isolated from any of the specimens. Our results show no significant (p>0.05) association between carriage of dermatophytes and the gender of cats. The carriage rate of dermatophytes was high in spring and winter, and the only possible risk factor for infection was age of the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziya Ilhan
- Yuzuncu Yıl University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, 65080 Van, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Karaca
- Yuzuncu Yıl University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, 65080 Van, Turkey
| | - Ismail Hakki Ekin
- Yuzuncu Yıl University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, 65080 Van, Turkey
| | - Hasan Solmaz
- Yuzuncu Yıl University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, 65080 Van, Turkey
| | - Hasan Altan Akkan
- Yuzuncu Yıl University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, 65080 Van, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Tutuncu
- Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, 55270 Samsun, Turkey
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4
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Overy DP, Marron-Lopez F, Muckle A, Bourque A, Lund L, MacHattie D, Lopez A. Dermatophytosis in farmed mink (Mustela vison) caused by Trichophyton equinum. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015. [PMID: 26223793 DOI: 10.1177/1040638715596036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This report details 2 outbreaks of dermatophytosis in 2 different mink ranches. On the first farm, only kits were affected, while on the second farm, small numbers of adults were infected. Affected mink were otherwise clinically healthy and in good body condition. Three animals were euthanized and submitted for autopsy. Grossly, mink exhibited locally extensive to coalescing areas of crusting alopecia but no other significant gross lesions in internal organs. Microscopically, skin lesions were characterized by chronic hyperplastic dermatitis with folliculitis, furunculosis, occasional intracorneal pustules, and large numbers of intrafollicular fungal arthrospores and hyphae. The dermatophyte was cultured and identified as Trichophyton equinum based on molecular barcoding of the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal DNA gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Overy
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology (Overy, Marron-Lopez, Muckle, Bourque, Lopez) and Chemistry (Overy), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, CanadaDiagnostic Services (Muckle, Bourque, Lund), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, CanadaNautilus Biosciences Canada Inc., Duffy Research Center, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada (Overy)Middleton Veterinary Services, Middleton, Nova Scotia, Canada (MacHattie)
| | - Fany Marron-Lopez
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology (Overy, Marron-Lopez, Muckle, Bourque, Lopez) and Chemistry (Overy), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, CanadaDiagnostic Services (Muckle, Bourque, Lund), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, CanadaNautilus Biosciences Canada Inc., Duffy Research Center, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada (Overy)Middleton Veterinary Services, Middleton, Nova Scotia, Canada (MacHattie)
| | - Anne Muckle
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology (Overy, Marron-Lopez, Muckle, Bourque, Lopez) and Chemistry (Overy), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, CanadaDiagnostic Services (Muckle, Bourque, Lund), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, CanadaNautilus Biosciences Canada Inc., Duffy Research Center, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada (Overy)Middleton Veterinary Services, Middleton, Nova Scotia, Canada (MacHattie)
| | - Andrea Bourque
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology (Overy, Marron-Lopez, Muckle, Bourque, Lopez) and Chemistry (Overy), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, CanadaDiagnostic Services (Muckle, Bourque, Lund), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, CanadaNautilus Biosciences Canada Inc., Duffy Research Center, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada (Overy)Middleton Veterinary Services, Middleton, Nova Scotia, Canada (MacHattie)
| | - Lorraine Lund
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology (Overy, Marron-Lopez, Muckle, Bourque, Lopez) and Chemistry (Overy), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, CanadaDiagnostic Services (Muckle, Bourque, Lund), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, CanadaNautilus Biosciences Canada Inc., Duffy Research Center, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada (Overy)Middleton Veterinary Services, Middleton, Nova Scotia, Canada (MacHattie)
| | - David MacHattie
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology (Overy, Marron-Lopez, Muckle, Bourque, Lopez) and Chemistry (Overy), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, CanadaDiagnostic Services (Muckle, Bourque, Lund), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, CanadaNautilus Biosciences Canada Inc., Duffy Research Center, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada (Overy)Middleton Veterinary Services, Middleton, Nova Scotia, Canada (MacHattie)
| | - Alfonso Lopez
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology (Overy, Marron-Lopez, Muckle, Bourque, Lopez) and Chemistry (Overy), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, CanadaDiagnostic Services (Muckle, Bourque, Lund), Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island, CanadaNautilus Biosciences Canada Inc., Duffy Research Center, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada (Overy)Middleton Veterinary Services, Middleton, Nova Scotia, Canada (MacHattie)
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Moreira F, Miranda A, Coelho A, Monteiro J, Coelho A. Epidemiological survey of dermatophytosis in meat rabbits with alopecia in Portugal. WORLD RABBIT SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.4995/wrs.2012.1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Seker E, Dogan N. Isolation of dermatophytes from dogs and cats with suspected dermatophytosis in Western Turkey. Prev Vet Med 2010; 98:46-51. [PMID: 21126787 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the species of dermatophytes isolated from dogs and cats and their prevalence in the two big provinces of Western Turkey. A total of 362 animals (198 dogs and 164 cats) with skin lesions (alopecia and desquamation) were examined from March 2006 to February 2008. Of the 362 samples examined, 52 (14.4%) were positive for fungal elements by direct microscopic examination, and 70 (19.3%) were culture positive for dermatophytes. The isolation rates of dermatophyte species from dogs and cats were 18.7% and 20.1%, respectively. Microsporum canis (57.1%) was the most common species isolated from dogs and cats. The prevalence of Trichophyton mentagrophytes was five-fold greater in dogs than in cats (odds ratio=5.226; CI=1.152-23.696). No association was detected between prevalence of infection and provinces, and also sex of dogs and cats. The only risk factor found to be significantly associated with infection was age. Dogs and cats younger than one year of age showed a statistically significant higher prevalence of dermatophytes than other age groups (P<0.05). The isolation rate of dermatophytes was relatively high in the spring and winter for dogs, and in the spring, summer and autumn for cats. However, the association of season and prevalence was found not to be significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Seker
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, ANS Campus, 03200 Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
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Duarte A, Castro I, Pereira da Fonseca IM, Almeida V, Madeira de Carvalho LM, Meireles J, Fazendeiro MI, Tavares L, Vaz Y. Survey of infectious and parasitic diseases in stray cats at the Lisbon Metropolitan Area, Portugal. J Feline Med Surg 2010; 12:441-6. [PMID: 20466573 PMCID: PMC7128106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A survey of infectious and parasitic diseases of stray cats was carried out using biological samples collected from animals captured during a catch-neuter-release programme in four counties of the Lisbon Metropolitan Area. The main objective was to investigate the potential threat of stray cats for animal and public health. Samples of blood, stool, hair and auricular swabs were collected from 231 cats in 27 colonies. Anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies were detected in 47/194 samples (24.2%); anti-Leishmania infantum antibodies in 1/180 cats (0.6%); intestinal parasites in 23/74 samples (Toxocara cati, Isospora felis, Ancylostoma tubaeforme, Dipylidium caninum, Uncinaria stenocephala, Toxascaris leonina) and Otodectes cynotis in 4/182 cats (2.2%); dermatophyte fungi were isolated in 40/136 samples (29.4%); feline immunodeficiency virus antibodies were detected in 23/226 samples (10.2%); feline leukaemia virus antigen in 14/198 samples (7.1%); and feline coronavirus RNA in 9/127 samples (7.1%). Our results revealed that zoonotic agents, namely dermatophyte fungi and Toxocara cati were present in stray cat colonies in the investigated counties. Overall the low frequency of major pathogens suggests a balanced relationship between host and agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Duarte
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, TULisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal.
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8
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Frisvad JC, Rank C, Nielsen KF, Larsen TO. Metabolomics of Aspergillus fumigatus. Med Mycol 2008; 47 Suppl 1:S53-71. [PMID: 18763205 DOI: 10.1080/13693780802307720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is the most important species in Aspergillus causing infective lung diseases. This species has been reported to produce a large number of extrolites, including secondary metabolites, acids, and proteins such as hydrophobins and extracellular enzymes. At least 226 potentially bioactive secondary metabolites have been reported from A. fumigatus that can be ordered into 24 biosynthetic families. Of these families we have detected representatives from the following families of secondary metabolites: fumigatins, fumigaclavines, fumiquinazolines, trypacidin and monomethylsulochrin, fumagillins, gliotoxins, pseurotins, chloroanthraquinones, fumitremorgins, verruculogen, helvolic acids, and pyripyropenes by HPLC with diode array detection and mass spectrometric detection. There is still doubt whether A. fumigatus can produce tryptoquivalins, but all isolates produce the related fumiquinazolines. We also tentatively detected sphingofungins in A. fumigatus Af293 and in an isolate of A. lentulus. The sphingofungins may have a similar role as the toxic fumonisins, found in A. niger. A further number of mycotoxins, including ochratoxin A, and other secondary metabolites have been reported from A. fumigatus, but in those cases either the fungus or its metabolite appear to be misidentified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens C Frisvad
- Center for Microbial Biotechnology, DTU Biosys, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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9
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Dermatophytoses in Animals. Mycopathologia 2008; 166:385-405. [PMID: 18478363 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-008-9102-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Hur JM, Yun HJ, Yang SH, Lee WY, Joe MH, Kim D. Gliotoxin enhances radiotherapy via inhibition of radiation-induced GADD45a, p38, and NFκB activation. J Cell Biochem 2008; 104:2174-84. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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11
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Faldyna M, Oborilova E, Krejci J, Tesarik R, Krejci E, Pavlova B, Rybnikar A. A correlation of in vitro tests for the immune response detection: A bovine trichophytosis model. Vaccine 2007; 25:7948-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2005] [Revised: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 09/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Choi HS, Shim JS, Kim JA, Kang SW, Kwon HJ. Discovery of gliotoxin as a new small molecule targeting thioredoxin redox system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 359:523-8. [PMID: 17544368 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.05.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin redox system has been implicated as an intracellular anti-oxidant defense system leading to reduction of cellular oxidative stresses utilizing electrons from NADPH. From high content screening of small molecules targeting the system, gliotoxin, a fungal metabolite, was identified as an active compound. Gliotoxin potently accelerates NADPH oxidation and reduces H(2)O(2). The compound reduces H(2)O(2) to H(2)O by replacing the function of peroxiredoxin in vitro and decreases intracellular level of H(2)O(2) in HeLa cells. The anti-oxidant activity of gliotoxin was further validated H(2)O(2)-mediated cellular phenotype of angiogenesis. The proliferation of endothelial cells was inhibited by the compound at nanomolar range. In addition, H(2)O(2)-induced tube formation and invasion of the cells were blocked by gliotoxin. Together, these results demonstrate that gliotoxin is a new small molecule targeting thioredoxin redox system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Shim Choi
- Chemical Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
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Axelsson V, Holback S, Sjögren M, Gustafsson H, Forsby A. Gliotoxin induces caspase-dependent neurite degeneration and calpain-mediated general cytotoxicity in differentiated human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 345:1068-74. [PMID: 16712786 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Accepted: 05/04/2006] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a significant increase by 50% in intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) was observed in differentiated human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells after exposure to 0.25microM of the fungal metabolite gliotoxin for 72h. Further, the involvement of caspases and calpains was demonstrated to underlie the gliotoxin-induced cytotoxic and neurite degenerative effects. The caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fmk almost completely reduced the neurite degeneration from 40% degeneration of neurites to 5% as compared to control. Inhibition of calpains with calpeptin significantly attenuated gliotoxin-induced cytotoxicity, determined as reduction in total cellular protein content, from 43% to 14% as compared to control cells. Western blot analyses of alphaII-spectrin breakdown fragments confirmed activity of the proteases, and that alphaII-spectrin was cleaved by caspases in gliotoxin-exposed cells. These results show that calpains and caspases have a role in the toxicity of gliotoxin in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells and that the process may be Ca(2+)-mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Axelsson
- Department of Neurochemistry, The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, Sweden.
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14
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Axelsson V, Pikkarainen K, Forsby A. Glutathione intensifies gliotoxin-induced cytotoxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Cell Biol Toxicol 2006; 22:127-36. [PMID: 16525752 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-006-0048-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2005] [Accepted: 01/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Gliotoxin is a fungal second metabolite produced by diverse species that can be found in compost, stored crops, moist animal feed and sawdust. The role of glutathione in gliotoxin-induced toxicity was studied in order to elucidate the toxic mechanisms leading to neurite degeneration and cell death in differentiated human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells. After 72 h of exposure to gliotoxin, moderate cytotoxicity was induced at 0.1 micromol/L, which was more severe at higher concentrations. A reduction in the number of neurites per cell was also observed. By decreasing the level of intracellular glutathione with L: -buthionine-sulfoxamine (BSO) a specific inhibitor of glutathione synthesis, the cytotoxic effect of gliotoxin was significantly attenuated. The gliotoxin-induced cytotoxicity was also slightly reduced by the antioxidant vitamin C. However, the neurite degenerative effect was not altered by BSO, or by vitamin C. A concentration-dependent increase in the ratio between oxidized and reduced forms of glutathione, as well as the total intracellular glutathione levels, was noted after exposure to gliotoxin. The increase of glutathione was also reflected in western blot analyses showing a tendency for the regulatory subunit of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase to be upregulated. In addition, the activity of glutathione reductase was slightly increased in gliotoxin-exposed cells. These results indicate that glutathione promotes gliotoxin-induced cytotoxicity, probably by reducing the ETP (epipolythiodioxopiperazine) disulfide bridge to the dithiol form.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Axelsson
- Viktoria Axelsson, Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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15
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Reeves EP, Messina CGM, Doyle S, Kavanagh K. Correlation between gliotoxin production and virulence of Aspergillus fumigatus in Galleria mellonella. Mycopathologia 2004; 158:73-9. [PMID: 15487324 DOI: 10.1023/b:myco.0000038434.55764.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a pathogenic fungus capable of causing both allergic lung disease and invasive aspergillosis, a serious, life-threatening condition in neutropenic patients. Aspergilli express an array of mycotoxins and enzymes which may facilitate fungal colonisation of host tissue. In this study we investigated the possibility of using the insect, Galleria mellonella, for in vivo pathogenicity testing of Aspergillus species. Four clinical isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus and a single strain of Aspergillus niger were characterised for catalase and elastase activity and for the production of gliotoxin. Gliotoxin is an immunosuppressive agent previously implicated in assisting tissue penetration. Results illustrated a strain dependent difference in elastase activity but no significant difference in catalase activity. Gliotoxin production was detected in vitro and in vivo by Reversed Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography, with highest amounts being produced by A. fumigatus ATCC 26933 (350 ng/mg hyphae). Survival probability plots (Kaplan-Meier) of experimental groups infected with Aspergillus conidia indicate that G. mellonella is more susceptible to fungal infection by A. fumigatus ATCC 26933, implicating a critical role for gliotoxin production rather than growth rate or enzymatic activity in the virulence of A. fumigatus in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emer P Reeves
- Department of Biology, National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland.
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16
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Marshall KL. Fungal diseases in small mammals: therapeutic trends and zoonotic considerations. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2003; 6:415-27. [PMID: 12827730 DOI: 10.1016/s1094-9194(03)00002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
As medical knowledge continues to expand, the division between animal and human diseases continues to decrease. The popularity of small mammals in lieu of the increased numbers of immunocompromised individuals will require increasingly broader understandings of zoonotic disease. The vast amount of animal research in areas of human disease requires diligent study to stay abreast of emerging diagnostics and therapeutics. The core requirements of skin scrapings, fungal culture, and microscopy for the diagnosis of small mammal fungal disease, however, are unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemba L Marshall
- University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996-4543, USA.
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17
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Wenehed V, Solyakov A, Thylin I, Häggblom P, Forsby A. Cytotoxic response of Aspergillus fumigatus-produced mycotoxins on growth medium, maize and commercial animal feed substrates. Food Chem Toxicol 2003; 41:395-403. [PMID: 12504172 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(02)00250-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of mycotoxin-producing moulds in animal feed is a severe problem since the quality of the feed is reduced and thereby both animal and human health can be affected. Aspergillus fumigatus is a common fungus found in improperly stored animal feed and the abundance of spores of the fungus is frequently spread into the air, exposing individuals who stay in areas where the fungus develops. The cytotoxic activities of extracts from three different A. fumigatus-inoculated substrates: (i) CzDox-broth; (ii) maize; and (iii) commercial feed grain as well as from gliotoxin, a mycotoxin produced by A. fumigatus, were studied in vitro using human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells. Extracts of cultures from the gliotoxin-producing strain of A. fumigatus possessed cytotoxic activity in the cell system. Pure gliotoxin caused a 20% reduction of total protein content (EC(20)) at 0.12+/-0.02 microM, but also a 20% reduction in the number of neurites per cell body as compared with control cells (ND(20)) at 0.06+/-0.01 microM. The results show that use of the SH-SY5Y cell model is a promising approach for detecting toxic activity in animal feed. Furthermore, the neurite degeneration of gliotoxin has to be investigated for estimation of a potentially neurotoxic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Wenehed
- Department of Neurochemistry and Neurotoxicology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Rochette F, Engelen M, Vanden Bossche H. Antifungal agents of use in animal health--practical applications. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2003; 26:31-53. [PMID: 12603775 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2885.2003.00457.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of antifungal agents currently in use in veterinary medicine. The practical applications and the therapeutic regimens that have proved successful in the treatment and prevention of fungal infections in dogs and cats, cattle and sheep, horse, pig, poultry and other birds, rodents, rabbits and fur animals are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rochette
- Janssen Animal Health B.V.B.A., Turnhoutsebaan, Beerse, Belgium
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19
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Nieminen SM, Kärki R, Auriola S, Toivola M, Laatsch H, Laatikainen R, Hyvärinen A, Von Wright A. Isolation and identification of Aspergillus fumigatus mycotoxins on growth medium and some building materials. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:4871-5. [PMID: 12324333 PMCID: PMC126391 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.10.4871-4875.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotoxic and cytotoxic compounds were isolated and purified from the culture medium of an indoor air mold, Aspergillus fumigatus. One of these compounds was identified as gliotoxin, a known fungal secondary metabolite. Growth of A. fumigatus and gliotoxin production on some building materials were also studied. Strong growth of the mold and the presence of gliotoxin were detected on spruce wood, gypsum board, and chipboard under saturation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna M Nieminen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kuopio, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Nieminen SM, Mäki-Paakkanen J, Hirvonen MR, Roponen M, von Wright A. Genotoxicity of gliotoxin, a secondary metabolite of Aspergillus fumigatus, in a battery of short-term test systems. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2002; 520:161-70. [PMID: 12297156 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(02)00202-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The genotoxic effects of gliotoxin, a known fungal secondary metabolite, were studied. Gliotoxin was purified from cultivation medium of Aspergillus fumigatus isolated from the indoor air of a moisture problem house. The genotoxicity of gliotoxin was assessed both in bacterial test systems including bacterial repair assay, Ames Salmonella assay and SOS-chromotest, and in mammalian cells using single cell gel (SCG) electrophoresis assay and sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) test. Gliotoxin was found to be genotoxic in the bacterial repair assay but, not in the Salmonella test or SOS-chromotest. A dose-related increase in DNA damage was observed in mouse RAW264.7 macrophages exposed to gliotoxin for 2h in plain medium in the SCG assay. In contrast to the positive response in the SCG assay, gliotoxin did not induce any clear, dose-related increase in SCEs in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna M Nieminen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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Bond R, Pocknell AM, Tozet CE. Pseudomycetoma caused by Microsporum canis in a Persian cat: lack of response to oral terbinafine. J Small Anim Pract 2001; 42:557-60. [PMID: 11721986 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2001.tb06028.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An eight-year-old neutered female Persian cat with a four-year history of relapsing skin disease, characterised by ulcerated nodules with a yellow granular discharge, was examined. A diagnosis of granulomatous dermatitis and panniculitis (pseudomycetoma) caused by Microsporum canis was made on the basis of history, clinical signs, histopathological examination of skin biopsy specimens and culture of macerated tissue. Because previous therapy, comprising repeated surgical excision and the administration of griseofulvin and itraconazole, had not been successful, terbinafine was administered for an eight-month period. However, lesions progressed despite this treatment and the cat was euthanased.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bond
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire
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22
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Black SS, Abemethy TE, Tyler JW, Thomas MW, Garma-Aviña A, Jensen HE. Intra-Abdominal Dermatophytic Pseudomycetoma in a Persian Cat. J Vet Intern Med 2001. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2001.tb02318.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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23
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Chai CL, Waring P. Redox sensitive epidithiodioxopiperazines in biological mechanisms of toxicity. Redox Rep 2001; 5:257-64. [PMID: 11145100 DOI: 10.1179/135100000101535799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidithiodioxopiperazines (ETPs) are a class of secondary metabolites characterized by a bridged disulfide linkage across the alpha,alpha'-positions of the dioxopiperazine ring. This class of compounds displays a range of biological activities, attributed to the sulfur moiety in the oxidized disulfide form and/or the reduced dithiol form. The underlying mechanisms of toxicity of the ETP metabolites are still a matter of debate and this review presents an overview of the evidence for the possible pathways of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Chai
- Department of Chemistry, The Faculties, Australian National University, ACT
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Abstract
1. Gliotoxin belongs to the epipolythiodioxopiperazine class of secondary metabolites. These compounds show a diverse range of biological activity including antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. They also display potent in vitro and in vivo immunomodulating activity. 2. Their properties resulted in a number of early studies designed to exploit their possible chemotherapeutic value, although the general toxicity of most members of this class has precluded clinical use. 3. Most recently, their selective immunosuppressive properties have led to the possibility of ex vivo treatment of tissue to selectively remove immune cells responsible for tissue rejection. The mode of action of gliotoxin appears to be via covalent interaction to proteins through mixed disulphide formation and gliotoxin has been shown to inhibit a number of thiol requiring enzymes. 4. Gliotoxin is also a potent inducer of apoptotic cell death in a number of cells. Gliotoxin and other members of this class of toxins may be produced in vivo during the course of fungal infections and contribute to the aetiology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Waring
- Division of Cell Biology, John Curtin School, Canberra City, Australia.
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Richard JL, Dvorak TJ, Ross PF. Natural occurrence of gliotoxin in turkeys infected with Aspergillus fumigatus, Fresenius. Mycopathologia 1996; 134:167-70. [PMID: 8981782 DOI: 10.1007/bf00436725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen samples of infected turkey lung tissue from cases of 'airsacculitis' were collected either at the processing plant or from a local turkey farm and subjected to cultural and gliotoxin analysis. Aspergillus fumigatus was isolated from 6 of the 13 samples; all isolates were determined to be gliotoxin producers when grown in laboratory culture and assayed by HPLC procedures. Gliotoxin was isolated from 5 of the 13 tissue but was not isolated from all tissues that were infected with A. fumigatus. Gliotoxin was isolated from which no A. fumigatus was isolated and it was not detected in three tissues from which gliotoxin-producing isolates of A. fumigatus were obtained. The ability of this pathogenic fungs to produce this immunomodulating compound in naturally infected turkeys provides further evidence that gliotoxin may be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease, aspergillosis of turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Richard
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
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Richard JL, DeBey MC. Production of gliotoxin during the pathogenic state in turkey poults by Aspergillus fumigatus Fresenius. Mycopathologia 1995; 129:111-5. [PMID: 7544872 DOI: 10.1007/bf01103470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Turkey poults were given either of two different dosages of two different gliotoxin-producing strains of Aspergillus fumigatus. Infected lung tissue was examined postmortem for the presence of gliotoxin. Gliotoxin was found in lung tissue of ten poults infected with one strain and in seven of ten poults infected with the other strain. Concentrations of gliotoxin in the tissue exceeded 6 ppm in some of the infected tissues. The concentration of gliotoxin found in infected tissue did not appear to be correlated with the dosage of organism given. Considering the pathologic changes observed in turkey poults with aspergillosis and the production of gliotoxin during the pathogenic state in turkey poults, gliotoxin is considered likely to be involved in avian aspergillosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Richard
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA/ARS, Peoria, Illinois, USA
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