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Johnson RA, Cramer SW, Dusenbery K, Samadani U. Resection of disseminated recurrent myxopapillary ependymoma with more than 4-year follow-up: operative nuance for prolonged prone position. Illustrative case. JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGERY: CASE LESSONS 2022; 3:CASE2235. [PMID: 36303501 PMCID: PMC9379707 DOI: 10.3171/case2235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Symptomatic disseminated myxopapillary ependymoma (MPE) in a young person presents a daunting challenge because the risks of prolonged prone positioning and spinal cord injury may outweigh the likelihood of attaining the benefit of gross total resection. OBSERVATIONS The authors reported the case of a 15-year-old girl with five discrete recurrent spinal cord ependymomas. The patient received a 25-hour surgical procedure for gross total resection of the tumors and fusion over an approximately 33-hour period. She experienced complete resolution of all preoperative neurological symptoms and subsequently received adjuvant radiation therapy. At 52 months after surgery, she was still experiencing neurologically intact, progression-free survival. This case illustrated one of the most extensive recurrent tumor resections for MPE with prolonged disease-free survival reported to date. It may also represent the longest prone position spinal case reported and was notable for a lack of any of the complications commonly associated with the prolonged prone position. LESSONS The authors discussed the complexity of surgical decision-making in a symptomatic patient with multiple disseminated metastases, technical considerations for resection of intradural and intramedullary spinal cord tumors, and considerations for avoiding complications during prolonged positioning necessary for spinal surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reid A. Johnson
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | | | - Uzma Samadani
- Surgical Services, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and
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Kanno H, Kanetsuna Y, Shinonaga M. Anaplastic myxopapillary ependymoma: A case report and review of literature. World J Clin Oncol 2021; 12:1072-1082. [PMID: 34909401 PMCID: PMC8641005 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v12.i11.1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myxopapillary ependymoma (MPE) is a pathological grade I tumor that arises in the filum terminale. MPE with anaplastic features is extremely rare, and only 5 cases have shown malignancy at the time of recurrence.
CASE SUMMARY The patient (a 46-year-old woman) had undergone a MPE operation 30 years ago. After subtotal resection of the tumor located in L4-S1, it had a solid component that extended to the adjacent subcutaneous region. Histologically, the tumor consisted of a typical MPE with anaplastic features. The anaplastic areas of the tumor showed hypercellularity, a rapid mitotic rate, vascular proliferation, and connective tissue proliferation. Pleomorphic cells and atypical mitotic figures were occasionally observed. The MIB-1 index in this area was 12.3%. The immunohistochemical study showed immunoreactivity for vimentin, glial fibrillary acidic protein and S100. The morphological pattern and immunohistochemical profile were consistent with anaplastic MPE. The patient tolerated surgery well without new neurological deficits. She underwent local irradiation for the residual tumor and rehabilitation.
CONCLUSION Although extremely rare, anaplastic MPE occurs in both pediatric and adult patients, similar to other ependymomas. At a minimum, close monitoring is recommended, given concerns about aggressive biological potential. In the future, further study is needed to determine the WHO classification criteria and genetic indicators of tumor progression. The possibility of malignant transformation of MPE should be taken into account, and patients with MPE should be treated with care and follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kanno
- Department of Neurosurgery, International University of Health and Welfare Atami Hospital, Atami 413-0012, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yukiko Kanetsuna
- Department of Pathology, International University of Health and Welfare Atami Hospital, Atami 413-0012, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masamichi Shinonaga
- Department of Neurosurgery, International University of Health and Welfare Atami Hospital, Atami 413-0012, Shizuoka, Japan
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Garg K, Sharma R, Dash C, Agrawal D, Sharma BS. Spinal Intradural Extramedullary Ependymoma with Intracranial Metastasis and Leptomeningeal Spread: A Case Report and Comprehensive Review of Literature. Neurol India 2019; 67:1352-1357. [PMID: 31744975 DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.271269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Dorsolumbar intradural extramedullary ependymoma is a rare entity. Spinal metastases in patients with intracranial ependymoma are well described, but it is extremely rare for a spinal ependymoma to metastasize to brain. We describe a case of aggressive dorsolumbar intradural extramedullary ependymoma mimicking arachnoid cyst radiologically, which developed intracranial metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwaljeet Garg
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravi Sharma
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Chinmaya Dash
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepak Agrawal
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhawani S Sharma
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Mewada TB, Bishnoi IH, Singh H, Singh D. Occipital Intraparenchymal Myxopapillary Ependymoma: Case Report and Literature Review. Asian J Neurosurg 2017; 12:731-734. [PMID: 29114296 PMCID: PMC5652108 DOI: 10.4103/ajns.ajns_45_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myxopapillary ependymoma (MPE) is a histological variant of ependymoma found in the conus medullaris or filum terminale region. Intracranial occurrence of the tumor is a rarity. The most characteristic histological feature of myxopapillary tumors is the abundance of intercellular and perivascular mucin and the arborizing vasculature, which tends to form papillae. We are reporting a 14-year-old patient presented with seizures caused by the right occipital region intraparenchymal lesion. Histopathology confirmed it to be MPE. Lesion was excised completely. Literature reviews on the topic are discussed regarding the histological findings, natural history, and outcome of surgically treated MPE. This is the fifth reported case of cerebral intraparenchymal primary MPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushit Bharat Mewada
- Department of Neurosurgery, G B PANT Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Ishu Hetram Bishnoi
- Department of Neurosurgery, G B PANT Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Hukum Singh
- Department of Neurosurgery, G B PANT Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Daljit Singh
- Department of Neurosurgery, G B PANT Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
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5
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Bandopadhayay P, Silvera VM, Ciarlini PDSC, Malkin H, Bi WL, Bergthold G, Faisal AM, Ullrich NJ, Marcus K, Scott RM, Beroukhim R, Manley PE, Chi SN, Ligon KL, Goumnerova LC, Kieran MW. Myxopapillary ependymomas in children: imaging, treatment and outcomes. J Neurooncol 2016; 126:165-174. [PMID: 26468139 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-015-1955-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Myxopapillary ependymomas (MPEs) are rare spinal tumors in children. The natural history and clinical course of pediatric MPEs are largely unknown and the indication for adjuvant therapy remains to be clarified. We performed an IRB-approved, retrospective review of children with MPEs treated at the Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorder Center between 1982 and 2013. Eighteen children (age range 8-21 years, median age 14 years) met inclusion criteria. We reviewed the histopathology, magnetic resonance imaging, tumor location and stage, surgical management, adjuvant therapy, and clinical outcomes. The median follow-up duration was 9.4 years (range 1-30 years). Children most commonly presented with pain, scoliosis, and urinary symptoms. All primary tumors were located in the lower thoracic or lumbar spine. Nine children (50%) had leptomeningeal tumor seeding at presentation, most commonly located within the distal thecal sac. A gross-total resection was achieved in nine children (50%). Three children were treated with irradiation following initial surgery. No child received adjuvant chemotherapy at diagnosis. The 10-year event-free survival (EFS) was 26% ± 14.8. Children with disseminated disease trended towards inferior EFS compared to those with localized disease (10-year EFS 12.7% ± 12 vs. 57 ± 25%, p value 0.07). The 10-year overall survival was 100%. The efficacy of adjuvant irradiation could not be assessed due to the small sample size. Although children with MPEs frequently present with disseminated tumor and/or develop recurrent or progressive disease, their overall survival is excellent. Treatment should aim to minimize both tumor- and therapy-related morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratiti Bandopadhayay
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorder Center, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, 02215, USA
| | - V Michelle Silvera
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Pedro D S C Ciarlini
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Hayley Malkin
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorder Center, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, 02215, USA
| | - Wenya Linda Bi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Guillaume Bergthold
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorder Center, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, 02215, USA
| | - Ahmed M Faisal
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorder Center, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, 02215, USA
| | - Nicole J Ullrich
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorder Center, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, 02215, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Karen Marcus
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorder Center, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, 02215, USA
| | - R Michael Scott
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Rameen Beroukhim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Peter E Manley
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorder Center, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, 02215, USA
| | - Susan N Chi
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorder Center, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, 02215, USA
| | - Keith L Ligon
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. .,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Liliana C Goumnerova
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorder Center, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, 02215, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Mark W Kieran
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorder Center, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, 02215, USA.
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6
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Mack SC, Agnihotri S, Bertrand KC, Wang X, Shih DJ, Witt H, Hill N, Zayne K, Barszczyk M, Ramaswamy V, Remke M, Thompson Y, Ryzhova M, Massimi L, Grajkowska W, Lach B, Gupta N, Weiss WA, Guha A, Hawkins C, Croul S, Rutka JT, Pfister SM, Korshunov A, Pekmezci M, Tihan T, Philips JJ, Jabado N, Zadeh G, Taylor MD. Spinal Myxopapillary Ependymomas Demonstrate a Warburg Phenotype. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:3750-8. [PMID: 25957288 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Myxopapillary ependymoma (MPE) is a distinct histologic variant of ependymoma arising commonly in the spinal cord. Despite an overall favorable prognosis, distant metastases, subarachnoid dissemination, and late recurrences have been reported. Currently, the only effective treatment for MPE is gross-total resection. We characterized the genomic and transcriptional landscape of spinal ependymomas in an effort to delineate the genetic basis of this disease and identify new leads for therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Gene expression profiling was performed on 35 spinal ependymomas, and copy number profiling was done on an overlapping cohort of 46 spinal ependymomas. Functional validation experiments were performed on tumor lysates consisting of assays measuring pyruvate kinase M activity (PKM), hexokinase activity (HK), and lactate production. RESULTS At a gene expression level, we demonstrate that spinal grade II and MPE are molecularly and biologically distinct. These are supported by specific copy number alterations occurring in each histologic variant. Pathway analysis revealed that MPE are characterized by increased cellular metabolism, associated with upregulation of HIF1α. These findings were validated by Western blot analysis demonstrating increased protein expression of HIF1α, HK2, PDK1, and phosphorylation of PDHE1A. Functional assays were performed on MPE lysates, which demonstrated decreased PKM activity, increased HK activity, and elevated lactate production. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that MPE may be driven by a Warburg metabolic phenotype. The key enzymes promoting the Warburg phenotype: HK2, PKM2, and PDK are targetable by small-molecule inhibitors/activators, and should be considered for evaluation in future clinical trials for MPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Mack
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sameer Agnihotri
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kelsey C Bertrand
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xin Wang
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David J Shih
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hendrik Witt
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Germany. Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nadia Hill
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kory Zayne
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Barszczyk
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marc Remke
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yuan Thompson
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marina Ryzhova
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Germany. Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Luca Massimi
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, Catholic University Medical School, Gemelli Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Wieslawa Grajkowska
- Department of Pathology University of Warsaw, Children's Memorial Health Institute University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Boleslaw Lach
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton General Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nalin Gupta
- Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics, Neuro-Pathology and Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, The Helen Diller Family Cancer Research Building, San Francisco, California
| | - William A Weiss
- Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics, Neuro-Pathology and Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, The Helen Diller Family Cancer Research Building, San Francisco, California
| | - Abhijit Guha
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cynthia Hawkins
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sidney Croul
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James T Rutka
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Germany. Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrey Korshunov
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany. CCU Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melike Pekmezci
- Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics, Neuro-Pathology and Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, The Helen Diller Family Cancer Research Building, San Francisco, California
| | - Tarik Tihan
- Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics, Neuro-Pathology and Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, The Helen Diller Family Cancer Research Building, San Francisco, California
| | - Joanna J Philips
- Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics, Neuro-Pathology and Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, The Helen Diller Family Cancer Research Building, San Francisco, California
| | - Nada Jabado
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, McGill University and the McGill University Health Center Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gelareh Zadeh
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Kukreja S, Ambekar S, Sharma M, Sin AH, Nanda A. Outcome predictors in the management of spinal myxopapillary ependymoma: an integrative survival analysis. World Neurosurg 2014; 83:852-9. [PMID: 25108296 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The results in earlier studies have described a variable association with age, extent of resection, and radiotherapy (RT) correlating with the survival of myxopapillary ependymomas. The aim of our study is to perform a survival analysis on patient data gathered from a comprehensive review of the literature and determine the influence of these factors on progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS). METHODS A PubMed search was performed to select the articles containing information about the critical events (recurrence/death), time to events, and treatment characteristics (extent of resection with or without RT) in the patients with spinal myxopapillary ependymomas. RESULTS A total of 337 patients with information regarding the critical events, time to events, and treatment characteristics was selected for the inclusion. Patients in gross-total resection group had better PFS and OS (P = 0.001, P = 0.000 respectively). The patients in older age group (>35 years) had better PFS (P = 0.008). Overall PFS did not improve if RT was combined with surgery compared with surgery alone; however, the adjuvant RT benefitted the patients age ≤35 years. RT dose >50 Gy had significant influence on the PFS (P = 0.034). CONCLUSION Gross-total resection plays the most important role in improving PFS and OS. Older patients had better PFS; however, the influence of adjuvant RT was significant in younger age groups. A dose of >50 Gy improves the results, but a randomized controlled study is warranted to arrive at a definite conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kukreja
- Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Sudheer Ambekar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Mayur Sharma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Anthony Hunkyun Sin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Anil Nanda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA.
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8
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Oh MC, Tarapore PE, Kim JM, Sun MZ, Safaee M, Kaur G, Aranda DM, Parsa AT. Spinal ependymomas: benefits of extent of resection for different histological grades. J Clin Neurosci 2013; 20:1390-7. [PMID: 23768966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although the World Health Organization (WHO) categorizes spinal ependymomas into three histological grades, difference in surgical outcomes between WHO grades I and II tumors are unclear. For these benign tumors, prognosis may be best determined by factors other than tumor grade alone, such as extent of resection. To analyze the effects of the extent of resection on different grades of spinal ependymomas, we performed a comprehensive literature review to identify adult spinal ependymoma patients who received surgical resection with a clearly identifiable WHO grade. A total of 175 patients were identified. While grade III tumors carried the worst prognosis as expected (p<0.001), grade I and II tumors did not differ significantly in outcomes following surgery. Overall, gross total resection (GTR, 68.7%, 114/166) provided significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS, p<0.001) and overall survival (OS, p=0.022) compared to the subtotal resection group. Surprisingly, the highest GTR rate was achieved for grade II tumors (78.8%, 78/99; p<0.001) followed by grade I (58.9%, 33/56) and grade III tumors (27.3%, 3/11). Interestingly, PFS was significantly improved by GTR for grade II tumors (p<0.001), but not for grade I (p=0.705). Similar trends, although not statistically significant, were found for OS. Our results show that while GTR provides the best overall outcomes, GTR is most effective for classic grade II ependymomas, but not for grade I ependymomas. Despite having a lower WHO grade, myxopapillary ependymomas have a lower GTR rate, and benefit less from GTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Oh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Fransisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA
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9
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Oh MC, Kim JM, Kaur G, Safaee M, Sun MZ, Singh A, Aranda D, Molinaro AM, Parsa AT. Prognosis by tumor location in adults with spinal ependymomas. J Neurosurg Spine 2013; 18:226-35. [PMID: 23311515 DOI: 10.3171/2012.12.spine12591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Ependymomas are primary central nervous system tumors that occur more frequently in the spines of adults than they do there in children. Previous studies consist mainly of retrospective single-institutional experiences or case studies. In this study, a comprehensive literature review was performed on reported cases of spinal ependymoma treated with resection to determine whether tumor location along the spinal axis conveys important prognostic information. METHODS A PubMed search was performed to identify all papers that included data on patients with spinal ependymoma. Only cases involving adult patients who underwent ependymoma resection with a clearly reported tumor location were included for analysis. Tumor locations were separated into 6 groups: cervicomedullary, cervical, cervicothoracic, thoracic, thoracolumbar, and conus + cauda equina. Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox regression analyses were performed to determine the effect of tumor location on progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS A total of 447 patients who underwent resection of spinal ependymomas with clearly indicated location of tumor were identified. The most common locations of spinal ependymomas were the cervical (32.0%) and conus + cauda equina (26.8%) regions. The thoracolumbar and cervicomedullary regions had the fewest tumors (accounting for, respectively, 5.1% and 3.4% of the total number of cases). The conus + cauda equina and thoracolumbar regions had the highest percentage of WHO Grade I tumors, while tumors located above these regions consisted of mostly WHO Grade II tumors. Despite the tendency for benign grades in the lower spinal regions, PFS for patients with spinal ependymomas in the lower 3 regions (thoracic, thoracolumbar, conus + cauda equina) was significantly shorter (p < 0.001) than for those with tumors in the upper regions (cervicomedullary, cervical, cervicothoracic), but the difference in OS did not achieve statistical significance (p = 0.131). CONCLUSIONS Spinal ependymomas along different regions of spinal axis have different characteristics and clinical behaviors. Tumor grade, extent of resection, and PFS varied by tumor location (upper vs lower spinal regions), while OS did not. Recurrence rates were higher for the lower spinal cord tumors, despite a greater prevalence of lower WHO grade lesions, compared with upper spinal cord tumors, suggesting that tumor location along the spinal axis is an important prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Oh
- Departments of Neurological Surgery, University of California, SanFrancisco, CA 94117 USA
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Chakraborti S, Govindan A, Alapatt JP, Radhakrishnan M, Santosh V. Primary myxopapillary ependymoma of the fourth ventricle with cartilaginous metaplasia: a case report and review of the literature. Brain Tumor Pathol 2011; 29:25-30. [PMID: 21837503 DOI: 10.1007/s10014-011-0059-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Myxopapillary ependymoma (MPE), which is a benign histological subtype of ependymoma, is found predominantly in the cauda equina region. It occurs rarely in the brain and mostly as a metastatic deposit from a spinal lesion. The occurrence of primary intracranial MPE is exceptional, with only 11 cases reported to date. We report an additional case of intracranial MPE, which is the third reported case in the fourth ventricle. The tumor manifested in a 50-year-old lady, who presented with features of raised intracranial pressure. A gross total resection of the tumor was achieved. Histologically, the tumor had characteristic features of MPE with focal metaplastic cartilaginous deposit. On further evaluation, there was no evidence of a primary tumor in the spinal cord. Intracranial MPE needs further evaluation by craniospinal MRI to exclude an unrecognized primary in the spinal region, which could warrant surgical attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrijeet Chakraborti
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Hosur Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560 029, India.
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Kucia EJ, Maughan PH, Kakarla UK, Bambakidis NC, Spetzler RF. Surgical technique and outcomes in the treatment of spinal cord ependymomas: part II: myxopapillary ependymoma. Neurosurgery 2010; 68:90-4; discussion 94. [PMID: 21099714 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e3181fdf912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myxopapillary ependymomas usually occur in the filum terminale of the spinal cord. OBJECTIVE This report summarizes our experience treating myxopapillary ependymomas. METHODS The records of 34 patients (14 men, 20 women; mean age 45.5 years; age range, 14-88 years) who underwent resection of a myxopapillary ependymoma between 1983 and 2006 were reviewed for age, sex, tumor location, symptoms at diagnosis, duration of symptoms, treatment before presentation, extent of surgical resection, adjuvant therapy, length of follow-up, evidence of recurrence, and complications. Neurological examinations performed at presentation, immediately after surgery, and last follow-up were graded according to the McCormick grading scale. RESULTS The average duration of symptoms before diagnosis was 22.2 months. The most common symptom was pain followed by weakness, bowel/bladder symptoms, and numbness. The rate of gross total resection was 80%. All patients with a subtotal resection (20%) underwent postoperative radiation therapy. Presentation and outcomes of patients who underwent subtotal resection followed by radiation therapy were compared with those who underwent gross total resection. There was no significant difference in neurological grade between the groups at presentation or final follow-up. The overall recurrence rate was 10% (3/34 patients). CONCLUSION The goal of surgical treatment of myxopapillary ependymomas is resection to the greatest extent possible with preservation of function. In cases of subtotal resection, postoperative radiation therapy may improve outcome. If neurological function is maintained at treatment, these indolent lesions allow years of good function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa J Kucia
- Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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DiLuna ML, Levy GH, Sood S, Duncan CC. Primary Myxopapillary Ependymoma of the Medulla. Neurosurgery 2010; 66:E1208-9; discussion E1209. [DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000369513.84063.a6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
Myxopapillary ependymoma is a subclassification of ependymoma that is thought to be nearly exclusive to the conus medullaris or filum terminale. Primary intracerebral or brainstem myxopapillary ependymomas are rare.
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
An 8-year-old child presented with a 5-month history of nausea and vomiting and a 1-week history of headache. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a nodular mass in the medulla with an associated cyst extending into the fourth ventricle.
INTERVENTION
A suboccipital craniotomy was performed, and a gross total resection of the lesion and cyst was achieved. Histological examination confirmed the diagnosis of myxopapillary ependymoma. A discussion of other reported cases of extraspinal myxopapillary ependymomas is presented.
CONCLUSION
This is the first report of a case of myxopapillary ependymoma, confirmed by histology, in the medulla. Although rare, myxopapillary ependymomas outside of the filum terminale do exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. DiLuna
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gillian H. Levy
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Shreya Sood
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Charles C. Duncan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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