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Brent MB, Brüel A, Thomsen JS. A Systematic Review of Animal Models of Disuse-Induced Bone Loss. Calcif Tissue Int 2021; 108:561-575. [PMID: 33386477 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-020-00799-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several different animal models are used to study disuse-induced bone loss. This systematic review aims to give a comprehensive overview of the animal models of disuse-induced bone loss and provide a detailed narrative synthesis of each unique animal model. METHODS PubMed and Embase were systematically searched for animal models of disuse from inception to November 30, 2019. In addition, Google Scholar and personal file archives were searched for relevant publications not indexed in PubMed or Embase. Two reviewers independently reviewed titles and abstracts for full-text inclusion. Data were extracted using a predefined extraction scheme to ensure standardization. RESULTS 1964 titles and abstracts were screened of which 653 full-text articles were included. The most common animal species used to model disuse were rats (59%) and mice (30%). Males (53%) where used in the majority of the studies and genetically modified animals accounted for 7%. Twelve different methods to induce disuse were identified. The most frequently used methods were hindlimb unloading (44%), neurectomy (15%), bandages and orthoses (15%), and botulinum toxin (9%). The median time of disuse was 21 days (quartiles: 14 days, 36 days) and the median number of animals per group subjected to disuse was 10 (quartiles: 7, 14). Random group allocation was reported in 43% of the studies. Fewer than 5% of the studies justified the number of animals per group by a sample size calculation to ensure adequate statistical power. CONCLUSION Multiple animal models of disuse-induced bone loss exist, and several species of animals have successfully been studied. The complexity of disuse-induced bone loss warrants rigid research study designs. This systematic review emphasized the need for standardization of animal disuse research and reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Bo Brent
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Department of Biomedicine, Health, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 3, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Annemarie Brüel
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Bone Marrow Derived Extracellular Vesicles Activate Osteoclast Differentiation in Traumatic Brain Injury Induced Bone Loss. Cells 2019; 8:cells8010063. [PMID: 30658394 PMCID: PMC6356398 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major source of worldwide morbidity and mortality. Patients suffering from TBI exhibit a higher susceptibility to bone loss and an increased rate of bone fractures; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined. Herein, we observed significantly lower bone quality and elevated levels of inflammation in bone and bone marrow niche after controlled cortical impact-induced TBI in in vivo CD-1 mice. Further, we identified dysregulated NF-κB signaling, an established mediator of osteoclast differentiation and bone loss, within the bone marrow niche of TBI mice. Ex vivo studies revealed increased osteoclast differentiation in bone marrow-derived cells from TBI mice, as compared to sham injured mice. We also found bone marrow derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) from TBI mice enhanced the colony forming ability and osteoclast differentiation efficacy and activated NF-κB signaling genes in bone marrow-derived cells. Additionally, we showed that miRNA-1224 up-regulated in bone marrow-derived EVs cargo of TBI. Taken together, we provide evidence that TBI-induced inflammatory stress on bone and the bone marrow niche may activate NF-κB leading to accelerated bone loss. Targeted inhibition of these signaling pathways may reverse TBI-induced bone loss and reduce fracture rates.
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Borschmann KN, Rewell SS, Iuliano S, Ghasem-Zadeh A, Davey RA, Ho H, Skeers PN, Bernhardt J, Howells DW. Reduced bone formation markers, and altered trabecular and cortical bone mineral densities of non-paretic femurs observed in rats with ischemic stroke: A randomized controlled pilot study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172889. [PMID: 28278253 PMCID: PMC5344372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immobility and neural damage likely contribute to accelerated bone loss after stroke, and subsequent heightened fracture risk in humans. Objective To investigate the skeletal effect of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) stroke in rats and examine its utility as a model of human post-stroke bone loss. Methods Twenty 15-week old spontaneously hypertensive male rats were randomized to MCAo or sham surgery controls. Primary outcome: group differences in trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV) measured by Micro-CT (10.5 micron istropic voxel size) at the ultra-distal femur of stroke affected left legs at day 28. Neurological impairments (stroke behavior and foot-faults) and physical activity (cage monitoring) were assessed at baseline, and days 1 and 27. Serum bone turnover markers (formation: N-terminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen, PINP; resorption: C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen, CTX) were assessed at baseline, and days 7 and 27. Results No effect of stroke was observed on BV/TV or physical activity, but PINP decreased by -24.5% (IQR -34.1, -10.5, p = 0.046) at day 27. In controls, cortical bone volume (5.2%, IQR 3.2, 6.9) and total volume (6.4%, IQR 1.2, 7.6) were higher in right legs compared to left legs, but these side-to-side differences were not evident in stroke animals. Conclusion MCAo may negatively affect bone formation. Further investigation of limb use and physical activity patterns after MCAo is required to determine the utility of this current model as a representation of human post-stroke bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen N. Borschmann
- School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
- Stroke Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Australia
- NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery, Melbourne, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Sarah S. Rewell
- Stroke Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Sandra Iuliano
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Ali Ghasem-Zadeh
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Rachel A. Davey
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Heidi Ho
- Stroke Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Peta N. Skeers
- Stroke Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Julie Bernhardt
- School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
- Stroke Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Australia
- NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David W. Howells
- Stroke Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Australia
- University of Tasmania, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Hobart, Australia
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Brady RD, Shultz SR, Sun M, Romano T, van der Poel C, Wright DK, Wark JD, O'Brien TJ, Grills BL, McDonald SJ. Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury Induces Bone Loss in Rats. J Neurotrauma 2016; 33:2154-2160. [PMID: 25686841 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Few studies have investigated the influence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) on bone homeostasis; however, pathophysiological mechanisms involved in TBI have potential to be detrimental to bone. The current study assessed the effect of experimental TBI in rats on the quantity and quality of two different weight-bearing bones, the femur and humerus. Rats were randomly assigned into either sham or lateral fluid percussion injury (FPI) groups. Open-field testing to assess locomotion was conducted at 1, 4, and 12 weeks post-injury, with the rats killed at 1 and 12 weeks post-injury. Bones were analyzed using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), histomorphometric analysis, and three-point bending. pQCT analysis revealed that at 1 and 12 weeks post-injury, the distal metaphyseal region of femora from FPI rats had reduced cortical content (10% decrease at 1 week, 8% decrease at 12 weeks; p < 0.01) and cortical thickness (10% decrease at 1 week, 11% decrease at 12 weeks p < 0.001). There was also a 23% reduction in trabecular bone volume ratio at 1 week post-injury and a 27% reduction at 12 weeks post-injury in FPI rats compared to sham (p < 0.001). There were no differences in bone quantity and mechanical properties of the femoral midshaft between sham and TBI animals. There were no differences in locomotor outcomes, which suggested that post-TBI changes in bone were not attributed to immobility. Taken together, these findings indicate that this rat model of TBI was detrimental to bone and suggests a link between TBI and altered bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys D Brady
- 1 Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University , Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- 2 Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mujun Sun
- 2 Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tania Romano
- 1 Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University , Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Chris van der Poel
- 1 Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University , Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - David K Wright
- 3 Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC, Australia .,4 The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - John D Wark
- 2 Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- 2 Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Brian L Grills
- 1 Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University , Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart J McDonald
- 1 Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University , Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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Yu H, Watt H, Mohan S. The negative impact of traumatic brain injury (TBI) on bone in a mouse model. Brain Inj 2013; 28:244-51. [PMID: 24295038 DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2013.859735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While it is well established that the brain produces hypothalamic hormones and neuropeptides that influence skeletal metabolism, the impact of traumatic brain injury (TBI) on bone is unknown. Based on the recognition from clinical studies that there is an association between TBI and long-term hypothalamic pituitary dysfunction, it was hypothesized that TBI exerts a negative impact on skeletal growth and maintenance. METHODS To test the hypothesis, this study employed a repetitive weight drop model for TBI. Four impacts were applied for four consecutive days on 5-week old female C57BL/6 J mice. Bone measurements were taken 2 weeks after the first impact. RESULTS Bone mineral content (BMC), bone area (B area) and bone mineral density (BMD) in the total body were reduced by 14.5%, 9.8% and 5.2%, respectively, in the impacted vs. control mice. There was a 17.1% reduction in total volumetric BMD (vBMD) and a 4.0% reduction in material vBMD in cortical bone. In trabecular bone, there was a 44.0% reduction in BV/TV. Although there was no change in the cross-sectional bone size, the tibial growth plate and the tibia itself were shortened. CONCLUSION The repetitive animal TBI model produced an immediate, strong negative impact on bone mass acquisition in young mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrun Yu
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial VA Medical Center , Loma Linda, CA , USA and
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Im S, Lim SH, Lee JI, Ko YJ, Park JH, Hong BY, Park GY. Effective dosage and administration schedule of oral alendronate for non-nociceptive symptoms in rats with chronic constriction injury. J Korean Med Sci 2010; 25:938-44. [PMID: 20514318 PMCID: PMC2877239 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2010.25.6.938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the efficacy of oral alendronate with different dosing regimens for non-nociceptive symptoms and osteoporosis in a sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI) model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=60) were subdivided into sham control (SC) group and CCI groups, which were divided according to dosage and time of oral alendronate administration: no treatment (NT), low dosage early (LE), high dosage early (HE), low dosage late (LL) and high dosage late (HL). We measured the thickness and temperature of the hind paw, bone mineral density (BMD) of the tibia, along with tibia bone strength. On the 14th day post-CCI, the HE group showed significant reduction in thickness and temperature (P<0.001). On the 42nd day post-CCI, the HE group showed significant reduction in temperature compared to the NT group (P<0.001). Also, both HE and HL groups showed statistically significant increased tibia BMD (P<0.001), along with increase of tibia bone strength compared to the NT group. Based on these findings, early alendronate in high dosages is effective in the non-nociceptive symptoms; early and late alendronate in high dosages, are effective in preventing bone dystrophic changes in a CCI model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Im
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Seong-Hoon Lim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-In Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Jin Ko
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Hyun Park
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Bo-Young Hong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Geun-Young Park
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
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Kasturi GC, Cifu DX, Adler RA. A Review of Osteoporosis: Part I. Impact, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Unique Role of the Physiatrist. PM R 2009; 1:254-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2008.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Revised: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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