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Büttner-Kunert J, Blöchinger S, Falkowska Z, Rieger T, Oslmeier C. Interaction of discourse processing impairments, communicative participation, and verbal executive functions in people with chronic traumatic brain injury. Front Psychol 2022; 13:892216. [PMID: 36275227 PMCID: PMC9586152 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.892216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Especially in the chronic phase, individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) (IwTBI) may still have impairments at the discourse level, even if these remain undetected by conventional aphasia tests. As a consequence, IwTBI may be impaired in conversational behavior and disadvantaged in their socio-communicative participation. Even though handling discourse is thought to be a basic requirement for participation and quality of life, only a handful of test procedures assessing discourse disorders have been developed so far. The MAKRO Screening is a recently developed screening tool designed to assess discourse impairments. The test construction is based on psycholinguistic frameworks and the concept of macro-rules, which refer to cognitive functions responsible for organizing and reducing complex information (e.g., propositional content) in discourse. Aim The aim of our study was to investigate discourse processing in IwTBI in different tasks and to assess problems in communicative participation in the post-acute and chronic phase. In this context, we also aimed to analyze the influence of the severity of the initial impairment and the verbal executive abilities on the discourse performance. Additionally, the impact of macrolinguistic discourse impairments and verbal fluency on perceived communicative participation was targeted in our analysis. Methods Data from 23 IwTBI (moderate to severe) and 23 healthy control subjects have been analyzed. They completed two subtests of the MAKRO screening: Text production and Inferences. Discourse performance was examined in relation to measures of semantic fluency and verbal task-switching. Socio-communicative problems were evaluated with the German version of the La Trobe Communication Questionnaire (LCQ). Results IwTBI showed lower test results than the control group in the two subtests of the MAKRO-Screening. Difficulties in picture-based narrative text production also indicated greater perceived difficulties in communicative participation (LCQ). We also found that the subject's performance on the MAKRO-Screening subtests can partly be explained by underlying dysexecutive symptoms (in terms of verbal fluency and verbal task switching) and the severity of their injury. The preliminary results of our study show that cognitive-linguistic symptoms in IwTBI are also evident in the chronic phase. These can be detected with procedures referring to the discourse level, such as the MAKRO-Screening. The assessment of discourse performance should be an integral part in the rehabilitation of IwTBI in order to detect cognitive-linguistic communication disorders and to evaluate their impact on socio-communicative participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Büttner-Kunert
- Department of Linguistics, Project NEUROPRAG, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- Department of Linguistics, Speech-Language-Therapy, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Blöchinger
- Department of Linguistics, Project NEUROPRAG, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- Department of Linguistics, Speech-Language-Therapy, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Zofia Falkowska
- Department of Linguistics, Project NEUROPRAG, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- Department of Linguistics, Speech-Language-Therapy, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Theresa Rieger
- Department of Linguistics, Speech-Language-Therapy, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Charlotte Oslmeier
- Department of Linguistics, Speech-Language-Therapy, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- Speech-Language Therapy Unit, NEUROKOM, Bad Tölz, Germany
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Kelly C, Cornwell P, Copley A, Hewetson R. Community-based rehabilitation for adults with cognitive-communication disorders following traumatic brain injury: A mixed methods investigation. Brain Inj 2022; 36:1010-1018. [PMID: 35899295 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2022.2105953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the experiences and perspectives of speech pathologists when delivering cognitive-communication therapy to adults following traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS An explanatory sequential mixed methods design was used to explore the practices of speech pathologists working in community-based rehabilitation (CBR) settings. The first participant group completed an in-depth online survey, whilst the second group participated in an interview to discuss their processes and recommendations when managing adults following TBI. RESULTS Participants highlighted the need for services to be client-centered and inclusive in their approaches to meet the rehabilitation needs of people following TBI in community-based settings. The key features identified to achieve this included utilizing a flexible service delivery approach, implementation of meaningful therapy, as well as inclusion of significant others. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide a snapshot of the current practices employed by a range of speech pathology services across Australia and New Zealand. Health professionals and rehabilitation service providers should consider the key factors highlighted by the participants when designing future CBR models of care for this client group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Kelly
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Petrea Cornwell
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Anna Copley
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ronelle Hewetson
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
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Darshini JK, Afsar M, Vandana VP, Shukla D, Rajeswaran J. The Triad of Cognition, Language, and Communication in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Correlational Study. J Neurosci Rural Pract 2021; 12:666-672. [PMID: 34737500 PMCID: PMC8559081 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1734008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with deficits in cognition, language, and communication along with physical and psychosocial consequences. This study aimed at evaluating the association between cognition, language, and communication in a cohort of patients with TBI in southern India using standardized language specific assessment tools. Materials and Methods The present correlational study included 30 patients with TBI of any severity, that is, mild, moderate, and severe within the postinjury period of 6 to 36 months. Comprehensive evaluation of cognition, language, and communication was done using National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences Neuropsychology Battery, Indian adapted versions of Western Aphasia Battery and La Trobe Communication Questionnaire (LCQ) respectively. Data Analysis Measures of descriptive statistics, that is, mean, median, percentages, and frequencies, were used. Raw scores, that is, aphasia quotient (AQ), and subdomain scores for LCQ, that is, LCQ-quality, quantity, relation, manner, and cognition, were calculated. Composite scores for the three neuropsychological domains, that is, attention and processing speed, executive function, learning and memory, were evaluated. Partial correlation was computed for identifying the association between the three variables by controlling for age, education, duration, and severity of injury. Results A significant correlation was found between AQ and measures of attention and executive functioning and all measures of LCQ except LCQ-manner. Further, a significant correlation was found between executive functioning and LCQ-total, LCQ-quantity, and LCQ cognition. No correlation was found between measures of attention and memory with communication. Conclusion A good language and executive functioning are associated with better communication abilities in patients with TBI thus emphasizing on the importance of a multidisciplinary team for the management of cognitive-communication impairments following a TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeevendra Kumar Darshini
- Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohammed Afsar
- Department of Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Dhaval Shukla
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Jamuna Rajeswaran
- Department of Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Coffey BJ, Threlkeld ZD, Foulkes AS, Bodien YG, Edlow BL. Reemergence of the language network during recovery from severe traumatic brain injury: A pilot functional MRI study. Brain Inj 2021; 35:1552-1562. [PMID: 34546806 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2021.1972455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that, in patients with acute severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) who recover basic language function, speech-evoked blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (fMRI) responses within the canonical language network increase over the first 6 months post-injury. RESEARCH DESIGN We conducted a prospective, longitudinal fMRI pilot study of adults with acute severe TBI admitted to the intensive care unit. We also enrolled age- and sex-matched healthy subjects. METHODS AND PROCEDURES We evaluated BOLD signal in bilateral superior temporal gyrus (STG) and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) regions of interest acutely and approximately 6 months post-injury. Given evidence that regions outside the canonical language network contribute to language processing, we also performed exploratory whole-brain analyses. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Of the 16 patients enrolled, eight returned for follow-up fMRI, all of whom recovered basic language function. We observed speech-evoked longitudinal BOLD increases in the left STG, but not in the right STG, right IFG, or left IFG. Whole-brain analysis revealed increases in the right supramarginal and middle temporal gyri but no differences between patients and healthy subjects (n = 16). CONCLUSION This pilot study suggests that, in patients with severe TBI who recover llanguage function, speech-evoked responses in bihemispheric language-processing cortex reemerge by 6 months post-injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Coffey
- Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Florida Health, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Zachary D Threlkeld
- Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Andrea S Foulkes
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yelena G Bodien
- Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brian L Edlow
- Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
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Weeks DL, Ambrose SB, Tindall AG. The utility of the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination in inpatient rehabilitation for traumatic brain injury: preliminary findings. Brain Inj 2020; 34:881-888. [PMID: 32396468 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2020.1761564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MS) could provide useful information about cognitive status in traumatic brain injury (TBI), yet has not been validated in this population. We studied the reliability, construct validity, clinical responsiveness, and cognitive impairment classification-ability of the 3MS compared to the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). METHODS Adult participants receiving inpatient rehabilitation services for TBI were administered the 3MS and MMSE at admission and discharge (n = 72). Construct validity and classification agreement were assessed through relationships of each measure with cognitive items of the Functional Independence MeasureTM (FIM) and rehabilitation length of stay (LOS). RESULTS 3MS reliability at admission and discharge (Cronbach's alphas = .871 and .839, respectively) exceeded that for the MMSE (Cronbach's alpha = .748 and .653, respectively). 3MS construct validity was marginally better than for the MMSE as assessed through correlations with FIM cognitive scores and LOS. Standard error of measurement as a percentage of the total scale was lower for the 3MS; responsiveness of the 3MS was superior as assessed by the 95% confidence interval for minimal detectable change. Cognitive impairment classification-ability was superior for the 3MS. CONCLUSIONS While both instruments had reasonable psychometric properties, the 3MS had a superior psychometric profile in the acute phase of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas L Weeks
- Clinical Research Department, St. Luke's Rehabilitation Institute , Spokane, WA, USA.,Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University , Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Sara B Ambrose
- Clinical Research Department, St. Luke's Rehabilitation Institute , Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Angelique G Tindall
- Clinical Research Department, St. Luke's Rehabilitation Institute , Spokane, WA, USA
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Yang Y, Fang YY, Gao J, Geng GL. Effects of Five-Element Music on Language Recovery in Patients with Poststroke Aphasia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Altern Complement Med 2019; 25:993-1004. [DOI: 10.1089/acm.2018.0479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- School of Nursing, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yueh-Yen Fang
- School of Nursing, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jing Gao
- School of Nursing, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Gui-Ling Geng
- School of Nursing, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Barman A, Chatterjee A, Bhide R. Cognitive Impairment and Rehabilitation Strategies After Traumatic Brain Injury. Indian J Psychol Med 2016; 38:172-81. [PMID: 27335510 PMCID: PMC4904751 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7176.183086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is among the significant causes of morbidity and mortality in the present world. Around 1.6 million persons sustain TBI, whereas 200,000 die annually in India, thus highlighting the rising need for appropriate cognitive rehabilitation strategies. This literature review assesses the current knowledge of various cognitive rehabilitation training strategies. The entire spectrum of TBI severity; mild to severe, is associated with cognitive deficits of varying degree. Cognitive insufficiency is more prevalent and longer lasting in TBI persons than in the general population. A multidisciplinary approach with neuropsychiatric evaluation is warranted. Attention process training and tasks for attention deficits, compensatory strategies and errorless learning training for memory deficits, pragmatic language skills and social behavior guidance for cognitive-communication disorder, meta-cognitive strategy, and problem-solving training for executive disorder are the mainstay of therapy for cognitive deficits in persons with TBI. Cognitive impairments following TBI are common and vary widely. Different cognitive rehabilitation techniques and combinations in addition to pharmacotherapy are helpful in addressing various cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurba Barman
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Ahana Chatterjee
- Formerly Clinical Fellow, Division of Physiatry, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rohit Bhide
- Princess Royal Spinal Injuries Unit, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
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Nikopoulos CK, Nikopoulou-Smyrni P, Konstantopoulos K. Effects of video modelling on emerging speech in an adult with traumatic brain injury: preliminary findings. Brain Inj 2013; 27:1256-62. [PMID: 23909660 DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2013.809550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE Research has shown that traumatic brain injury (TBI) can affect a person's ability to perform previously learned skills. Dysexecutive syndrome and inattention, for example, alongside a number of other cognitive and behavioural impairments such as memory loss and lack of motivation, significantly affect day-to-day functioning following TBI. This study examined the efficacy of video modelling in emerging speech in an adult male with TBI caused by an assault. RESEARCH DESIGN In an effort to identify functional relations between this novice intervention and the target behaviour, experimental control was achieved by using within-system research methodology, overcoming difficulties of forming groups for such an highly non-homogeneous population. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Across a number of conditions, the participant watched a videotape in which another adult modelled a selection of 19 spoken words. When this modelled behaviour was performed in vivo, then generalization across 76 other words in the absence of a videotape took place. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS It was revealed that video modelling can promote the performance of previously learned behaviours related to speech, but more significantly it can facilitate the generalization of this verbal behaviour across untrained words. CONCLUSIONS Video modelling could well be added within the rehabilitation programmes for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos K Nikopoulos
- School of Health Sciences and Social Care, Brunel University, Uxbridge , Middlesex , UK
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Abstract
After traumatic injury, the brain undergoes a prolonged period of degenerative change that is paradoxically accompanied by cognitive recovery. The spatiotemporal pattern of atrophy and the specific relationships of atrophy to cognitive changes are ill understood. The present study used tensor-based morphometry and neuropsychological testing to examine brain volume loss in 17 traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients and 13 controls over a 4-year period. Patients were scanned at 2 months, 1 year, and 4 years post-injury. High-dimensional warping procedures were used to create change maps of each subject's brain for each of the two intervals. TBI patients experienced volume loss in both cortical areas and white matter regions during the first interval. We also observed continuing volume loss in extensive regions of white matter during the second interval. Neuropsychological correlations indicated that cognitive tasks were associated with subsequent volume loss in task-relevant regions. The extensive volume loss in brain white matter observed well beyond the first year post-injury suggests that the injured brain remains malleable for an extended period, and the neuropsychological relationships suggest that this volume loss may be associated with subtle cognitive improvements.
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Cicerone KD, Langenbahn DM, Braden C, Malec JF, Kalmar K, Fraas M, Felicetti T, Laatsch L, Harley JP, Bergquist T, Azulay J, Cantor J, Ashman T. Evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation: updated review of the literature from 2003 through 2008. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2011; 92:519-30. [PMID: 21440699 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2010.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 744] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To update our clinical recommendations for cognitive rehabilitation of people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke, based on a systematic review of the literature from 2003 through 2008. DATA SOURCES PubMed and Infotrieve literature searches were conducted using the terms attention, awareness, cognitive, communication, executive, language, memory, perception, problem solving, and/or reasoning combined with each of the following terms: rehabilitation, remediation, and training for articles published between 2003 and 2008. The task force initially identified citations for 198 published articles. STUDY SELECTION One hundred forty-one articles were selected for inclusion after our initial screening. Twenty-nine studies were excluded after further detailed review. Excluded articles included 4 descriptive studies without data, 6 nontreatment studies, 7 experimental manipulations, 6 reviews, 1 single case study not related to TBI or stroke, 2 articles where the intervention was provided to caretakers, 1 article redacted by the journal, and 2 reanalyses of prior publications. We fully reviewed and evaluated 112 studies. DATA EXTRACTION Articles were assigned to 1 of 6 categories reflecting the primary area of intervention: attention; vision and visuospatial functioning; language and communication skills; memory; executive functioning, problem solving and awareness; and comprehensive-holistic cognitive rehabilitation. Articles were abstracted and levels of evidence determined using specific criteria. DATA SYNTHESIS Of the 112 studies, 14 were rated as class I, 5 as class Ia, 11 as class II, and 82 as class III. Evidence within each area of intervention was synthesized and recommendations for Practice Standards, Practice Guidelines, and Practice Options were made. CONCLUSIONS There is substantial evidence to support interventions for attention, memory, social communication skills, executive function, and for comprehensive-holistic neuropsychologic rehabilitation after TBI. Evidence supports visuospatial rehabilitation after right hemisphere stroke, and interventions for aphasia and apraxia after left hemisphere stroke. Together with our prior reviews, we have evaluated a total of 370 interventions, including 65 class I or Ia studies. There is now sufficient information to support evidence-based protocols and implement empirically-supported treatments for cognitive disability after TBI and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith D Cicerone
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, JFK-Johnson Rehabilitation Institute, Edison, NJ 08820, USA.
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Güngör L, Terzi M, Onar MK. Does long term use of piracetam improve speech disturbances due to ischemic cerebrovascular diseases? BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2011; 117:23-27. [PMID: 21227483 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Aphasia causes significant disability and handicap among stroke survivors. Language therapy is recommended for aphasic patients, but not always available. Piracetam, an old drug with novel properties, has been shown to have mild beneficial effects on post-stroke aphasia. In the current study, we investigated the effects of 6 months treatment with piracetam on aphasia following stroke. Thirty patients with first-ever ischemic strokes and related aphasia were enrolled in the study. The scores for the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), Barthel Index (BI), modified Rankin Scale (mRS), and Gülhane Aphasia Test were recorded. The patients were scheduled randomly to receive either 4.8 g piracetam daily or placebo treatment for 6 months. At the end of 24 weeks, clinical assessments and aphasia tests were repeated. The level of improvement in the clinical parameters and aphasia scores was compared between the two groups. All patients had large lesions and severe aphasia. No significant difference was observed between the piracetam and placebo groups regarding the improvements in the NIHSS, BI and mRS scores at the end of the treatment. The improvements observed in spontaneous speech, reading fluency, auditory comprehension, reading comprehension, repetition, and naming were not significantly different in the piracetam and placebo groups, the difference reached significance only for auditory comprehension in favor of piracetam at the end of the treatment. Piracetam is well-tolerated in patients with post-stroke aphasia. Piracetam taken orally in a daily dose of 4.8 g for 6 months has no clear beneficial effect on post-stroke language disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levent Güngör
- Department of Neurology, Ondokuz Mayis University, School of Medicine, Samsun, Turkey.
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Donovan NJ, Heaton SC, Kimberg CI, Wen PS, Waid-Ebbs JK, Coster W, Singletary F, Velozo CA. Conceptualizing functional cognition in traumatic brain injury rehabilitation. Brain Inj 2011; 25:348-64. [DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2011.556105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Aphasia assessment and functional outcome prediction in patients with aphasia after stroke. J Neurol 2010; 258:343-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-010-5868-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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