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Liu Y, Xiao T, Zhang W, Xu L, Zhang T. The relationship between physical activity and Internet addiction among adolescents in western China: a chain mediating model of anxiety and inhibitory control. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38770920 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2024.2357694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the mediating effect of anxiety and inhibitory control in the relationship between physical activity and Internet addiction (IA) among adolescents. A total of 951 adolescents from western China completed a self-report survey assessing physical activity, anxiety, inhibitory control, and IA. Descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, and mediation analysis were conducted using SPSS software and the Process plug-in. Controlling for age, gender, and only child status, the findings revealed a negative association between physical activity and anxiety, inhibitory control, and IA. Moreover, anxiety were positively correlated with inhibitory control and IA. Additionally, anxiety exhibited a positive association with inhibitory control. Notably, physical activity directly and negatively predicted IA in adolescents, while also indirectly predicting it through anxiety and inhibitory control. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the complex effects of physical activity on IA among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- School of Sports Science, Jishou University, Jishou, China
| | - Ting Xiao
- School of Sports Science, Jishou University, Jishou, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Lei Xu
- School of Sports Science, Jishou University, Jishou, China
- Institute of Physical Education, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Taiyuan, China
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Xu Y, Chen Q, Tian Y. The Impact of Problematic Social Media Use on Inhibitory Control and the Role of Fear of Missing Out: Evidence from Event-Related Potentials. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2024; 17:117-128. [PMID: 38223309 PMCID: PMC10787569 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s441858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The general deficit in inhibitory control of problematic social media users has received widespread attention. However, the neural correlates of problematic social media use (PSMU) and inhibitory control remain unclear. Additionally, the co-occurrence of the fear of missing out (FoMO) with social media use is common, yet its role in the relationship between PSMU and inhibitory control has not been investigated. Methods This study aimed to examine the electrophysiological correlates of PSMU and inhibitory control using a modified two-choice oddball task combined with event-related potentials (ERPs), and to explore the role of FoMO in this relationship. A total of 66 participants with varying degrees of PSMU were included in the analysis based on the Problematic Mobile Social Media Usage Questionnaire. Results The study found that PSMU could impact inhibitory control. Specifically, as the PSMU score increases, the N2 amplitude is greater for social media-related pictures, and the P3 amplitude is smaller, while no significant differences are observed for neutral pictures. This suggests that PSMU affects inhibitory control by consuming more cognitive resources in the early conflict detection stage and leading to insufficient cognitive resources in the later stages of the inhibitory process. Furthermore, FoMO played a mediating role between PSMU and inhibitory control. PSMU could further impact inhibitory control through FoMO. Conclusion This study provides electrophysiological evidence for deficits in inhibitory control in PSMU and suggests that FoMO may further reduce inhibitory control in PSMU individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinglin Chen
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, People’s Republic of China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Psychology and Behavior of Discipline lnspection and Supervision (Sichuan Normal University), Chengdu, 610066, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Tian
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, People’s Republic of China
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Hildebrand AS, Breuer F, Leehr EJ, Finke JB, Bucher L, Klucken T, Dannlowski U, Roesmann K. Inhibitory control and its modification in spider phobia - Study protocol for an antisaccade training trial. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292471. [PMID: 38113211 PMCID: PMC10729957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Inhibitory control deficits are considered a key pathogenic factor in anxiety disorders. To assess inhibitory control, the antisaccade task is a well-established measure that assesses antisaccade performance via latencies and error rates. The present study follows three aims: (1) to investigate inhibitory control via antisaccade latencies and errors in an antisaccade task, and their associations with multiple measures of fear in patients with spider phobia (SP) versus healthy controls (HC), (2) to investigate the modifiability of antisaccade performance via a fear-specific antisaccade training in patients with SP and HC, and (3) to explore associations between putative training-induced changes in antisaccade performance in SPs and changes in diverse measures of fear. METHODS Towards aim 1, we assess antisaccade latencies (primary outcome) and error rates (secondary outcome) in an emotional antisaccade task. Further, the baseline assessment includes assessments of psychophysiological, behavioral, and psychometric indices of fear in patients with SP and HCs. To address aim 2, we compare effects of a fear-specific antisaccade training with effects of a prosaccade training as a control condition. The primary and secondary outcomes are reassessed at a post-1-assessment in both SPs and HCs. Aim 3 employs a cross-over design and is piloted in patients with SP, only. Towards this aim, primary and secondary outcomes, as well as psychophysiological, behavioral, and psychometric measures of fear are reassessed at a post-2-assessment after the second training block. CONCLUSION This study aims to better understand inhibitory control processes and their modifiability in spider phobia. If successful, antisaccade training may assist in the treatment of specific phobia by directly targeting the putative underlying inhibitory control deficits. This study has been preregistered with ISRCTN (ID: ISRCTN12918583) on 28th February 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sophie Hildebrand
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Fabian Breuer
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Johannes B. Finke
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Leandra Bucher
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Tim Klucken
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Kati Roesmann
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
- Institute of Psychology, Unit of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy in Childhood and Adolescence, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
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Ge J, Liu Y, Zhang A, Shu T. The relationship between anxiety and smartphone addiction in the context of Covid-19: The mediating effect of attentional control and executive dysfunction. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13273. [PMID: 36743853 PMCID: PMC9886567 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the context of Covid-19, the present study examined the relationship between anxiety and smartphone addiction and tested the mediation role of attentional control and executive dysfunction. Four hundred and twenty-one Chinese undergraduate students completed anxiety, attentional control, executive dysfunction, and smartphone addiction measures. The findings of correlation analysis indicated that anxiety was negatively associated with attentional control, and positively with executive dysfunction and smartphone addiction. The results of structural equation model showed that attentional control and executive dysfunction played a mediation role between anxiety and smartphone addiction in series. Moreover, anxiety did not directly predict smartphone addiction in the final model including attentional control and executive dysfunction as mediators, suggesting that attentional control and executive dysfunction were full mediators in the relation between anxiety and smartphone addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Ge
- School of Educational Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Psychology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Ya Liu
- School of Educational Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Psychology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Anbang Zhang
- School of Educational Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Psychology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Tengyou Shu
- School of Educational Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Psychology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
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Basanovic J, Myles O, MacLeod C. Do the eyes have it? A comparison of eye-movement and attentional-probe-based approaches to indexing attentional control within the antisaccade paradigm. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2023; 76:221-230. [PMID: 35187988 DOI: 10.1177/17470218221083556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Individual differences in the ability to control visual attention, often termed "attentional control," have been of particular interest to cognitive researchers. This has led to the development of numerous tasks intended to measure attentional control, including the antisaccade task. While attentional performance on the antisaccade task is typically indexed through the recording of eye movements, increasingly researchers are reporting the use of probe-based methods of indexing attentional performance on the task. Critically, no research has yet determined the convergence of measures yielded by each of these assessment methods, nor compared the reliability of these measures. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether antisaccade cost measures yielded by a probe-based adaptation of the task converge with antisaccade cost measures yielded by an eye movement task in the sample of individuals, and whether these alternative approaches have comparable levels of psychometric reliability. Ninety-three individuals completed an eye movement task and a probe-based task at two assessment times, and an index of antisaccade cost was computed from each task at each assessment time. Analyses revealed that the antisaccade cost index yielded by each task demonstrated high internal reliability (eye-movement, rSB = .92; probe-based, rSB = .80-.84) and high test-retest reliability (eye-movement, rSB = .82; probe-based, rSB = .72), but modest measurement convergence (r = .21-.35). Findings suggest that probe-based and eye-movement based antisaccade tasks measure shared variance in attentional control, although their measures do not converge strongly enough to be considered equivalent measures of attentional control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Basanovic
- Centre for the Advancement of Research on Emotion, School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Owen Myles
- Centre for the Advancement of Research on Emotion, School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Colin MacLeod
- Centre for the Advancement of Research on Emotion, School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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Ge J, Liu Y, Cao W, Zhou S. The relationship between anxiety and depression with smartphone addiction among college students: The mediating effect of executive dysfunction. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1033304. [PMID: 36710811 PMCID: PMC9874858 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1033304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Smartphone addiction symptom is increasing globally. Many studies have found that negative emotion is associated with smartphone addiction, but few explore the mediating effect of executive dysfunction. In a large-scale, cross-sectional survey, 421 Chinese college students completed measures on anxiety, depression, smartphone addiction, and executive dysfunction. We surveyed the prevalence of depression, impaired executive function, and smartphone addiction. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed on the questionnaire structure, and the mediation models were used to examine the relationship between anxiety, depression, impaired executive function, and smartphone addiction. The main finding indicated that anxiety, depression, and executive dysfunction were positively and significantly associated with smartphone addiction. Executive dysfunction plays a mediation role between anxiety and depression with smartphone addiction. Specifically, executive dysfunction completely mediates the pathway of anxiety and smartphone addiction and partly mediates the path of depression and smartphone addiction. Depression directly predicted smartphone addiction positively but anxiety did not. The sample consisted of Chinese college students, which limits generalizability and self-reported lack of objectivity. The result suggests that we should pay more attention to the mediating role of executive dysfunction between negative emotion and smartphone addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiaMin Ge
- School of Educational Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China,Key Laboratory of Applied Psychology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ya Liu
- School of Educational Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China,Key Laboratory of Applied Psychology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China,*Correspondence: Ya Liu ✉
| | - Wenjing Cao
- School of Educational Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China,Key Laboratory of Applied Psychology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuyin Zhou
- School of Educational Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China,Key Laboratory of Applied Psychology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
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Basanovic J, Todd J, van Bockstaele B, Notebaert L, Meeten F, Clarke PJF. Assessing anxiety-linked impairment in attentional control without eye-tracking: The masked-target antisaccade task. Behav Res Methods 2023; 55:135-142. [PMID: 35292933 PMCID: PMC9918577 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-022-01800-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Contemporary cognitive theories of anxiety and attention processing propose that heightened levels of anxiety vulnerability are associated with a decreasing ability to inhibit the allocation of attention towards task-irrelevant information. Existing performance-based research has most often used eye-movement assessment variants of the antisaccade paradigm to demonstrate such effects. Critically, however, eye-movement assessment methods are limited by expense, the need for expert training in administration, and limited mobility and scalability. These barriers have likely led to researchers' use of suboptimal methods of assessing the relationship between attentional control and anxiety vulnerability. The present study examined the capacity for a non-eye-movement-based variant of the antisaccade task, the masked-target antisaccade task (Guitton et al., 1985), to detect anxiety-linked differences in attentional control. Participants (N = 342) completed an assessment of anxiety vulnerability and performed the masked-target antisaccade task in an online assessment session. Greater levels of anxiety vulnerability predicted poorer performance on the task, consistent with findings observed from eye-movement methods and with cognitive theories of anxiety and attention processing. Results also revealed the task to have high internal reliability. Our findings indicate that the masked-target antisaccade task provides a psychometrically reliable, low-cost, mobile, and scalable assessment of anxiety-linked differences in attentional control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Basanovic
- Centre for the Advancement of Research on Emotion, School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
| | - Jemma Todd
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bram van Bockstaele
- Centre for the Advancement of Research on Emotion, School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lies Notebaert
- Centre for the Advancement of Research on Emotion, School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Frances Meeten
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Patrick J F Clarke
- Affective, Behavioural, and Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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An Integrative Model for Understanding Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Merging Cognitive Behavioral Theory with Insights from Clinical Neuroscience. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11247379. [PMID: 36555995 PMCID: PMC9784452 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11247379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Several models have been proposed for the emergence and maintenance of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Although these models have provided important insights and inspired treatment development, no single model has yet sufficiently accounted for the complexed phenotype of the disorder. In the current paper, we propose a novel model that integrates elements from cognitive behavioral models of OCD with neurocognitive approaches to the disorder. This Reciprocal Interaction Model (RIM) for OCD is based on two assumptions: (a) similar observed symptoms can stem from different etiological processes; and (b) neuropsychological deficits (such as reduced response inhibition and overreliance on the habit formation system) and cognitive behavioral processes (such as temporary reduction in anxiety after engaging in compulsive behaviors) mutually affect each other such that abnormalities in one system influence the second system and vice-versa-creating a vicious cycle of pathological processes. Indeed, the bidirectional inhibitory connection between anxiety/obsessions and executive control is at the heart of the model. We begin by briefly reviewing the current models for OCD. We then move on to describe the RIM, the supporting evidence for the model, the model's predictions, and potential clinical implications.
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Hearing Aid Use Time Is Causally Influenced by Psychological Parameters in Mildly Distressed Patients with Chronic Tinnitus and Mild-to-Moderate Hearing Loss. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11195869. [PMID: 36233736 PMCID: PMC9573609 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11195869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hearing aids (HAs) can improve tinnitus-related distress (TRD) and speech-comprehension (SC) in silence or at 55 dB level of noise-interference (SC_55 dB) in patients with chronic tinnitus and mild-to-moderate hearing loss. However, the role of HA use time in relation to psychological, audiological, or self-reported tinnitus characteristics is an under-investigated area. Methods: We examine 177 gender-stratified patients before (t1) and after an intervention comprising binaural DSLchild algorithm-based HA fitting and auditory training (t2) and at a 70-day follow up [t3]. HA use time was retrospectively retrieved (at t2) for the pre-post- and (at t3) post-follow up periods. General linear models investigated HA use time in relation to (1) general audiological, (2) tinnitus-related audiological, (3) tinnitus-related self-report, and (4) distress-related self-report indices before and after treatment, where applicable. Receiver operator characteristic analyses identified optimal HA use time for hereby-mediated treatment changes. Results: At t1 and t2, psychological, but not audiological indices causally influenced prospective HA use time—except for SC_55 dB at t1, which, however, correlated with patients’ anxiety, depressivity, and psychological distress levels. Correlations did not differ between patient subgroups defined by categorical tinnitus-related audiological or self-report indices. HA use time partly mediated treatment-related improvement in TRD, but not SC. Optimal use amounted to 9.5–10.5 h/day. Conclusions: An awareness of psychological influences may help clinicians facilitate HA use and, thereby, TRD improvement with hearing amplification.
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10
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Spalding DM, MacAngus K, Moen MK, Nicholls LAB. Adult Aging Moderates the Relationship Between Trait Cognitive Anxiety and Subjective Everyday Cognitive Difficulties. Front Psychol 2021; 12:747839. [PMID: 34777140 PMCID: PMC8581743 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.747839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present aim was to determine, across the adult lifespan, the extent to which different dimensions of trait anxiety might affect subjective cognitive difficulties in everyday life. Following Attentional Control Theory (ACT; Eysenck et al., 2007), we predicted that trait anxiety would have a greater effect on attention and verbal abilities than on visual abilities. We also expected trait cognitive anxiety to exhibit more robust relationships with cognition than trait somatic anxiety. Importantly, we predicted that effects of anxiety would be greater in older adults, in line with the Strength and Vulnerability Integration model (SAVI; Charles, 2010). The sample comprised 286 United Kingdom-based adults aged 18–93 years. Participants completed self-report measures of trait cognitive and somatic anxiety (the State-Trait Inventory for Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety; STICSA, Ree et al., 2008) and everyday cognitive difficulties (the Multiple Abilities Self-Report Questionnaire; MASQ, Seidenberg et al., 1994). Moderated regression models were constructed, including trait cognitive or somatic anxiety as a predictor of cognitive difficulties, and age as the moderator variable. Covariates included depression, stress (the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales—short form; DASS-21, Lovibond and Lovibond, 1995), gender, current mental health treatment status, and physical health status. When cognitive anxiety was the predictor variable, somatic anxiety was also included as a covariate, and vice-versa. Trait cognitive anxiety and age interacted to predict all MASQ subscales other than visual-perceptual ability. Difficulties with attention, verbal memory, and language abilities were significantly greater at higher levels of anxiety for all age groups, with the effect greatest in older adults. Difficulties with visual-spatial memory were significantly greater at higher levels of anxiety in middle-aged and older adults only. Higher trait somatic anxiety predicted difficulties with verbal memory and language ability independently of age, and interacted with age to predict language difficulties. Interestingly, age also significantly predicted less subjective difficulty with attention, independently of anxiety level. The results show that trait cognitive and somatic anxiety are both related to subjective, everyday cognitive difficulties. However, effects of trait cognitive anxiety are more robust across cognitive domains and tend to increase, or first appear, over the course of the adult lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Spalding
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kerry MacAngus
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Martine K Moen
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Louise A Brown Nicholls
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Donati G, Meaburn E, Dumontheil I. Internalising and externalising in early adolescence predict later executive function, not the other way around: a cross-lagged panel analysis. Cogn Emot 2021; 35:986-998. [PMID: 33900139 PMCID: PMC8372297 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2021.1918644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Developmental changes in the brain networks involved in emotion regulation are thought to contribute to vulnerability to mental health problems during adolescence. Executive control is often viewed as allowing top-down regulation of emotional responses. However, while associations between executive control and mental health are commonly observed in both clinical and non-clinical populations, the direction of these associations remains unclear. Low, or immature, cognitive control could limit emotion regulation. Reversely, high emotionality could impede cognitive functioning. The scarcity of longitudinal studies testing for bi-directional effects, particularly in adolescence, has made it difficult to draw conclusions. This study analysed data from 1,445 participants of a longitudinal cohort in a cross-lagged panel design to understand bi-directional longitudinal associations between executive function and emotional behaviours across adolescence. Executive function was assessed using experimental working memory and inhibitory control tasks, emotional behaviours through parental report of internalising and externalising behaviours. Cross-sectional associations were replicated. Controlling for cross-sectional associations, early executive functions were not found to predict later emotional behaviours. Instead, early emotional behaviours predicted later executive function, with the strongest link observed between early externalising and later working memory. These results suggest that emotional well-being may affect the maturation of executive function during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Donati
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Emma Meaburn
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Iroise Dumontheil
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
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12
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Liang CW. Inhibitory attentional control under cognitive load in social anxiety: An investigation using a novel dual-task paradigm. Behav Res Ther 2021; 144:103925. [PMID: 34242838 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2021.103925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Research suggests that socially anxious (SA) individuals exhibit poorer attentional inhibition than their non-anxious (NA) counterparts. Attentional control theory presumes that cognitive load worsens the adverse effects of anxiety on attentional inhibition. However, previous studies examined the effects of cognitive load on attentional inhibition in social anxiety yielded inconsistent results. In this study, cognitive load was manipulated by adding a 1-back (low cognitive load) and 2-back task (high cognitive load) to the emotional antisaccade task, investigating the effects of cognitive load on attentional inhibition in the presence of social evaluative stimuli in SA and NA individuals. Results revealed that cognitive load improved the efficiency but impeded the effectiveness of inhibitory attentional control in SA participants. Under high cognitive load, SA participants made more erroneous saccades for threat-related than nonthreat-related faces while NA participants showed no differences in error rates among different face types. Moreover, regardless of cognitive levels, SA participants had shorter saccade latencies for angry faces than happy and neutral faces. NA participants did not show differences in saccade latencies among different face types. Implications of these findings for understanding the role that cognitive load plays in the processes of attentional control and interventions for social anxiety are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Wen Liang
- Department of Psychology, Chung Yuan Christian University, No. 200, Zhongbei Rd., Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan City, 320314, Taiwan, ROC.
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Çörekçioğlu S, Cesur E, Devrim Balaban Ö. Relationship between impulsivity, comorbid anxiety and neurocognitive functions in bipolar disorder. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2021; 25:62-72. [PMID: 33063587 DOI: 10.1080/13651501.2020.1833040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study is to examine the relationship between anxiety and impulsivity and to reveal the correlation of these variables with clinical and sociodemographic features. It is also aimed to investigate the relationship between impulsivity and anxiety with neurocognitive functions in bipolar disorder. METHODS The sample of the study comprises of 71 patients with bipolar disorder type I without any comorbidity (BD), 37 patients with anxiety disorder comorbidity with bipolar disorder type I (BDAD), 52 patients with anxiety disorder (AD) and 50 healthy controls (HC). Participants completed Barratt Impulsivity Scale-11, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory 1-2, Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS), brief version of Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (FNES), Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 (ASI-3), Trail-Making Test A-B, Digit Span Test, Stroop Test. RESULTS PDSS scores, trait anxiety level, hypomanic and mixed episode numbers explain 26% of attention impulsivity. Gender and ASI-3 social dimensions explain 16% of motor impulsivity. Trait anxiety explains non-planning and total impulsivity at 26 and 24%, respectively. When neurocognitive impairment's effect was controlled, it was found AD and BDAD groups had higher impulsivity levels than the BD and HC groups. CONCLUSION Anxiety disorder comorbidity increases impulsivity in bipolar disorder.KEYPOINTSIn the presence of anxiety disorder spectrum comorbidity, bipolar disorder patients will have increased impulsivity and the clinical course may be more severe.Trait anxiety levels and anxiety sensitivity may be predictive factors for impulsivity.In the presence of anxiety disorder spectrum comorbidity, it should be taken into consideration that these patients may be more impulsive and should be treated with more care in terms of evaluation of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ender Cesur
- The Council of Forensic Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Özlem Devrim Balaban
- Bakırköy Research & Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey
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14
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Shanok NA, Meltzer K, Frank C, Lugo V, Jones NA. Computerized inhibitory control training reduces anxiety in preadolescent students. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-CHILD 2021; 11:455-470. [PMID: 33605177 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2021.1884984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The study examined the relationship between anxiety, inhibitory control (IC), and resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) in a critical age-range for social and emotional development (8-12-year-olds). The participants were assigned to 4 weeks of either an emotional IC training program, a neutral IC training program, or a waitlisted control, and were tested using cognitive, emotional, and EEG measures. The training was computerized and completed remotely. At baseline, IC accuracy scores were negatively related to both anxiety and depression levels (N = 42). Additionally, increased right lateral frontal alpha asymmetry was predictive of increased anxiety/depression scores. A series of multivariate analyses of covariance and post-hoc tests were conducted to compare effects in the participants that completed the full 16 sessions of training (N = 32). Overall the emotional and neutral training conditions showed similar improvements in IC accuracy, as well as reductions in anxiety compared to the waitlist condition. Minimal neurophysiological changes occurred from pre-to-post; however, lateral frontal asymmetry shifted leftward in the emotional training group. These findings highlight the potential of computerized IC training for mitigating negative emotional functioning in preadolescents. Future research is necessary to determine the long-term effects of IC training and whether longer training intervals facilitate persisting impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel A Shanok
- Behavioral Sciences Department, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | - Kelsey Meltzer
- Behavioral Sciences Department, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | - Colin Frank
- Behavioral Sciences Department, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | - Victoria Lugo
- Behavioral Sciences Department, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | - Nancy Aaron Jones
- Behavioral Sciences Department, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
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15
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Moser C, Schmitt L, Schmidt J, Fairchild A, Klusek J. Response Inhibition Deficits in Women with the FMR1 Premutation are Associated with Age and Fall Risk. Brain Cogn 2020; 148:105675. [PMID: 33387817 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2020.105675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One in 113-178 females worldwide carry a premutation allele on the FMR1 gene. The FMR1 premutation is linked to neurocognitive and neuromotor impairments, although the phenotype is not fully understood, particularly with respect to age effects. This study sought to define oculomotor response inhibition skills in women with the FMR1 premutation and their association with age and fall risk. We employed an antisaccade eye-tracking paradigm to index oculomotor inhibition skills in 35 women with the FMR1 premutation and 28 control women. The FMR1 premutation group exhibited longer antisaccade latency and reduced accuracy relative to controls, indicating deficient response inhibition skills. Longer response latency was associated with older age in the FMR1 premutation and was also predictive of fall risk. Findings highlight the utility of the antisaccade paradigm for detecting early signs of age-related executive decline in the FMR1 premutation, which is related to fall risk. Findings support the need for clinical prevention efforts to decrease and delay the trajectory of age-related executive decline in women with the FMR1 premutation during midlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Moser
- Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, 1705 College Street, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Lyndsay Schmitt
- Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, 1705 College Street, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Joseph Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, 4111 Pictor Lane, Orlando, FL 32816, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
| | - Amanda Fairchild
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA
| | - Jessica Klusek
- Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, 1705 College Street, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA.
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16
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Naftalovich H, Tauber N, Kalanthroff E. But first, coffee: The roles of arousal and inhibition in the resistance of compulsive cleansing in individuals with high contamination fears. J Anxiety Disord 2020; 76:102316. [PMID: 33137602 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition plays a crucial role in reducing intrusive thoughts and compulsive behaviors, such as handwashing, in response to the feeling of disgust. The current study examines whether manipulating arousal can facilitate inhibition and the resistance of compulsive cleansing. Forty-seven participants with high contamination fears were recruited for this study. Participants were divided into a caffeine group or a no-caffeine group. Participants touched a potentially contaminated and disgusting stimulus ("dirty" diapers) and were asked to wait as long as they could before washing their hands. Only the caffeine group exhibited greater pre-post stop-signal reaction time improvement in the stop-signal task, indicating improved inhibition. Participants in the caffeine group exhibited significantly lower subjective distress and urges-to-wash their hands both after touching the stimulus and while waiting to engage in the cleansing behavior. Similarly, the caffeine group resisted the urge to compulsively cleanse for about twice as long as those in the no-caffeine group. Time spent washing, subjective distress levels, and urge-to-wash levels after participants washed their hands were similar between groups. The current findings support the notion that increased arousal improves inhibition, which may play a role in improving our ability to resist intrusive disgust and compulsive cleansing behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadar Naftalovich
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Noa Tauber
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eyal Kalanthroff
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, Jerusalem, Israel
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17
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Basanovic J, Kaiko I, MacLeod C. Change in Attentional Control Predicts Change in Attentional Bias to Negative Information in Response to Elevated State Anxiety. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-020-10176-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Myles O, Grafton B, MacLeod C. Anxiety & inhibition: dissociating the involvement of state and trait anxiety in inhibitory control deficits observed on the anti-saccade task. Cogn Emot 2020; 34:1746-1752. [PMID: 32746726 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2020.1802229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The existence of a relationship between heightened anxiety and impaired inhibitory control is well established. However, it remains unknown whether such reduced inhibitory control is a stable characteristic of elevated trait anxiety, is driven by elevated state anxiety, or is a joint function of both trait and state anxiety. The present study sought to resolve this issue, by having high and low trait anxious participants complete an anti-saccade task, following a manipulation of state anxiety level using a video-based state anxiety induction procedure. We found that impaired inhibitory control was interactively determined by trait and state anxiety. Specifically, in high but not low trait anxious participants, the induction of heightened state anxiety served to impair inhibitory control. In addition to shedding light on how inhibitory control may potentially contribute to dispositional anxiety, these findings suggest that the anxiolytic benefits of inhibitory control training procedures may be greatest when delivered to high trait anxious individuals during periods of elevated state anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Myles
- Centre for the Advancement of Research on Emotion, School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Ben Grafton
- Centre for the Advancement of Research on Emotion, School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Colin MacLeod
- Centre for the Advancement of Research on Emotion, School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
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19
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Xia L, Mo L, Wang J, Zhang W, Zhang D. Trait Anxiety Attenuates Response Inhibition: Evidence From an ERP Study Using the Go/NoGo Task. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:28. [PMID: 32218724 PMCID: PMC7078641 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychology and cognitive neuroscience have shown that anxious individuals have deficits in response inhibition. However, existing knowledge about the influence of trait anxiety on response inhibition is still inconsistent. The aim of this study was to investigate response inhibition between groups with high trait anxiety (HTA) and low trait anxiety (LTA). Here, we used event-related potential (ERP) indexes as biomarkers to examine the effect of trait anxiety on response inhibition using the Go/NoGo task. Behavioral results indicated that the HTA group made significantly lower accuracy than did the LTA group in the NoGo condition but not the Go condition. Meanwhile, the HTA group needed significantly longer overall response time (RT) than the LTA group did. ERP analyses revealed that the HTA group had smaller and later frontal NoGo-N2 as well as larger and later parietal NoGo-P3 compared to the LTA group. The two response inhibition-related ERP components are distinct neurophysiological indexes that, first, the NoGo-N2 is a component involved in the motor plan prior to the motor execution inhibitory process. Second, the NoGo-P3 reflects later monitoring and evaluation of the inhibition process. Accordingly, the current ERP findings suggest that HTA individuals’ response inhibition deficits are the consequence of abnormal premotor inhibition control and inefficient evaluation and monitoring. In addition, we also found that the peak amplitude of NoGo-N2 and NoGo-P3 were significantly correlated with the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) scores after correction for multiple comparisons. To sum up, these results support the notion that trait anxious individuals have response inhibition deficits in the Go/NoGo task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisheng Xia
- School of Psychology, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Licheng Mo
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Electronics and Communication, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- School of Electronics and Communication, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, China
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20
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Stewart TM, Hunter SC, Rhodes SM. Reflective pondering is associated with executive control for emotional information: An adolescent prospective study. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2019; 65:101486. [PMID: 31323529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.101486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES In adult populations, rumination and executive control impairments have been highlighted as vulnerability factors for later depression and rumination as a whole construct has recently been linked to lower executive control. However, research with adolescent populations is limited and little is known developmentally of the association between rumination and executive control. A prospective design was used to investigate the relationship between brooding rumination and reflective pondering and executive control for emotional and non-emotional material in adolescence, whilst controlling for the effects of depression and anxiety symptoms. METHODS The present study examined the relationship between the subcomponents of rumination and executive control for emotional and non-emotional information, within an adolescent development. A total of 149 adolescents (13-16 years) were tested at two time points, approximately six months between sessions. At each time point, participants completed a computerised, valenced measure of executive control and measures of brooding rumination, reflective pondering, depression symptoms and anxiety symptoms. RESULTS Findings indicate that reflective pondering was predictive of greater executive control for processing emotional information over time. Contrary to research with adults, brooding rumination was not associated with executive control. LIMITATIONS This study, conducted across two time points 6 months apart, awaits confirmation from further research across multiple time points and different intervals. CONCLUSIONS Reflective pondering may act as a protective factor against later impairment in executive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy M Stewart
- Salvesen Mindroom Research Centre, Child Life & Health, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 20 Sylvan Place, Edinburgh, EH9 1UW, Scotland, UK
| | - Simon C Hunter
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1QE, Scotland, UK
| | - Sinéad M Rhodes
- Salvesen Mindroom Research Centre, Child Life & Health, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 20 Sylvan Place, Edinburgh, EH9 1UW, Scotland, UK.
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21
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Al-Ghareeb A, McKenna L, Cooper S. The influence of anxiety on student nurse performance in a simulated clinical setting: A mixed methods design. Int J Nurs Stud 2019; 98:57-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Myles O, Grafton B, Clarke P, MacLeod C. GIVE me your attention: Differentiating goal identification and goal execution components of the anti-saccade effect. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222710. [PMID: 31545831 PMCID: PMC6756507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-saccade task is a commonly used method of assessing individual differences in cognitive control. It has been shown that a number of clinical disorders are characterised by increased anti-saccade cost. However, it remains unknown whether this reflects impaired goal identification or impaired goal execution, because, to date, no procedure has been developed to independently assess these two components of anti-saccade cost. The aim of the present study was to develop such an assessment task, which we term the Goal Identification Vs. Execution (GIVE) task. Fifty-one undergraduate students completed a conventional anti-saccade task, and our novel GIVE task. Our findings revealed that individual differences in anti-saccade goal identification costs and goal execution costs were uncorrelated, when assessed using the GIVE task, but both predicted unique variance in the conventional anti-saccade cost measure. These results confirm that the GIVE task is capable of independently assessing variation in the goal identification and goal execution components of the anti-saccade effect. We discuss how this newly introduced assessment procedure now can be employed to illuminate the specific basis of the increased anti-saccade cost that characterises various forms of clinical dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Myles
- Centre for the Advancement of Research on Emotion, the University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Ben Grafton
- Centre for the Advancement of Research on Emotion, the University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Patrick Clarke
- Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Colin MacLeod
- Centre for the Advancement of Research on Emotion, the University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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23
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Shi R, Sharpe L, Abbott M. A meta-analysis of the relationship between anxiety and attentional control. Clin Psychol Rev 2019; 72:101754. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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24
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Hepsomali P, Hadwin JA, Liversedge SP, Degno F, Garner M. The impact of cognitive load on processing efficiency and performance effectiveness in anxiety: evidence from event-related potentials and pupillary responses. Exp Brain Res 2019; 237:897-909. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-05466-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Basanovic J, Notebaert L, Clarke PJF, MacLeod C, Jawinski P, Chen NTM. Inhibitory attentional control in anxiety: Manipulating cognitive load in an antisaccade task. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205720. [PMID: 30325947 PMCID: PMC6191120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Theorists have proposed that heightened anxiety vulnerability is characterised by reduced attentional control performance and have made the prediction in turn that elevating cognitive load will adversely impact attentional control performance for high anxious individuals to a greater degree than low anxious individuals. Critically however, existing attempts to test this prediction have been limited in their methodology and have presented inconsistent findings. Using a methodology capable of overcoming the limitations of previous research, the present study sought to investigate the effect of manipulating cognitive load on inhibitory attentional control performance of high anxious and low anxious individuals. High and low trait anxious participants completed an antisaccade task, requiring the execution of prosaccades towards, or antisaccades away from, emotionally toned stimuli while eye movements were recorded. Participants completed the antisaccade task under conditions that concurrently imposed a lesser cognitive load, or greater cognitive load. Analysis of participants' saccade latencies revealed high trait anxious participants demonstrated generally poorer inhibitory attentional control performance as compared to low trait anxious participants. Furthermore, conditions imposing greater cognitive load, as compared to lesser cognitive load, resulted in enhanced inhibitory attentional control performance across participants generally. Crucially however, analyses did not reveal an effect of cognitive load condition on anxiety-linked differences in inhibitory attentional control performance, indicating that elevating cognitive load did not adversely impact attentional control performance for high anxious individuals to a greater degree than low anxious individuals. Hence, the present findings are inconsistent with predictions made by some theorists and are in contrast to the findings of earlier investigations. These findings further highlight the need for research into the relationship between anxiety, attentional control, and cognitive load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Basanovic
- Centre for the Advancement of Research on Emotion, School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Lies Notebaert
- Centre for the Advancement of Research on Emotion, School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | | | - Colin MacLeod
- Centre for the Advancement of Research on Emotion, School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Philippe Jawinski
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nigel T. M. Chen
- School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
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Liang CW. Attentional control deficits in social anxiety: Investigating inhibition and shifting functions using a mixed antisaccade paradigm. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2018; 60:46-52. [PMID: 29571005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Attentional control has recently been assumed to play a critical role in the generation and maintenance of threat-related attentional bias and social anxiety. The present study aimed to investigate whether socially anxious (SA) individuals show impairments in attentional control functions, particularly in inhibition and shifting. METHODS Forty-two SA and 41 non-anxious (NA) participants completed a mixed antisaccade task, a variant of the antisaccade task that is used to investigate inhibition as well as shifting functions. RESULTS The results showed that, overall, SA participants had longer antisaccade latencies than NA participants, but the two groups did not differ in their antisaccade error rates. Moreover, in the single-task block, SA participants had longer latencies than NA participants for antisaccade but not prosaccade trials. In the mixed-task block, the SA participants had longer latencies than the NA participants for both task types. The two groups did not differ in their latency switch costs in the mixed-task blocks. LIMITATIONS First, this study was conducted using a non-clinical sample of undergraduate students. Second, the antisaccade task measures primarily oculomotor inhibition. Third, this study did not include the measure of state anxiety to rule out the effects of state anxiety on the present findings. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that SA individuals demonstrate diminished efficiency of inhibition function but show no significant impairment of shifting function. However, in the mixed-task condition, SA individuals may exhibit an overall reduction in processing efficiency due to the higher task difficulty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Wen Liang
- Department of Psychology, Chung Yuan Christian University, No. 200, Chung Pei Rd, Chung Li District, Taoyuan City, 32023, Taiwan, ROC.
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Asselmann E, Hilbert K, Hoyer J, Wittchen HU, Lieb R, Bühringer G, Beesdo-Baum K. Self-reported volitional control in adolescents and young adults from a community cohort: Associations with current, past and future mental disorders. Psychiatry Res 2018; 260:292-299. [PMID: 29223798 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in volitional control have been found for various mental disorders. However, it remains unclear to which degree such alterations vary by type of psychopathology and constitute preceding vulnerabilities or correlates of mental disorders. DSM-IV mental disorders were assessed among adolescents and young adults from the community at baseline (age 14-24) and in up to 3 follow-up assessments over 10 years (n = 2515) using a standardized diagnostic interview (DIA-X/M-CIDI). Self-reported volitional control was assessed at second follow-up (T2) when subjects were aged 17-28 using the German version of the Short Form of the Volitional Components Inventory. Linear regressions adjusted for sex, age and lifetime disorders revealed that anxiety and affective disorders were associated with widespread alterations in self-reported volitional control (lower self regulation, higher self inhibition and volitional inhibition), while substance use disorders were specifically associated with higher volitional inhibition. Logistic regressions adjusted for sex, age and prior lifetime psychopathology revealed that lower self-reported volitional control at T2 predicted incident panic, social phobia and substance use at T3 (follow-up interval M = 4.8 years). Findings point toward at least partly disorder-specific alterations in volitional control in mental disorders, which might be antecedent vulnerability factors and thus useful to guide early recognition and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Asselmann
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Behavioral Epidemiology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Kevin Hilbert
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Behavioral Epidemiology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jana Hoyer
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Behavioral Epidemiology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Wittchen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Roselind Lieb
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Bühringer
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Katja Beesdo-Baum
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Behavioral Epidemiology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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28
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Abstract
Trait anxiety has been shown to cause significant impairments on attentional tasks. Current research has identified alpha band frequency differences between low-trait and high-trait anxious individuals. Here, we further investigated the underlying alpha band frequency differences between low-trait and high-trait anxious individuals during their resting state and the completion of an inhibition executive functioning task. Using human participants and quantitative electroencephalographic recordings, we measured alpha band frequency in individuals both high and low in trait anxiety during their resting state, and while they completed an Eriksen Flanker Task. Results indicated that high-trait anxious individuals exhibit a desynchronization in alpha band frequency from a resting state to when they complete the Eriksen Flanker Task. This suggests that high-trait anxious individuals maintain fewer attentional resources at rest and must martial resources for task performance as compared with low-trait anxious individuals, who appear to maintain stable cognitive resources between rest and task performance. These findings add to the cognitive neuroscience literature surrounding the role of alpha band frequency in low-trait and high-trait anxious individuals.
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29
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Basanovic J, Notebaert L, Grafton B, Hirsch CR, Clarke PJ. Attentional control predicts change in bias in response to attentional bias modification. Behav Res Ther 2017; 99:47-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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30
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Sluis RA, Boschen MJ, Neumann DL, Murphy K. Anticipatory processing in social anxiety: Investigation using attentional control theory. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2017; 57:172-179. [PMID: 28601696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Cognitive models of social anxiety disorder (SAD) emphasize anticipatory processing as a prominent maintaining factor occurring before social-evaluative events. While anticipatory processing is a maladaptive process, the cognitive mechanisms that underlie ineffective control of attention are still unclear. The present study tested predictions derived from attentional control theory in a sample of undergraduate students high and low on social anxiety symptoms. METHODS Participants were randomly assigned to either engage in anticipatory processing prior to a threat of a speech task or a control condition with no social evaluative threat. After completing a series of questionnaires, participants performed pro-saccades and antisaccades in response to peripherally presented facial expressions presented in either single-task or mixed-task blocks. RESULTS Correct antisaccade latencies were longer than correct pro-saccade latencies in-line with attentional control theory. High socially anxious individuals who anticipated did not exhibit impairment on the inhibition and shifting functions compared to high socially anxious individuals who did not anticipate or low socially anxious individuals in either the anticipatory or control condition. Low socially anxious individuals who anticipated exhibited shorter antisaccade latencies and a switch benefit compared to low socially anxious individuals in the control condition. LIMITATIONS The study used an analogue sample; however findings from analogue samples are generally consistent with clinical samples. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that social threat induced anticipatory processing facilitates executive functioning for low socially anxious individuals when anticipating a social-evaluative situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Sluis
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Mark J Boschen
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia.
| | - David L Neumann
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Karen Murphy
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
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31
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Pupillometric and saccadic measures of affective and executive processing in anxiety. Biol Psychol 2017; 127:173-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hartanto A, Yang H. Is the smartphone a smart choice? The effect of smartphone separation on executive functions. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Edwards MS, Edwards EJ, Lyvers M. Cognitive trait anxiety, stress and effort interact to predict inhibitory control. Cogn Emot 2016; 31:671-686. [PMID: 26934479 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2016.1152232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have focussed on the link between anxiety and inhibitory control in the absence of stimulus-driven external threat. This two-part experiment examined the interactions between (1) somatic trait anxiety, somatic situational stress (i.e. threat of electric shock), and effort, and (2) cognitive trait anxiety, cognitive situational stress (i.e. ego-threat instructions), and effort, on inhibitory processes using a Go-No-Go paradigm. Trait anxiety was operationalised using questionnaire scores and effort was operationalised using a visual analogue scale. Performance effectiveness was measured using the d' parameter from signal detection theory and processing efficiency was indexed by the ratio of d' to response time on correct trials. Results indicated that somatic trait anxiety and stress did not predict effectiveness or efficiency. Cognitive trait anxiety and stress were associated with both inhibitory effectiveness and efficiency deficits; however, contrary to expectations these deficits were evident at higher rather than lower mental effort. Results suggest a distinction between how somatic and cognitive anxiety manifest on tasks involving inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Edwards
- a School of Psychology , Bond University , Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia
| | - Elizabeth J Edwards
- a School of Psychology , Bond University , Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia
| | - Michael Lyvers
- a School of Psychology , Bond University , Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia
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Fox E, Dutton K, Yates A, Georgiou GA, Mouchlianitis E. Attentional Control and Suppressing Negative Thought Intrusions in Pathological Worry. Clin Psychol Sci 2015; 3:593-606. [PMID: 26504672 PMCID: PMC4618297 DOI: 10.1177/2167702615575878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive behavior relies on the ability to effectively and efficiently ignore irrelevant information, an important component of attentional control. The current research found that fundamental difficulties in ignoring irrelevant material are related to dispositional differences in trait propensity to worry, suggesting a core deficit in attentional control in high worriers. The degree of deficit in attentional control correlated with the degree of difficulty in suppressing negative thought intrusions in a worry assessment task. A cognitive training procedure utilizing a flanker task was used in an attempt to improve attentional control. Although the cognitive training was largely ineffective, improvements in attentional control were associated with improvements in the ability to suppress worry-related thought intrusions. Across two studies, the findings indicate that the inability to control worry-related negative thought intrusions is associated with a general deficiency in attentional control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Fox
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford
| | - Kevin Dutton
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford
| | - Alan Yates
- Department of Psychology, University Campus Oldham
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Working memory capacity, controlled attention and aiming performance under pressure. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2015; 80:510-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00426-015-0673-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Attentional bias modification facilitates attentional control mechanisms: Evidence from eye tracking. Biol Psychol 2015; 104:139-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wright CA, Dobson KS, Sears CR. Does a high working memory capacity attenuate the negative impact of trait anxiety on attentional control? Evidence from the antisaccade task. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2014.901331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ainsworth B, Garner M. Attention control in mood and anxiety disorders: evidence from the antisaccade task. Hum Psychopharmacol 2013; 28:274-80. [PMID: 23653434 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The antisaccade task (in which participants must suppress a reflexive saccade towards a sudden, peripheral stimulus and generate a volitional saccade in the opposite direction) is considered a measure of cognitive inhibition. The task has been used to examine cognitive control deficits in several neuropsychiatric conditions, most notably schizophrenia. This commentary summarizes recent evidence from antisaccade tasks in mood and anxiety disorders, with reference to neuropsychological models and psychopharmacological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Ainsworth
- Psychology, Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, University of Southampton, UK.
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Trait anxiety and the neural efficiency of manipulation in working memory. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2012; 12:571-88. [PMID: 22644759 PMCID: PMC3400031 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-012-0100-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigates the effects of trait anxiety on the neural
efficiency of working memory component functions (manipulation vs. maintenance) in
the absence of threat-related stimuli. For the manipulation of affectively neutral
verbal information held in working memory, high- and low-anxious individuals
(N = 46) did not differ in their behavioral
performance, yet trait anxiety was positively related to the neural effort expended
on task processing, as measured by BOLD signal changes in fMRI. Higher levels of
anxiety were associated with stronger activation in two regions implicated in the
goal-directed control of attention—that is, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
(DLPFC) and left inferior frontal sulcus—and with stronger deactivation in a region
assigned to the brain’s default-mode network—that is, rostral–ventral anterior
cingulate cortex. Furthermore, anxiety was associated with a stronger functional
coupling of right DLPFC with ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. We interpret our
findings as reflecting reduced processing efficiency in high-anxious individuals and
point out the need to consider measures of functional integration in addition to
measures of regional activation strength when investigating individual differences
in neural efficiency. With respect to the functions of working memory, we conclude
that anxiety specifically impairs the processing efficiency of (control-demanding)
manipulation processes (as opposed to mere maintenance). Notably, this study
contributes to an accumulating body of evidence showing that anxiety also affects
cognitive processing in the absence of threat-related stimuli.
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Reinholdt-Dunne ML, Mogg K, Benson V, Bradley BP, Hardin MG, Liversedge SP, Pine DS, Ernst M. Anxiety and selective attention to angry faces: An antisaccade study. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2011.560111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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The neural correlates of cognitive effort in anxiety: Effects on processing efficiency. Biol Psychol 2011; 86:337-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Revised: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ansari TL, Derakshan N. The neural correlates of impaired inhibitory control in anxiety. Neuropsychologia 2011; 49:1146-1153. [PMID: 21241717 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 01/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
According to Attentional Control Theory (Eysenck et al., 2007) anxiety impairs the inhibition function of working memory by increasing the influence of stimulus-driven processes over efficient top-down control. We investigated the neural correlates of impaired inhibitory control in anxiety using an antisaccade task. Low- and high-anxious participants performed anti- and prosaccade tasks and electrophysiological activity was recorded. Consistent with previous research high-anxious individuals had longer antisaccade latencies in response to the to-be-inhibited target, compared with low-anxious individuals. Central to our predictions, high-anxious individuals showed lower ERP activity, at frontocentral and central recording sites, than low anxious individuals, in the period immediately prior to onset of the to-be-inhibited target on correct antisaccade trials. Our findings indicate that anxiety interferes with the efficient recruitment of top-down mechanisms required for the suppression of prepotent responses. Implications are discussed within current models of attentional control in anxiety (Bishop, 2009; Eysenck et al., 2007).
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Derakshan N, Eysenck MW. Introduction to the special issue: Emotional states, attention, and working memory. Cogn Emot 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/02699930903412120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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