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Sikström S, Nicolai M, Ahrendt J, Nevanlinna S, Stille L. Language or rating scales based classifications of emotions: computational analysis of language and alexithymia. NPJ MENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 3:37. [PMID: 39085388 PMCID: PMC11291691 DOI: 10.1038/s44184-024-00080-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Rating scales are the dominating tool for the quantitative assessment of mental health. They are often believed to have a higher validity than language-based responses, which are the natural way of communicating mental states. Furthermore, it is unclear how difficulties articulating emotions-alexithymia-affect the accuracy of language-based communication of emotions. We investigated whether narratives describing emotional states are more accurately classified by questions-based computational analysis of language (QCLA) compared to commonly used rating scales. Additionally, we examined how this is affected by alexithymia. In Phase 1, participants (N = 348) generated narratives describing events related to depression, anxiety, satisfaction, and harmony. In Phase 2, another set of participants summarized the emotions described in the narratives of Phase 1 in five descriptive words and rating scales (PHQ-9, GAD-7, SWLS, and HILS). The words were quantified with a natural language processing model (i.e., LSA) and classified with machine learning (i.e., multinomial regression). The results showed that the language-based responses can be more accurate in classifying the emotional states compared to the rating scales. The degree of alexithymia did not influence the correctness of classification based on words or rating scales, suggesting that QCLA is not sensitive to alexithymia. However, narratives generated by people with high alexithymia were more difficult to classify than those generated by people with low alexithymia. These results suggest that the assessment of mental health may be improved by language-based responses analyzed by computational methods compared to currently used rating scales.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lotta Stille
- Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Telli B, Bilge AR. Literally or prosodically? Recognising emotional discourse in alexithymia. Cogn Emot 2024:1-15. [PMID: 39039748 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2024.2380762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Alexithymia is characterised by difficulties in identifying, recognising, and describing emotions. We studied alexithymia in the context of speech comprehension, specifically investigating the incongruent condition between prosody and the literal meaning of words in emotion-based discourse. In two experiments, participants were categorised as having high or low alexithymia scores based on the TAS-20 scale and listened to three-sentence narratives where the emotional prosody of a key phrase or a keyword was congruent or incongruent with its literal meaning. The incongruent condition resulted in slower reaction times and lower accuracy in recognition of emotions. This incongruence effect was also evident for individuals with high alexithymia, except for anger. They recognised anger as accurately in both congruent and incongruent conditions. Contrary to our hypothesis, however, individuals with high alexithymia did not show an overall difference in emotion recognition compared to the low alexithymia group. These findings highlight the nuanced relationship between emotional prosody and literal meaning, offering insights into how individuals with varying levels of alexithymia process emotional discourse. Understanding these dynamics has implications for both cognitive research and clinical practice, providing valuable perspectives on speech comprehension, especially in situations involving incongruence between prosody and word meaning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Reyyan Bilge
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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Yeates P, Maluf A, Kinston R, Cope N, Cullen K, Cole A, O'Neill V, Chung CW, Goodfellow R, Vallender R, Ensaff S, Goddard-Fuller R, McKinley R, Wong G. A realist evaluation of how, why and when objective structured clinical exams (OSCEs) are experienced as an authentic assessment of clinical preparedness. MEDICAL TEACHER 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38635469 DOI: 10.1080/0142159x.2024.2339413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Whilst rarely researched, the authenticity with which Objective Structured Clinical Exams (OSCEs) simulate practice is arguably critical to making valid judgements about candidates' preparedness to progress in their training. We studied how and why an OSCE gave rise to different experiences of authenticity for different participants under different circumstances. METHODS We used Realist evaluation, collecting data through interviews/focus groups from participants across four UK medical schools who participated in an OSCE which aimed to enhance authenticity. RESULTS Several features of OSCE stations (realistic, complex, complete cases, sufficient time, autonomy, props, guidelines, limited examiner interaction etc) combined to enable students to project into their future roles, judge and integrate information, consider their actions and act naturally. When this occurred, their performances felt like an authentic representation of their clinical practice. This didn't work all the time: focusing on unavoidable differences with practice, incongruous features, anxiety and preoccupation with examiners' expectations sometimes disrupted immersion, producing inauthenticity. CONCLUSIONS The perception of authenticity in OSCEs appears to originate from an interaction of station design with individual preferences and contextual expectations. Whilst tentatively suggesting ways to promote authenticity, more understanding is needed of candidates' interaction with simulation and scenario immersion in summative assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Yeates
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, England
| | - Adriano Maluf
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montford University, Leicester, England
| | - Ruth Kinston
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, England
| | - Natalie Cope
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, England
| | - Kathy Cullen
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Aidan Cole
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Vikki O'Neill
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Ching-Wa Chung
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland
| | | | | | - Sue Ensaff
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Rikki Goddard-Fuller
- Christie Education, Christie Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, England
| | | | - Geoff Wong
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
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Coppini S, Lucifora C, Vicario CM, Gangemi A. Experiments on real-life emotions challenge Ekman's model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9511. [PMID: 37308555 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36201-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ekman's emotions (1992) are defined as universal basic emotions. Over the years, alternative models have emerged (e.g. Greene and Haidt 2002; Barrett 2017) describing emotions as social and linguistic constructions. The variety of models existing today raises the question of whether the abstraction provided by such models is sufficient as a descriptive/predictive tool for representing real-life emotional situations. Our study presents a social inquiry to test whether traditional models are sufficient to capture the complexity of daily life emotions, reported in a textual context. The intent of the study is to establish the human-subject agreement rate in an annotated corpus based on Ekman's theory (Entity-Level Tweets Emotional Analysis) and the human-subject agreement rate when using Ekman's emotions to annotate sentences that don't respect the Ekman's model (The Dictionary of Obscure Sorrows). Furthermore, we investigated how much alexithymia can influence the human ability to detect and categorise emotions. On a total sample of 114 subjects, our results show low within subjects agreement rates for both datasets, particularly for subjects with low levels of alexithymia; low levels of agreement with the original annotations; frequent use of emotions based on Ekman model, particularly negative one, in people with high levels of alexithymia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Coppini
- Department of Philosophy and Communication, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Lucifora
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy.
- Department of Philosophy and Communication, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Carmelo M Vicario
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Aldo Gangemi
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
- Department of Philosophy and Communication, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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What shapes a parasocial relationship in RVGs? The effects of avatar images, avatar identification, and romantic jealousy among potential, casual, and core players. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2022.107504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Nourkova VV, Gofman AA. Deliberately retrieved negative memories can improve mood beyond the intention to do so. EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 18:235-248. [PMID: 36348820 PMCID: PMC9632559 DOI: 10.5964/ejop.4629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The role of autobiographical memory in emotion regulation is deemed as limited to the selective retrieval of positive memories intended as a distraction from unpleasant stimuli. The present experimental study is the first to examine whether negative autobiographical memories serve as a way to boost one’s mood by employing the mechanism of retrospective downward autobiographical comparison between now and then. We hypothesised that this mechanism may operate in response to negative memories, leading to positive mood induction. Ninety-nine students participated in four memory tasks: autobiographical positive, autobiographical negative, vicarious positive, and vicarious negative. Emotional states at pre- and post-tests were assessed using the implicit test differentiating positive (PA) and negative (NA) components of mood. The results replicated previous studies on the mood-repair effect of deliberate positive recall. The most striking finding is that negative autobiographical recall consistently boosted PA and inhibited NA. This result supported the idea of retrospective downward autobiographical comparison as a plausible mechanism behind the efficacy of negative memories in emotion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika V. Nourkova
- Department of General Psychology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alena A. Gofman
- Department of General Psychology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Laricchiuta D, Termine A, Fabrizio C, Passarello N, Greco F, Piras F, Picerni E, Cutuli D, Marini A, Mandolesi L, Spalletta G, Petrosini L. Only Words Count; the Rest Is Mere Chattering: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach to the Verbal Expression of Emotional Experience. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12080292. [PMID: 36004863 PMCID: PMC9404916 DOI: 10.3390/bs12080292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of sequences of words and prosody, meter, and rhythm provided in an interview addressing the capacity to identify and describe emotions represents a powerful tool to reveal emotional processing. The ability to express and identify emotions was analyzed by means of the Toronto Structured Interview for Alexithymia (TSIA), and TSIA transcripts were analyzed by Natural Language Processing to shed light on verbal features. The brain correlates of the capacity to translate emotional experience into words were determined through cortical thickness measures. A machine learning methodology proved that individuals with deficits in identifying and describing emotions (n = 7) produced language distortions, frequently used the present tense of auxiliary verbs, and few possessive determiners, as well as scarcely connected the speech, in comparison to individuals without deficits (n = 7). Interestingly, they showed high cortical thickness at left temporal pole and low at isthmus of the right cingulate cortex. Overall, we identified the neuro-linguistic pattern of the expression of emotional experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Laricchiuta
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-065-0170-3077
| | | | | | - Noemi Passarello
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy
- Department of Humanities, Federico II University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Greco
- Department of Communication and Social Research, Sapienza University of Rome, 00198 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Debora Cutuli
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University “Sapienza” of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Marini
- Department of Languages, Literatures, Communication, Education and Society, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Laura Mandolesi
- Department of Humanities, Federico II University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
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Jin J, Liu S. An Analysis of the Linguistic Features of Popular Chinese Online Fantasy Novels. DISCOURSE PROCESSES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/0163853x.2022.2028432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Jin
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, School of Psychology, Central China Normal University
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University
| | - Siyun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, School of Psychology, Central China Normal University
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University
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Trzebiński J, Czarnecka JZ, Cabański M. The impact of the narrative mindset on effectivity in social problem solving. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253729. [PMID: 34197508 PMCID: PMC8248729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The narrative mindset is a tendency to interpret social information in the frame of stories. Two experiments were conducted to determine if and why the narrative mindset increases social problem-solving effectivity. The experiments consisted of two parts: the experimental manipulation (inducing the narrative mindset or control condition) and the observation of effects. In the second part, presented as a separate study, a participant was asked to advise other people facing interpersonal problems (experiment 1) or emotional problems (experiment 2). Three pairs of coders judged each piece of advice independently on three scales: Effectivity of the advice, empathy, and personalization (using their own experiences in providing the advice). The results indicate that the narrative mindset increases empathy, supported by the co-occurring increase in the problem's personalization, which leads to higher effectivity. The results reveal the positive real-life implications of structuring social information within a story frame. It may encourage the introduction of the narrative mindset effects into an area of social cognition research. Finally, the experiments show that the narrative mindset may be activated experimentally, providing an effective instrument to test the impact of narrative knowledge on social cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Trzebiński
- Department of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Mazowsze, Poland
| | - Jolanta Zuzanna Czarnecka
- Department of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Mazowsze, Poland
| | - Maciej Cabański
- Department of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Mazowsze, Poland
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