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Wang W, Deng J, Yin C, Wang F, Zhang C, Yu C, Gong S, Zhan X, Chen S, Shen D. Study of association between corneal shape parameters and axial length elongation during orthokeratology using image-pro plus software. BMC Ophthalmol 2024; 24:163. [PMID: 38609888 PMCID: PMC11010382 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-024-03398-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim was to validate the correlation between corneal shape parameters and axial length growth (ALG) during orthokeratology using Image-Pro Plus (IPP) 6.0 software. METHODS This retrospective study used medical records of myopic children aged 8-13 years (n = 104) undergoing orthokeratology. Their corneal topography and axial length were measured at baseline and subsequent follow-ups after lens wear. Corneal shape parameters, including the treatment zone (TZ) area, TZ diameter, TZ fractal dimension, TZ radius ratio, eccentric distance, pupil area, and pupillary peripheral steepened zone(PSZ) area, were measured using IPP software. The impact of corneal shape parameters at 3 months post-orthokeratology visit on 1.5-year ALG was evaluated using multivariate linear regression analysis. RESULTS ALG exhibited significant associations with age, TZ area, TZ diameter, TZ fractal dimension, and eccentric distance on univariate linear regression analysis. Multivariate regression analysis identified age, TZ area, and eccentric distance as significantly correlated with ALG (all P < 0.01), with eccentric distance showing the strongest correlation (β = -0.370). The regressive equation was y = 1.870 - 0.235a + 0.276b - 0.370c, where y represents ALG, a represents age, b represents TZ area, and c represents eccentric distance; R2 = 0.27). No significant relationships were observed between the TZ radius ratio, pupillary PSZ area, and ALG. CONCLUSIONS IPP software proves effective in capturing precise corneal shape parameters after orthokeratology. Eccentric distance, rather than age or the TZ area, significantly influences ALG retardation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wang
- Hangzhou Xihu Zhijiang Eye Hospital, Hangzhou, China.
| | - J Deng
- Hangzhou Xihu Zhijiang Eye Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- School of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - C Yin
- Hangzhou Xihu Zhijiang Eye Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - F Wang
- Hangzhou Xihu Zhijiang Eye Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - C Zhang
- Hangzhou Xihu Zhijiang Eye Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - C Yu
- Hangzhou Xihu Zhijiang Eye Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - S Gong
- Hangzhou Xihu Zhijiang Eye Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - X Zhan
- Hangzhou Xihu Zhijiang Eye Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - S Chen
- Hangzhou Xihu Zhijiang Eye Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - D Shen
- Hangzhou Xihu Zhijiang Eye Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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Xue M, Lin Z, Wu H, Xu Q, Wen L, Luo Z, Hu Z, Li X, Yang Z. Two-Dimensional Peripheral Refraction and Higher-Order Wavefront Aberrations Induced by Orthokeratology Lenses Decentration. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2023; 12:8. [PMID: 37824110 PMCID: PMC10587852 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.12.10.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore two-dimensional peripheral refraction and higher-order aberrations (HOAs) induced by orthokeratology lens decentration. Methods Two-dimensional peripheral refraction and HOAs in a rectangular field (horizontally 60 degrees and vertically 36 degrees) were obtained using an open-view Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor. The peripheral field was divided into 8 regions according to a combination of superior (UZ) or inferior (LZ) and a value, 1 (T25 to T30), 2 (T20 to T25), 3 (N20 to N25), or 4 (N25 to N30). The decentration of the lens was evaluated based on the change of power in the front of the tangential corneal map. All measurements were taken at the baseline and 1 month after lens fitting. Results In total, 134 myopic children (age = 12.47 ± 1.70 years, SER = -2.44 ± 1.10 diopters [D]) were recruited. In general, horizontally asymmetrical change was observed in relative peripheral refraction (RPR), spherical aberration (SA), and horizontal coma. The root-mean square of higher order aberration (RMSHOA) and vertical coma demonstrated radial symmetrical change and vertically asymmetric change, respectively. Relative peripheral myopia was significantly increased after the treatment, with more myopic refraction in the temporal side. RPR changes in UZ2, UZ3, UZ4, LZ1, and LZ2 were related to the amount of lens decentration (r ≈ 0.4, P < 0.05). All HOAs increased after lens fitting (around 0.03 um, 0.02 um, 0.04 um, and 0.41 um for SA, horizontal COMA, vertical COMA, and RMSHOA in the periphery region). Conclusions RPR and HOAs are related to lens decentration, which might contribute to the efficacy of orthokeratology. Translational Relevance The study found a decentration-related optical feature after 1 month of lens wear, which is a suggested protective factor in myopia treatment. The findings might provide new insights for customized contact lens myopia treatment based on optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsong Xue
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenghua Lin
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Aier Eye Hospital Group, Changsha, China
- Laboratorio de Óptica, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Haoran Wu
- Aier Eye Hospital Group, Changsha, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Province, China
| | - QingLin Xu
- Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Changsha Aier Eye Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Longbo Wen
- Aier Eye Hospital Group, Changsha, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhiwei Luo
- Aier Institute of Optometry and Vision Science, Changsha, China
| | - Ziqi Hu
- Aier Institute of Optometry and Vision Science, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoning Li
- Changsha Aier Eye Hospital, Changsha, China
- Aier Institute of Optometry and Vision Science, Changsha, China
- Aier College of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
- Hunan Province Optometry Engineering and Technology Research Center, Changsha, China
- Hunan Province International Cooperation Base for Optometry Science and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Zhikuan Yang
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Changsha Aier Eye Hospital, Changsha, China
- Aier Institute of Optometry and Vision Science, Changsha, China
- Hunan Province Optometry Engineering and Technology Research Center, Changsha, China
- Hunan Province International Cooperation Base for Optometry Science and Technology, Changsha, China
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Bullimore MA, Liu M. Efficacy of the Euclid orthokeratology lens in slowing axial elongation. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2023; 46:101875. [PMID: 37365049 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2023.101875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Euclid Emerald lens designs for orthokeratology have been available in global markets for over 20 years and is used extensively by clinicians for slowing myopia progression in children. This paper comprehensively reviews data from published studies of the efficacy of this lens. METHODS A comprehensive systematic search was performed in March 2023 using Medline with the following search terms: orthokeratology AND myopi* AND (axial or elong*) NOT (review or meta). RESULTS The original search identified 189 articles, of which 140 reported axial elongation. Of those, 49 reported data on the Euclid Emerald design. Unique axial elongation data could be extracted from 37 papers-14 of which included an untreated control group. Among these, the mean 12-month efficacy-the difference in axial elongation between orthokeratology wearers and controls-was 0.18 mm (range: 0.05-0.29 mm), and the mean 24-month efficacy was 0.28 mm (range: 0.17-0.38 mm). The orthokeratology wearers in 23 studies without an untreated comparison group showed similar axial elongation to those in the 14 studies with a control group. For example, the mean 12-month axial elongation for the studies with controls was 0.20 ± 0.06 mm compared with 0.20 ± 0.07 mm for the studies without controls. CONCLUSIONS This extensive body of literature on a single device for myopia control is unique and demonstrates the efficacy of this design in slowing axial elongation in myopic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Bullimore
- University of Houston, College of Optometry, 4901 Calhoun Rd., Houston, TX 77204, United States.
| | - Maria Liu
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States.
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Sun L, Li X, Zhao H, Li Y, Wang K, Qu J, Zhao M. Biometric factors and orthokeratology lens parameters can influence the treatment zone diameter on corneal topography in Corneal Refractive Therapy lens wearers. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2023; 46:101700. [PMID: 35501251 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2022.101700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the relationship between patients' baseline biometric factors or lens parameters and the diameter of the treatment zone in young myopic children undergoing Corneal Refractive Therapy. METHODS The data of patients undergoing Corneal Refractive Therapy lens treatment within two years were retrospectively reviewed. Baseline clinical data, including sex, age, refractive power, corneal topography readings, ocular optical biometric measurements, and Corneal Refractive Therapy lens parameters, were subjected to Pearson, Spearman, and partial correlation analyses to identify the potential factors that may influence treatment zone diameter on corneal topography. Logistic and linear regression analyses were used to predict the treatment zone size. RESULTS The Right eyes of 309 patients were included in this study. The spherical refraction, flat keratometric reading, Reverse Zone Depth 2, Landing Zone Angle 1, and lens diameter were independent factors of treatment zone diameter. In the multivariate analyses, Landing Zone Angle 1 was positively correlated, while Reverse Zone Depth 2 and lens diameter were negatively correlated with the size of the treatment area. The accuracy of logistic regression in predicting the treatment zone size was 71.5%. CONCLUSION Adjustments to Corneal Refractive Therapy lens parameters may influence the treatment zone diameter on corneal topography. A higher Reverse Zone Depth 2, smaller Landing Zone Angle 1, and larger lens diameter can lead to a smaller treatment zone for Corneal Refractive Therapy lens treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Sun
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100044, China; Department of Ophthalmology & Clinical Center of Optometry, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; Eye Disease and Optometry Institute, Peking University People's Hospital, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, China.
| | - Xuewei Li
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100044, China; Department of Ophthalmology & Clinical Center of Optometry, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; Eye Disease and Optometry Institute, Peking University People's Hospital, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, China
| | - Heng Zhao
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100044, China; Department of Ophthalmology & Clinical Center of Optometry, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; Eye Disease and Optometry Institute, Peking University People's Hospital, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology & Clinical Center of Optometry, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; Eye Disease and Optometry Institute, Peking University People's Hospital, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100044, China; Department of Ophthalmology & Clinical Center of Optometry, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; Eye Disease and Optometry Institute, Peking University People's Hospital, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, China.
| | - Jia Qu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, China
| | - Mingwei Zhao
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100044, China; Department of Ophthalmology & Clinical Center of Optometry, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China; Eye Disease and Optometry Institute, Peking University People's Hospital, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, China.
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Zhang S, Zhang H, Li L, Yang X, Li S, Li X. Effect of treatment zone decentration on axial length growth after orthokeratology. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:986364. [PMID: 36340764 PMCID: PMC9630831 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.986364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To study the effect of treatment zone (TZ) decentration on axial length growth (ALG) in adolescents after wearing the orthokeratology lenses (OK lenses). Materials and methods This retrospective clinical study selected 251 adolescents who were fitted OK lenses at the Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University (Tianjin, China) from January 2018–December 2018 and wore them continuously for >12 months. The age of the subjects was 8–15 years, spherical equivalent (SE): −1.00 to −5.00 diopter (D), and astigmatism ≤ 1.50 D. The corneal topography were recorded at baseline and 1-, 6-, and 12-month visits, and the axial length (AL) were recorded at baseline and 6-, 12-month visits. The data of the right eye were collected for statistical analysis. Results The subjects were divided into three groups according to the decentration distance of the TZ after wearing lenses for 1 month: 56 cases in the mild (<0.5 mm), 110 in the moderate (0.5–1.0 mm), and 85 in the severe decentration group (>1.0 mm). A significant difference was detected in the ALG between the three groups after wearing lenses for 6 and 12 months (F = 10.223, P < 0.001; F = 13.380, P < 0.001, respectively). Among these, the 6- and 12-month ALG of the mild decentration group was significantly higher than that of the other two groups. Multivariable linear regression analysis showed that age, baseline SE, and 1-month decentration distance associated with the 12-month ALG (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P = 0.001, respectively). Conclusion The decentration of the TZ of the OK lens affected the growth of the AL in adolescents, i.e., the greater the decentration, the slower the ALG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxian Zhang
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Eye Hospital Optometric Center, Tianjin, China
- Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Tianjin Eye Hospital Optometric Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Lihua Li
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Eye Hospital Optometric Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Eye Hospital Optometric Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Shumao Li
- Tianjin Eye Hospital Optometric Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Xuan Li,
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Li X, Huang Y, Zhang J, Ding C, Chen Y, Chen H, Bao J. Treatment zone decentration promotes retinal reshaping in Chinese myopic children wearing orthokeratology lenses. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2022; 42:1124-1132. [PMID: 35598145 PMCID: PMC9544447 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether the treatment zone (TZ) decentration in orthokeratology (OK) lenses affects retinal expansion in Chinese children with myopia. METHODS Children aged 8 to 13 years (n = 30) were assessed over 13 months comprising 12 months of OK lens wear followed by discontinuation of lens wear for 1 month. Corneal topography was measured at 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 13 months. TZ decentration of the OK lens was calculated, and subjects were subdivided into a small decentration group (group S) and a large decentration group (group L) based on the median value of the weighted average decentration (dave ). Central axial length (AL) and peripheral eye lengths (PELs) at the central retina, as well as 10°, 20° and 30° nasally and temporally were measured at 0 and 13 months under cycloplegia. Second-order polynomial (y = ax2 + bx + c) and linear fits (y = Kx + B) were applied to the peripheral relative eye length (PREL), and the coefficients 'a' and 'K' were used to describe the shape of the eye. RESULTS Mean AL growth for one year was 0.28 ± 0.17 mm. In a multiple linear regression model, AL elongation was related to the baseline age (β = -0.41, p = 0.01) and the dave (β = -0.37, p = 0.03) (R2 = 0.34, p = 0.002). When compared with smaller dave (0.45 ± 0.15 mm), a larger dave (0.89 ± 0.17 mm) was associated with slower ocular growth (central: 0.20 ± 0.13 mm vs. 0.35 ± 0.17 mm, p = 0.009; 10° nasal: 0.26 ± 0.18 mm vs. 0.45 ± 0.21 mm, p = 0.02; 10° temporal: 0.17 ± 0.14 mm vs. 0.32 ± 0.19 mm, p = 0.02) and more oblate retina shape ('a': -0.13 ± 0.02 vs. -0.14 ± 0.02, p = 0.02; Knasal : 0.35 ± 0.11 vs. 0.39 ± 0.09, p = 0.02; Ktemporal : -0.42 ± 0.08 vs. -0.46 ± 0.08, p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS Greater TZ decentration with the use of OK lenses was associated with slower axial growth and a more oblate retinal shape. TZ decentration caused local defocusing changes, which may inhibit myopic progression. These findings may have important implications for improving optical designs for myopia control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yingying Huang
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiali Zhang
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chenglu Ding
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yunyun Chen
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jinhua Bao
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, China
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Lin W, Gu T, Bi H, Du B, Zhang B, Wei R. The treatment zone decentration and corneal refractive profile changes in children undergoing orthokeratology treatment. BMC Ophthalmol 2022; 22:177. [PMID: 35436922 PMCID: PMC9016930 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-022-02396-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To confirm the association between treatment-zone (TZ) decentration and axial length growth (ALG) in children who underwent orthokeratology; and to explore the association between TZ decentration and relative corneal refractive power (RCRP) profile, which was known to be significantly associated with ALG retardation. Methods Four hundred myopic children of age 12 years participated in the study, with 200 wearing orthokeratology lenses and the other 200 wearing single-vision spectacle as the controls. Cycloplegic refraction was performed at baseline. Axial length was measured at baseline and 12 months after initial lens wear, and ALG was defined as the difference. In the ortho-k group, TZ decentration and the RCRP map were calculated from the topography map obtained at the 12-month visit. RCRP were summed within various chord radii from the cornea center, and the association to TZ decentration, spherical equivalent (SE), ALG were analyzed with linear regressions. Results Compared to the controls, children wearing orthokeratology lenses had significantly smaller ALG over 1 year (0.1 ± 0.15 mm vs. 0.32 ± 0.17 mm, p < 0.001). ALG was significantly and negatively associated with summed RCRP within the central cornea of 2 mm in radius. The mean TZ decentration was 0.62 ± 0.25 mm, and the mean direction was 214.26 ± 7.39 degrees. ALG was negatively associated with the TZ decentration magnitude (p < 0.01), but not the direction (p = 0.905). TZ decentration caused an asymmetrical distribution of the RCRP with the nasal side plus power shifting towards the corneal center. For chord radius ranging 1-2 mm, the association between TZ decentration and the summed RCRP were significant, and the proportion of variance accountable increased with chord radius. For chord radius beyond 1.5 mm, the association between baseline spherical equivalent (SE) and summed RCRP was significant. The portion of variance accountable by SE increased and peaked in 2.5 mm chord radius. Conclusions A larger TZ decentration was associated with a larger summed RCRP in the central cornea. It may be one of the possible reasons why TZ decentration is beneficial to retarding myopia progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Lin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianpu Gu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Bi
- College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, 33314, USA
| | - Bei Du
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, 33314, USA.
| | - Ruihua Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China.
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