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Shah J, Cheong ZY, Tan B, Wong D, Liu X, Chua J. Dietary Intake and Diabetic Retinopathy: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235021. [PMID: 36501054 PMCID: PMC9735534 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus. The evidence connecting dietary intake and DR is emerging, but uncertain. We conducted a systematic review to comprehensively summarize the current understanding of the associations between dietary consumption, DR and diabetic macular edema (DME). We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Medline, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials between January 1967 to May 2022 for all studies investigating the effect of diet on DR and DME. Of the 4962 articles initially identified, 54 relevant articles were retained. Our review found that higher intakes of fruits, vegetables, dietary fibers, fish, a Mediterranean diet, oleic acid, and tea were found to have a protective effect against DR. Conversely, high intakes of diet soda, caloric intake, rice, and choline were associated with a higher risk of DR. No association was seen between vitamin C, riboflavin, vitamin D, and milk and DR. Only one study in our review assessed dietary intake and DME and found a risk of high sodium intake for DME progression. Therefore, the general recommendation for nutritional counseling to manage diabetes may be beneficial to prevent DR risk, but prospective studies in diverse diabetic populations are needed to confirm our findings and expand clinical guidelines for DR management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janika Shah
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Zi Yu Cheong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Bingyao Tan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE), Singapore 639798, Singapore
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Damon Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE), Singapore 639798, Singapore
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE), Singapore 639798, Singapore
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Jacqueline Chua
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-6322-4576; Fax: +65-6225-2568
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Golzarand M, Mirmiran P, Azizi F. Association between dietary choline and betaine intake and 10.6-year cardiovascular disease in adults. Nutr J 2022; 21:1. [PMID: 34986852 PMCID: PMC8728923 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-021-00755-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies have assessed the association between dietary choline and betaine and cardiovascular disease (CVD), but their results are inconsistent. The present study aimed to determine the association between dietary intake of choline and betaine and the risk of CVD in the general population over a 10.6-year period of follow-up. Methods The present cohort study was conducted on participants in the third wave of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (2006–2008) and was followed-up until March 2018. Dietary intake of choline and betaine was calculated using the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) database. Patients’ medical records were used to collect data on CVD. Results In this study, 2606 subjects with no previous CVD participated and were followed-up for a median of 10.6 years. During the follow-up periods, 187 incidences of CVD were detected. Results of the Cox proportional hazards regression indicated that neither energy-adjusted total choline nor betaine was associated with the incidence of CVD. Among individual choline forms, only higher intake of free choline (FC) was associated with a lower risk of CVD (HR: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.42–0.98). There was no significant association between each 10 mg/d increase in choline and betaine content of each food category and CVD. Conclusion Our investigation indicates no association between energy-adjusted total choline and betaine and a 10.6-year risk of CVD among adults. Besides, we found no relationship between individual choline forms (except FC) and CVD. We also found energy-adjusted choline and betaine obtained from food categories were not associated with the risk of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Golzarand
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Mirmiran
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No. 7, Shahid Hafezi St., Farahzadi Blvd., Shahrak-e-qods, Tehran, 1981619573, Iran.
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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