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Jaćević V, Dumanović J, Alomar SY, Resanović R, Milovanović Z, Nepovimova E, Wu Q, Franca TCC, Wu W, Kuča K. Research update on aflatoxins toxicity, metabolism, distribution, and detection: A concise overview. Toxicology 2023; 492:153549. [PMID: 37209941 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Serious health risks associated with the consumption of food products contaminated with aflatoxins (AFs) are worldwide recognized and depend predominantly on consumed AF concentration by diet. A low concentration of aflatoxins in cereals and related food commodities is unavoidable, especially in subtropic and tropic regions. Accordingly, risk assessment guidelines established by regulatory bodies in different countries help in the prevention of aflatoxin intoxication and the protection of public health. By assessing the maximal levels of aflatoxins in food products which are a potential risk to human health, it's possible to establish appropriate risk management strategies. Regarding, a few factors are crucial for making a rational risk management decision, such as toxicological profile, adequate information concerning the exposure duration, availability of routine and some novel analytical techniques, socioeconomic factors, food intake patterns, and maximal allowed levels of each aflatoxin in different food products which may be varied between countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Jaćević
- Department for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Poison Control Centre, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Jelena Dumanović
- Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Suliman Y Alomar
- King Saud University, College of Science, Zoology Department, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Radmila Resanović
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobođenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Milovanović
- Special Police Unit, Ministry of Interior, Trebevićka 12/A, 11 030 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, 434023 Jingzhou, Hubei, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Tanos Celmar Costa Franca
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to the Chemical and Biological Defense, Military Institute of Engineering, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22290-270, Brazil; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Wenda Wu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Peña-Rodas O, Martinez-Lopez R, Hernandez-Rauda R. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M 1 in cow milk in El Salvador: Results from a two-year survey. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:671-678. [PMID: 30009135 PMCID: PMC6042312 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a metabolite of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and is excreted through cow´s milk. AFM1 contamination of milk is extended geographically and there might be seasons-related variations for both prevalence and contents, with higher than average values in regions with long periods of drought like El Salvador. Therefore, this project quantified AFM1 levels in raw cow milk and AFs in cattle feedstuffs, during the transitional dry-rainy seasons of two consecutive years and it determined the variation of occurrence and contents associated to drought. Significant variations were shown from year to year in the prevalence of contamination (30% vs. 20%) and in the average levels of AFM1 in milk (0.056 vs 0.039 μg/kg), associated with drought and increased temperature. The AFs median levels raised significantly with the drought period (from 22.5 to 10.3 μg/kg). A significant relationship was demonstrated between AFs levels and those of AFM1, both in the year with drought and without that condition. AFM1 positive cases and its levels in milk increase in drought and hot conditions, AFs levels in the cattle feed tend to be higher with the same, as well. Both relationship between AFs and AFM1 levels and their association with drought were demonstrated. So that, heat and drought stress conditions can evoke raising effects on both Aflatoxins level and occurrence due to AFM1 in milk is a carryover from AFs contaminated feedstuffs ingested by dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Peña-Rodas
- Laboratorio de Inocuidad de Alimentos, Universidad Doctor Andres Bello, 1a Calle Poniente y 41a Avenida Norte, 2128, Colonia Flor Blanca, San Salvador, El Salvador, América Central
| | - Roxana Martinez-Lopez
- Laboratorio de Inocuidad de Alimentos, Universidad Doctor Andres Bello, 1a Calle Poniente y 41a Avenida Norte, 2128, Colonia Flor Blanca, San Salvador, El Salvador, América Central
| | - Roberto Hernandez-Rauda
- Direccion de Investigacion y Proyeccion Social, Universidad Doctor Andres Bello. 1a Calle Poniente y 41a Avenida Norte, 2128, Colonia Flor Blanca, San Salvador, El Salvador, América Central
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Camarillo EH, Ramirez-Martinez A, Carvajal-Moreno M, Vargas-Ortíz M, Wesolek N, Rodriguez Jimenes GDC, Garcia Alvarado MÁ, Roudot AC, Salgado Cervantes MA, Robles-Olvera VJ. Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 and M2 exposure risk through Oaxaca cheese consumption in southeastern Mexico. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2018; 28:202-213. [PMID: 29560730 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2018.1453054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the exposure of Southeast Mexican population to Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and M2 (AFM2) through the consumption of Oaxaca cheese. The intake of Oaxaca cheese was assessed via a food 7-day dairy questionnaire (N = 1100, 2014 and 2015). Thirty Oaxaca cheeses were randomly sampled, and the origin of the samples was also investigated. AFM1 and AFM2 were quantified by HPLC-FD. The exposure was assessed through the combination of the Probabilistic Density Functions (probabilistic approach). The percentage of the population at risk was calculated through the population exceeding the toxicological reference values (TDI). The risk assessment revealed that the population at higher risk to AFM1 and AFM2 was the children, followed by the adolescents and adult women. To our knowledge, the present study is the first to assess the exposure risk of different age groups of a population to AFM1 and AFM2 through the consumption of cheese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Hernández Camarillo
- a Food Engineering Department , Tecnológico Nacional de México - Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Huatusco , Huatusco , Mexico
| | - Alejandra Ramirez-Martinez
- b Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Alimentos , Tecnológico Nacional de México - Instituto Tecnologico de Veracruz , Veracruz , Mexico
| | - Magda Carvajal-Moreno
- c Department of Botany , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Manuel Vargas-Ortíz
- d CONACYT-CIAD (Centro de Investigación enAlimentación y Desarrollo) , Coordinación Culiacán , Mexico
| | - Nathalie Wesolek
- e Laboratoire de Toxicologie Alimentaire et Cellulaire , Université de Bretagne Occidentale , Brest , France
| | | | - Miguel Ángel Garcia Alvarado
- b Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Alimentos , Tecnológico Nacional de México - Instituto Tecnologico de Veracruz , Veracruz , Mexico
| | - Alain-Claude Roudot
- e Laboratoire de Toxicologie Alimentaire et Cellulaire , Université de Bretagne Occidentale , Brest , France
| | - Marco Antonio Salgado Cervantes
- b Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Alimentos , Tecnológico Nacional de México - Instituto Tecnologico de Veracruz , Veracruz , Mexico
| | - Victor J Robles-Olvera
- b Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Alimentos , Tecnológico Nacional de México - Instituto Tecnologico de Veracruz , Veracruz , Mexico
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Piekkola S, Turner PC, Abdel-Hamid M, Ezzat S, El-Daly M, El-Kafrawy S, Savchenko E, Poussa T, Woo JCS, Mykkänen H, El-Nezami H. Characterisation of aflatoxin and deoxynivalenol exposure among pregnant Egyptian women. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:962-71. [PMID: 22376138 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.658442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins such as the aflatoxins and deoxynivalenol (DON) are frequent contaminants of food. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and DON affect the immune system and restrict growth; additionally AFB1 is carcinogenic. To date there are limited descriptive biomarker data concerning maternal exposures during pregnancy, and none on co-exposures to these mycotoxins. This survey was a cross-sectional assessment providing descriptive data on the concentrations of serum aflatoxin-albumin (AF-alb), urinary aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), and urinary DON for 98 pregnant women from Egypt, in relation to diet and socioeconomic status, during the third trimester. AF-alb was detected in 34 of 98 (35%) samples, geometric mean (GM) of positives = 4.9 pg AF-lys mg(-1) albumin (95% confidence interval (CI) = 4.1-5.8 pg mg(-1)), and AFM1 in 44 of 93 (48%) samples, GM of positives = 19.7 pg mg(-1) creatinine (95%CI = 14.8-26.3 pg mg(-1)). AF-alb and AFM1 levels were positively correlated (R = 0.276, p = 0.007). DON was detected in 63 of 93 (68%), GM of positives = 2.8 ng mg(-1) (95%CI = 2.1-3.6 ng mg(-1)). Aflatoxin and DON biomarkers were observed in 41% of the subjects concurrently. The frequency and level of these biomarkers in Egyptian women were modest compared with known high-risk countries. However, this study represents the first biomarker survey to report on the occurrence of DON biomarkers in an African population, in addition to the co-occurrence of these two potent mycotoxins. This combined exposure may be of particular concern during pregnancy given the potential of toxin transfer to the foetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Piekkola
- Food and Health Research Centre, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Mycotoxins and child health: the need for health risk assessment. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2008; 212:347-68. [PMID: 18805056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2007] [Revised: 06/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The occurrences of mycotoxins as food contaminants in different localities particularly in developing countries and the inevitable exposure of populations and children to these toxins with probable adverse outcomes need be scientifically and systematically assessed. Health risk assessment developed in the 1980s is separate from risk management, both with risk communication form the risk analysis framework adopted by the World Health Organization. The process contributes increasingly to policy development, public health decision making, the establishment of mycotoxin regulations and research planning. However, the exercise of the risk assessment structured approach is not simple and is faced up to lack of data, capable infrastructure facilities and need for trained personnel and resources. Furthermore, adopted methodologies need be developed focusing on child characteristics and health concerns.
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