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Cui T, Lu R, Liu C, Wu Z, Jiang X, Liu Y, Pan S, Li Y. Characteristics of second-hand exposure to aerosols from e-cigarettes: A literature review since 2010. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171829. [PMID: 38537812 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the use of electronic vaping products (also named e-cigarettes) has increased due to their appealing flavors and nicotine delivery without the combustion of tobacco. Although the hazardous substances emitted by e-cigarettes are largely found to be much lower than combustible cigarettes, second-hand exposure to e-cigarette aerosols is not completely benign for bystanders. This work reviewed and synthesized findings on the second-hand exposure of aerosols from e-cigarettes and compared the results with those of the combustible cigarettes. In this review, different results were integrated based upon sampling locations such as residences, vehicles, offices, public places, and experimental exposure chambers. In addition, the factors that influence the second-hand exposure levels were identified by objectively reviewing and integrating the impacts of combustible cigarettes and e-cigarettes on the environment. It is a challenge to compare the literature data directly to assess the effect of smoking/vaping on the indoor environment. The room volume, indoor air exchange rate, puffing duration, and puffing numbers should be considered, which are important factors in determining the degree of pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to calculate the "emission rate" to normalize the concentration of pollutants emitted under various experimental conditions and make the results comparable. This review aims to increase the awareness regarding the harmful effects of the second-hand exposure to aerosols coming from the use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes, identify knowledge gaps, and provide a scientific basis for future policy interventions with regard to the regulation of smoking and vaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Cui
- School of Civil Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecology Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Rui Lu
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China.
| | - Chuan Liu
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Zehong Wu
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Xingtao Jiang
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Yiqiao Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Song Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yanpeng Li
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecology Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710054, China.
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Tian L, Woo W, Canchola A, Chen K, Lin YH. Correlation gas chromatography and two-dimensional volatility basis methods to predict gas-particle partitioning for e-cigarette aerosols. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2024; 58:630-643. [PMID: 38774581 PMCID: PMC11105163 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2024.2326547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
E-cigarette aerosols contain a complex mixture of harmful and potentially harmful chemicals. Once released into the environment, they evolve and become new sources of indoor air pollutants that could pose a significant threat to both users and non-users. However, current understanding of the physicochemical properties of e-cigarette aerosol constituents that govern gas-particle partitioning in the atmosphere is limited, making it difficult to estimate the health risks associated with exposure. Here, we used correlation gas chromatography (C-GC) and two-dimensional volatility basis set (2D-VBS) methods to determine the vapor pressures and volatility for commonly reported toxic and irritating e-cigarette aerosol constituents. The vapor pressures of target compounds at 298 K were estimated from the Antoine-type linear relationship between the vapor pressure of reference standards and their retention times. Our C-GC results showed an overall positive correlation (R = 0.84) with estimates using the EPI (Estimation Programs Interface) Suite. The volatility calculated by 2D-VBS correlates well with the calculated vapor pressure from both C-GC (R = 0.82) and EPI Suite (R = 0.85). The volatility distribution also indicated fresh e-cigarette aerosol constituents are mainly more volatile organic compounds. Our case study revealed that low-vapor-pressure compounds (e.g., σ-dodecalactone, γ-decalactone, and maltol) become enriched in the e-cigarette aerosols within 2 hours following vaping emissions. Overall, these findings demonstrate the applicability of the C-GC and 2D-VBS methods for determining the physiochemical properties of e-cigarette aerosol constituents, which can aid in assessing the dynamic chemical composition of e-cigarette aerosols and exposures to vaping emissions in indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhui Tian
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Wonsik Woo
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Alexa Canchola
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Kunpeng Chen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Ying-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
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Cui T, Lu R, Liu Q, Jiang X, Li Y, Pan S. PM 1 exposure and spatial transmission of nicotine from the simulated second-hand vapor of pod-based electronic cigarettes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 897:165355. [PMID: 37419341 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (E-cigarettes) have gained significant popularity in recent years as a substitute for combustible cigarettes. However, there is growing concern regarding the safety of E-cigarette products for both the users and those exposed passively to second-hand emissions, which contain nicotine and other toxic substances. In particular, the characteristics of second-hand PM1 exposure and the transmission of nicotine from E-cigarettes remain unclear. In this study, the untrapped mainstream aerosols from the E-cigarette and smoke from cigarettes were exhausted by the smoking machines which were operated under standardized puffing regimes to simulate second-hand vapor or smoke exposure. The concentrations and components of PM1 released from cigarettes and E-cigarettes were compared under varying environmental conditions and regulated using a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system. Additionally, the ambient nicotine concentrations and the size distribution of the generated aerosols were determined at different distances from the release source. Results showed that PM1 accounted for the highest proportion (98 %) of the released particulate matter (PM1, PM2.5, and PM10). The mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of cigarette smoke (0.5 ± 0.01 μm, geometric standard deviation (GSD) 1.97 ± 0.1) was smaller than that of E-cigarette aerosols (1.06 ± 0.14 μm, GSD 1.79 ± 0.19). The PM1 concentrations and chemical components were effectively reduced when the HVAC system was utilized. Nicotine concentrations in E-cigarette aerosols were comparable to those of combustible cigarette emissions when close to the exposure source (0 m), while they declined more rapidly than cigarette smoke emissions with increasing distance from the source. Furthermore, the maximum nicotine concentrations occurred in 1 μm and 0.5 μm particles in E-cigarette and cigarette emissions, respectively. These results provide a scientific basis for the assessment of E-cigarette and cigarette aerosol passive exposure risks, guiding the development of environmental and human health control measures for these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Cui
- School of Civil Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecology Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Rui Lu
- RELX Technical Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Qianyun Liu
- RELX Technical Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Xingtao Jiang
- RELX Technical Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanpeng Li
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecology Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Xi'an 710054, China.
| | - Song Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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Jaafar A, Albarazanchi A, Kadhim MJ, Darvin ME, Váczi T, Tuchin VV, Veres M. Impact of e-cigarette liquid on porcine lung tissue-Ex vivo confocal Raman micro-spectroscopy study. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2023:e202300336. [PMID: 37851480 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Ex vivo porcine lung immersed in e-liquid was investigated in-depth using confocal Raman micro-spectroscopy to assess the e-liquid influence on the lung. It was found that lung-related Raman band intensities at 1002, 1548, 1618 and 1655 cm-1 increased after first and second treatments except the surface, which was attributed to the well-known optical clearing (OC) effect due to alveoli filling with e-liquid resulting in light scattering reduction. The autofluorescence enhancement was explained by oxidative stress induced in lung during exposure to e-liquid. Moreover, e-liquid induced collagen dehydration was revealed by the I937 /I926 Raman band intensity ratio change. The effect was enhanced after the second treatment of the same lung tissue that indicates the possibility of multi-step OC treatment. We hypothesize that the nicotine-flavour-free e-liquids containing glycerol and propylene glycol could potentially be used in clinical protocols as OC agent for enhanced in-depth Raman-guided bronchoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Jaafar
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Center for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Physics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Abbas Albarazanchi
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | | | - Tamás Váczi
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Center for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Valery V Tuchin
- Institute of Physics and Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
- Laboratory of Laser Diagnostics of Technical and Living Systems, Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control, FRC "Saratov Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Saratov, Russia
| | - Miklós Veres
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Center for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
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