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Cheng Y, Li S, Gao L, Zhi K, Ren W. The Molecular Basis and Therapeutic Aspects of Cisplatin Resistance in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:761379. [PMID: 34746001 PMCID: PMC8569522 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.761379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a kind of malignant tumors with low survival rate and prone to have early metastasis and recurrence. Cisplatin is an alkylating agent which induces DNA damage through the formation of cisplatin-DNA adducts, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In the management of advanced OSCC, cisplatin-based chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy has been considered as the first-line treatment. Unfortunately, only a portion of OSCC patients can benefit from cisplatin treatment, both inherent resistance and acquired resistance greatly limit the efficacy of cisplatin and even cause treatment failure. Herein, this review outline the underlying mechanisms of cisplatin resistance in OSCC from the aspects of DNA damage and repair, epigenetic regulation, transport processes, programmed cell death and tumor microenvironment. In addition, this review summarizes the strategies applicable to overcome cisplatin resistance, which can provide new ideas to improve the clinical therapeutic outcome of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Cheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shaoming Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Key Lab of Oral Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Keqian Zhi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Key Lab of Oral Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenhao Ren
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Abu-Humaidan AHA, Ekblad L, Wennerberg J, Sørensen OE. EGFR modulates complement activation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:121. [PMID: 32054454 PMCID: PMC7020369 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-6615-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is pivotal for growth of epithelial cells and is overexpressed in several epithelial cancers like head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). EGFR signalling is also involved in diverse innate immune functions in epithelia. We previously found a role for EGFR in modulating the complement system in skin, this prompted an investigation into EGFR role in complement modulation in HNSCC. Methods We used patient derived HNSCC cell lines with varying sensitivities to EGFR inhibitors, and generated EGFR inhibition resistant cell lines to study the role of EGFR in modulating complement in HNSCC. Results We found that HNSCC cell lines activate the complement system when incubated with human serum. This complement activation was increased in cell lines sensitive to EGFR inhibition following the use of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor Iressa. Sensitive cell line made resistant to EGFR-inhibitors displayed complement activation and a decrease in complement regulatory proteins even in the absence of EGFR-inhibitors. Complement activation did not cause lysis of HNSCC cells, and rather led to increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation in one cell line. Conclusion These data indicate that EGFR has a complement modulatory role in HNSCC, and that a prolonged EGFR-inhibition treatment in sensitive cancer cells increases complement activation. This has implications in understanding the response to EGFR inhibitors, in which resistance and inflammatory skin lesions are two major causes for treatment cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas H A Abu-Humaidan
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. .,Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Lars Ekblad
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Wennerberg
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology/H&N Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ole E Sørensen
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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3
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Alam M, Kashyap T, Mishra P, Panda AK, Nagini S, Mishra R. Role and regulation of proapoptotic Bax in oral squamous cell carcinoma and drug resistance. Head Neck 2018; 41:185-197. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.25471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manzar Alam
- Centre for Life SciencesSchool of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand Ranchi Jharkhand India
| | - Tanushree Kashyap
- Centre for Life SciencesSchool of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand Ranchi Jharkhand India
| | - Prajna Mishra
- Centre for Applied ChemistrySchool of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand Ranchi Jharkhand India
| | - Aditya K. Panda
- Centre for Life SciencesSchool of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand Ranchi Jharkhand India
| | - Siddavaram Nagini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of ScienceAnnamalai University Annamalainagar Tamil Nadu India
| | - Rajakishore Mishra
- Centre for Life SciencesSchool of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand Ranchi Jharkhand India
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4
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He S, Hu B, Li C, Lin P, Tang WG, Sun YF, Feng FYM, Guo W, Li J, Xu Y, Yao QL, Zhang X, Qiu SJ, Zhou J, Fan J, Li YX, Li H, Yang XR. PDXliver: a database of liver cancer patient derived xenograft mouse models. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:550. [PMID: 29743053 PMCID: PMC5944069 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4459-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Liver cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths and characterized by heterogeneity and drug resistance. Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models have been widely used in cancer research because they reproduce the characteristics of original tumors. However, the current studies of liver cancer PDX mice are scattered and the number of available PDX models are too small to represent the heterogeneity of liver cancer patients. To improve this situation and to complement available PDX models related resources, here we constructed a comprehensive database, PDXliver, to integrate and analyze liver cancer PDX models. Description Currently, PDXliver contains 116 PDX models from Chinese liver cancer patients, 51 of them were established by the in-house PDX platform and others were curated from the public literatures. These models are annotated with complete information, including clinical characteristics of patients, genome-wide expression profiles, germline variations, somatic mutations and copy number alterations. Analysis of expression subtypes and mutated genes show that PDXliver represents the diversity of human patients. Another feature of PDXliver is storing drug response data of PDX mice, which makes it possible to explore the association between molecular profiles and drug sensitivity. All data can be accessed via the Browse and Search pages. Additionally, two tools are provided to interactively visualize the omics data of selected PDXs or to compare two groups of PDXs. Conclusion As far as we known, PDXliver is the first public database of liver cancer PDX models. We hope that this comprehensive resource will accelerate the utility of PDX models and facilitate liver cancer research. The PDXliver database is freely available online at: http://www.picb.ac.cn/PDXliver/
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng He
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.,CAS Key Laboratory for Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computing Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computing Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Ping Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory for Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computing Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei-Guo Tang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yun-Fan Sun
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Fang-You-Min Feng
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.,CAS Key Laboratory for Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computing Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jia Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.,CAS Key Laboratory for Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computing Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qian-Lan Yao
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shuang-Jian Qiu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yi-Xue Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.,CAS Key Laboratory for Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computing Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Hong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computing Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Xin-Rong Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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5
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Relevance of chromosomal band 11q13 in oral carcinogenesis: An update of current knowledge. Oral Oncol 2017; 72:7-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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6
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Ramos-García P, Gil-Montoya JA, Scully C, Ayén A, González-Ruiz L, Navarro-Triviño FJ, González-Moles MA. An update on the implications of cyclin D1 in oral carcinogenesis. Oral Dis 2017; 23:897-912. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Ramos-García
- School of Dentistry; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - JA Gil-Montoya
- School of Dentistry; University of Granada; Granada Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - C Scully
- University College of London; London UK
| | - A Ayén
- School of Medicine; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - L González-Ruiz
- Servicio de Dermatología; Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real; Ciudad Real Spain
| | - FJ Navarro-Triviño
- Servicio de Dermatología; Complejo Hospitalario San Cecilio; Granada Spain
| | - MA González-Moles
- School of Dentistry; University of Granada; Granada Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina; University of Granada; Granada Spain
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Lindgren G, Kjellén E, Wennerberg J, Ekblad L. Wound-healing factors can prime head and neck cancer cells to increase their tumor-forming capacity. Laryngoscope 2016; 126:E213-7. [PMID: 26865530 DOI: 10.1002/lary.25907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS We investigated whether exposing a wound-healing-sensitive cell line to human wound fluid (HWF) could prime the cells to increase their tumor-forming ability in nude mice and, if so, whether this ability can be inhibited by pharmacological substances. STUDY DESIGN Experimental animal model. METHODS Take rate was measured in BALB/c nude mice after pretreatment of the cells with HWF using human serum and fetal bovine serum as controls. Inhibition of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) with S3I-201 tocilizumab, and of interleukin 6 receptor (IL6R) with tocilizumab was performed. RESULTS Preincubation with HWF resulted in a significant increase in take rate compared to controls. The increase in take rate could be decreased by both STAT3 and IL6R inhibition. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that head and neck squamous cell cancer cells might be stimulated to increase their tumor-forming ability both close to a surgical wound and at more distant locations, as a consequence of the wound-healing response. The work also suggests new treatment modalities aimed at decreasing these stimulatory effects. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 126:E213-E217, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustaf Lindgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Lund University, Lund, Sweden, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Kjellén
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Wennerberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Lund University, Lund, Sweden, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Ekblad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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8
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Lindgren G, Ekblad L, Vallon-Christersson J, Kjellén E, Gebre-Medhin M, Wennerberg J. Erythropoietin suppresses the activation of pro-apoptotic genes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma xenografts exposed to surgical trauma. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:648. [PMID: 25182342 PMCID: PMC4169800 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies on the use of erythropoietin (Epo) to treat anaemia in patients undergoing cancer treatment have shown adverse effects on tumour control and survival. Experimental studies indicate that this could be linked to an interaction with wound healing processes and not an effect on tumour cells per se. We have previously shown that erythropoietin in combination with surgical trauma stimulates tumour growth. In the present study, we investigated the effect of surgery and Epo on gene expression. Methods Human tumours from oral squamous cell cancer were xenotransplanted to nude mice treated with Epo. The tumours were then transected in a standardised procedure to mimic surgical trauma and the change in gene expression of the tumours was investigated by microarray analysis. qRT-PCR was used to measure the levels of mRNAs of pro-apoptotic genes. The frequency of apoptosis in the tumours was assessed using immunohistochemistry for caspase-3. Results There was little change in the expression of genes involved in tumour growth and angiogenesis but a significant down-regulation of the expression of genes involved in apoptosis. This effect on apoptosis was confirmed by a general decrease in the expression of mRNA for selected pro-apoptotic genes. Epo-treated tumours had a significantly lower frequency of apoptosis as measured by immunohistochemistry for caspase 3. Conclusions Our results suggest that the increased tumour growth during erythropoietin treatment might be due to inhibition of apoptosis, an effect that becomes significant during tissue damage such as surgery. This further suggests that the decreased survival during erythropoietin treatment might be due to inhibition of apoptosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-648) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustaf Lindgren
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Lund University Hospital, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden.
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9
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Ekblad L, Lindgren G, Persson E, Kjellén E, Wennerberg J. Cell-line-specific stimulation of tumor cell aggressiveness by wound healing factors - a central role for STAT3. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:33. [PMID: 23351302 PMCID: PMC3585883 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Local recurrence is a major factor affecting survival after treatment for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). It is possible that the normal processes involved in wound healing after surgical removal of a primary tumor can boost the regrowth of residual cancer cells, thereby contributing to the recurrent growth. In this work, we collected human wound fluids and used them to investigate the effect of wound healing factors on HNSCC cell lines in vitro. Methods Wound fluids were collected from thyroidectomized patients diagnosed with benign disease and were included in assays of cell proliferation, migration, cell scattering, and invasion. The involvement of intracellular signaling pathways and membrane receptors were investigated by western blotting and the inclusion of specific inhibitors. Results One out of four cell lines was greatly stimulated in proliferation, migration, cell scattering, and invasion by the addition of wound fluid as compared with addition of fetal bovine or human serum. These effects were accompanied by a sharp increase in activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Inhibition of STAT3 activation abolished the wound fluid response, showing that STAT3 plays an important role in the wound healing response. Several of the observed phenotypic changes were epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like, but the appropriate changes were not seen in any of the EMT markers investigated. The involvement of c-Met or epidermal growth factor receptor family members was excluded, while the interleukin-6 receptor was found to be partly responsible for the activation of STAT3. Conclusions In conclusion, we found cell-line-specific effects of wound healing factors on HNSCC, setting the stage for therapy development and predictive opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Ekblad
- Department of Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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10
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Yamatodani T, Holmqvist B, Kjellén E, Johnsson A, Mineta H, Wennerberg J. Using intravital microscopy to observe bevacizumab-mediated anti-angiogenesis in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma xenografts. Acta Otolaryngol 2012; 132:1324-33. [PMID: 23039202 DOI: 10.3109/00016489.2012.699195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSION The study showed the value of using intravital microscopy (IVM) analysis for the study of neoangiogenesis. It demonstrated that the model and the analytical methodology could be used to evaluate in detail the effects of treatment strategies for solid tumours. OBJECTIVES Neoangiogenesis is a key component of tumour progression, invasion and metastasis. In clinical trials monoclonal antibodies specific for vascular endothelial growth factor - VEGF (bevacizumab) - have been shown to significantly affect tumour progression when given in combination with standard chemotherapy, and also to improve the overall survival of patients. For squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC), we still await definitive evidence of the effect of such treatment. The present study was designed to investigate the anti-angiogenesis effect of beviacizumab in green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labelled HNSCC xenografts using IVM technology. METHODS We performed IVM and used image analysis for quantification of angiogenesis and of effects of bevacizumab on cell viability, combined with histochemical and immunohistochemical analysis to standardize the digital analysis of changes in tumour vascularization and cell viability. RESULTS We found significant effects of bevacizumab on angiogenesis and cancer cell survival in HNSCC. Repeated injections of bevacizumab were found to provide the greatest effects.
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Zhuo XL, Ling JJ, Zhao HY, Zhou Y, Song YF, Tan YH. Lack of association of the cyclin D1 G870A variation with oral carcinoma risk: Evidence from 2,404 subjects. Exp Ther Med 2012; 4:748-754. [PMID: 23170138 PMCID: PMC3501437 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2012.648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence implicates cyclin D1 (CCND1) G870A polymorphisms as risk factors for various cancers. An increasing number of investigations have been conducted on the association of CCND1 G870A polymorphisms with susceptibility to oral carcinoma, and have yielded inconclusive results. The aim of the present study was to derive a more precise estimation of the correlation. Meta-analyses examining the association between CCND1 G870A polymorphisms and oral carcinoma were performed. Separate analyses on ethnicity, smoking status and control sources were also implemented. Eligible studies were identified prior to February 2012. From the overall data from 1,128 cases and 1,276 controls, no associations of CCND1 G870A polymorphisms with oral carcinoma were observed [AA vs. GG: odds ratio (OR)=1.06; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.62-1.82; dominant model: OR=1.04; 95% CI, 0.76-1.43; recessive model: OR=1.06; 95% CI, 0.70-1.59]. In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, smoking status and control sources, no significant associations of CCND1 G870A polymorphisms and oral cancer were observed for the three genetic models. Collectively, the data failed to suggest CCND1 G870A polymorphism as a low-penetrant risk factor for developing oral carcinoma. Additional studies with large sample sizes concerning different ethnicities in different areas are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Lu Zhuo
- Department of Stomatology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing; ; Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang
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12
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Ji X, Wang Z, Geamanu A, Goja A, Sarkar FH, Gupta SV. Delta-tocotrienol suppresses Notch-1 pathway by upregulating miR-34a in nonsmall cell lung cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:2668-77. [PMID: 22438124 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that play critical roles in regulating various cellular functions by transcriptional silencing. miRNAs can function as either oncogenes or tumor suppressors (oncomirs), depending on cancer types. In our study, using miRNA microarray, we observed that downregulation of the Notch-1 pathway, by delta-tocotrienol, correlated with upregulation of miR-34a, in nonsmall cell lung cancer cells (NSCLC). Moreover, re-expression of miR-34a by transfection in NSCLC cells resulted in inhibition of cell growth and invasiveness, induction of apoptosis and enhanced p53 activity. Furthermore, cellular mechanism studies revealed that induction of miR-34a decreased the expression of Notch-1 and its downstream targets including Hes-1, Cyclin D1, Survivin and Bcl-2. Our findings suggest that delta-tocotrienol is a nontoxic activator of mir-34a which can inhibit NSCLC cell proliferation, induce apoptosis and inhibit invasion, and thus offering a potential starting point for the design of novel anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangming Ji
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Abstract
Progress in oncology drug development has been hampered by a lack of preclinical models that reliably predict clinical activity of novel compounds in cancer patients. In an effort to address these shortcomings, there has been a recent increase in the use of patient-derived tumour xenografts (PDTX) engrafted into immune-compromised rodents such as athymic nude or NOD/SCID mice for preclinical modelling. Numerous tumour-specific PDTX models have been established and, importantly, they are biologically stable when passaged in mice in terms of global gene-expression patterns, mutational status, metastatic potential, drug responsiveness and tumour architecture. These characteristics might provide significant improvements over standard cell-line xenograft models. This Review will discuss specific PDTX disease examples illustrating an overview of the opportunities and limitations of these models in cancer drug development, and describe concepts regarding predictive biomarker development and future applications.
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14
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Autocrine epidermal growth factor receptor ligand production and cetuximab response in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2011; 138:491-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-011-1127-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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15
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Kastl L, Brown I, Schofield AC. miRNA-34a is associated with docetaxel resistance in human breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 131:445-54. [PMID: 21399894 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1424-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Docetaxel is a chemotherapy drug to treat breast cancer, however as with many chemotherapeutic drugs resistance to docetaxel occurs in 50% of patients, and the underlying molecular mechanisms of drug resistance are not fully understood. Gene regulation through microRNAs (miRNA) has been shown to play an important role in cancer drug resistance. By directly targeting mRNA, miRNAs are able to inhibit genes that are necessary for signalling pathways or drug induced apoptosis rendering cells drug resistant. This study investigated the role of differential miRNA expression in two in vitro breast cancer cell line models (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231) of acquired docetaxel resistance. MiRNA microarray analysis identified 299 and 226 miRNAs altered in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 docetaxel-resistant cells, respectively. Docetaxel resistance was associated with increased expression of miR-34a and miR-141 and decreased expression of miR-7, miR-16, miR-30a, miR-125a-5p, miR-126. Computational target prediction revealed eight candidate genes targeted by these miRNAs. Quantitative PCR and western analysis confirmed decreased expression of two genes, BCL-2 and CCND1, in docetaxel-resistant cells, which are both targeted by miR-34a. Modulation of miR-34a expression was correlated with BCL-2 and cyclin D1 protein expression changes and a direct interaction of miR-34a with BCL-2 was shown by luciferase assay. Inhibition of miR-34a enhanced response to docetaxel in MCF-7 docetaxel-resistant cells, whereas overexpression of miR-34a conferred resistance in MCF-7 docetaxel-sensitive cells. This study is the first to show differences in miRNA expression, in particular, increased expression of miR-34a in an acquired model of docetaxel resistance in breast cancer. This serves as a mechanism of acquired docetaxel resistance in these cells, possibly through direct interactions with BCL-2 and CCND1, therefore presenting a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of docetaxel-resistant breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kastl
- Division of Applied Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Medical School, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
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Noel EE, Yeste-Velasco M, Mao X, Perry J, Kudahetti SC, Li NF, Sharp S, Chaplin T, Xue L, McIntyre A, Shan L, Powles T, Oliver RTD, Young BD, Shipley J, Berney DM, Joel SP, Lu YJ. The association of CCND1 overexpression and cisplatin resistance in testicular germ cell tumors and other cancers. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 176:2607-15. [PMID: 20395447 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Development of chemoresistance limits the clinical efficiency of platinum-based therapy. Although many resistance mechanisms have been demonstrated, genetic/molecular alterations responsible for drug resistance in the majority of clinical cases have not been identified. We analyzed three pairs of testicular germ cell tumor cell lines using Affymetrix expression microarrays and revealed a limited number of differentially expressed genes across the cell lines when comparing the parental and resistant cells. Among them, CCND1 was the most significantly differentially expressed gene. Analysis of testicular germ cell tumor clinical samples by quantitative reverse transcription PCR analysis revealed that overall expression of CCND1 was significantly higher in resistant cases compared with sensitive samples (P < 0.0001). We also found that CCND1 was dramatically overexpressed both in induced and intrinsically resistant samples of ovarian and prostate cancer. Finally combined CCND1 knockdown using small-interfering RNA and cisplatin treatment inhibited cell growth in vitro significantly more effectively than any of these single treatments. Therefore, deregulation of CCND1 may be a major cause of cisplatin resistance in testicular germ cell tumors and may also be implicated in ovarian and prostate cancers. CCND1 could be potentially used as a marker for treatment stratification and as a molecular target to improve the treatment of platinum-resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie E Noel
- Medical Oncology Centre, Cancer Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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Sahoo R, Chittibabu V, Patil G, Rao S, Thakur S, Dhondalay G, Kulkarni A, Banerjee A, Ajaikumar B, Korlimarla A, Nargund A, Niti R, Gopinath K, Prabhudesai S, Raghavendra R. Relationship between molecular markers and treatment response in a retrospective cohort of Indian patients with primary carcinoma of the larynx. Oral Oncol 2009; 45:e216-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2009.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Sasaki Y, Kjellén E, Mineta H, Wennerberg J, Ekblad L. No direct effects of erythropoietin beta on a head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell line which is growth stimulated in vivo. Acta Oncol 2009; 48:1062-9. [PMID: 19412811 DOI: 10.1080/02841860902913553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) are used in cancer therapy to reverse anaemia. It has been suggested that ESAs might improve treatment outcome by reducing tumour hypoxia, but ESAs might also increase tumour growth. In this work, the effect of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo) beta was investigated on a human head and neck squamous carcinoma cell (HNSCC) line in vitro. The cell line was previously growth stimulated in combination with surgery in a xenograft model and the investigation was initiated to see if rHuEpo directly affects the tumour cell line, alone or in combination with cell stress, or if the in vivo effect should be attributed to secondary effects. MATERIAL AND METHODS The cell line LU-HNSCC-7 was grown in vitro and treated with rHuEpo alone or in combination with radiation, cisplatin, hypoxia or tumour extracts. The expression of the Epo receptor (EpoR) was investigated by western blotting after one- and two-dimensional electrophoresis, RT-PCR and through analysis of the effect on EpoR signalling. RESULTS The cell line was shown not to express EpoR. Furthermore, it was only possible to detect a minor effect on cell growth (1.4 times over control, p < 0.001) under specific conditions and at supra-pharmacological concentrations of rHuEpo beta. No effect was detected on cell migration. None of the cell stressing treatments could enhance the minor growth stimulatory effect of rHuEpo beta. DISCUSSION The conclusion is that rHuEpo beta does not stimulate tumour growth of the investigated cell line through a direct interaction with tumour cells. We hypothesise that interactions with stromal cells and the stimulation of wound healing responses might, at least partly, explain the negative effects of ESA administration during cancer treatment. We propose that EpoR expression in HNSCC tumour cells might not be a good marker for prediction of ESA induced worsening of outcomes after cancer treatment.
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Bjurberg M, Henriksson E, Brun E, Ekblad L, Ohlsson T, Brun A, Kjellén E. Early changes in 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose metabolism in squamous-cell carcinoma during chemotherapy in vivo and in vitro. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2009; 24:327-32. [PMID: 19538055 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2008.0556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate early changes in uptake of 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) in vivo and in vitro in a squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC) cell line originating from a human head and neck SCC during cytotoxic therapy with respect to metabolism in tumor cells and in surrounding stromal tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 60 nude mice with xenografted SCC, 50 animals were treated with cisplatin. Early changes in the tumor FDG uptake following therapy were evaluated sequentially with phosphor imaging. Using this technique, areas with focal hypermetabolism were detected. The cells creating the focal hypermetabolism were then identified histopathologically on the corresponding sections. In addition, early FDG uptake versus the number of viable tumor cells was measured in vitro following cisplatin treatment. RESULTS An early transient increase in FDG uptake in tumor cells was seen on day 1 in treated tumors, followed by a rapid decrease confirmed by subsequent tumor regression. This metabolic flare was present in all treated tumors but not in the controls. In vitro, an increase in FDG uptake per cell was observed. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide new insights into the early metabolic changes in squamous-cell carcinomas subjected to cytotoxic therapy and thus contribute to the discussion on the feasibility of early predictive PET studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bjurberg
- Department of Oncology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
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Detection of copy number amplification of cyclin D1 (CCND1) and cortactin (CTTN) in oral carcinoma and oral brushed samples from areca chewers. Oral Oncol 2009; 45:1032-6. [PMID: 19666237 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2009.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2009] [Revised: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in Asians is highly associated with the abuse of areca (betel) chewing. There are several hundred million Asians who chew areca and are therefore at high risk of OSCC. Aberrance in cyclin D1 (CCND1) and/or cortactin (CTTN), which are localized on 11q13, seems to be critical events for the development of oral carcinogenesis. This study identified amplifications of CCND1 and CTTN by quantitative (Q)-PCR analysis in 50% and 45% of OSCC samples, respectively. Co-amplification of both genes was identified in 20% of tumors. Higher CTTN expression was associated with nodal metastasis of the OSCC, while the amplification of CCND1 was identified in 28% of oral brushed samples from areca chewers, who form a high risk group for OSCC. This study confirms the importance of alterations in CCND1 and CTTN with respect to areca-associated OSCC, and demonstrates that there is an early occurrence of amplification of these genes in the risk population. The non-invasive brushing sampling method coupling with Q-PCR analysis needs to be validated for use as an early detection system for gene copy changes, which should aid oral cancer prevention.
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The natural diterpenoid ovatodiolide induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human oral squamous cell carcinoma Ca9-22 cells. Life Sci 2009; 85:26-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2009.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Zhou X, Zhang Z, Yang X, Chen W, Zhang P. Inhibition of cyclin D1 expression by cyclin D1 shRNAs in human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells is associated with increased cisplatin chemosensitivity. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:483-9. [PMID: 18942709 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin D1 is a well-known cell cycle regulator. Recently, its pro-survival function has been revealed in several tumors. Because increasing expression of cyclin D1 is a common event in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and has been correlated with cisplatin resistance, we investigated if cyclin D1 inhibition could increase cisplatin chemosensitivity of OSCC. Five cyclin D1 shRNAs were prepared and 3 were selected for subsequent experiments. IC50 values for cisplatin were determined by an MTT assay. Cisplatin-induced apoptosis and cell cycle block were investigated. A tumor transplantation model was generated to examine the cisplatin sensitivity of Tca/cisplatin after in vivo cyclin D1 silencing. The role of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) in cyclin D1-mediated cisplatin resistance was also examined. The most effective shRNA resulted in 84.51% knockdown of the cyclin D1 protein level. After the transfection with the 2 most effective shRNAs, the cisplatin IC50 decreased from 5.88 microg/ml to 1.36 microg/ml and 2.47 microg/ml, although overexpression of cyclin D1 rendered OSCC cells more resistant to cisplatin treatment (IC50 increased from 6.43 microg/ml to 12.24 microg/ml). This decreasing IC50 was correlated with the down-regulation of cisplatin-induced NF-kappaB activity in cyclin D1 knockdown cells, and was independent of CDK4 function. In vivo tumor transplantation models also confirmed a cisplatin-sensitizing effect of cyclin D1 shRNA in OSCC. A TUNEL assay validated the increase in apoptosis as induced by cisplatin in cyclin D1 knockdown cells. Cyclin D1 may be an important target for future therapy in patients with OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Zhou
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Incorporation of Molecularly Targeted Agents in the Primary Treatment of Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Head and Neck. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2008; 22:1193-208, ix. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Yamatodani T, Ekblad L, Kjellén E, Johnsson A, Mineta H, Wennerberg J. Epidermal growth factor receptor status and persistent activation of Akt and p44/42 MAPK pathways correlate with the effect of cetuximab in head and neck and colon cancer cell lines. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2008; 135:395-402. [PMID: 18813952 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-008-0475-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) blockade on cell survival and on downstream signalling pathways using the monoclonal antibody cetuximab. METHODS We used three colon cancer cell lines, of which one was EGFR-negative, and two head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) lines. EGFR expression and gene copy number were measured by immunohistochemistry and FISH analysis, respectively. The effect of cetuximab, irradiation or the combination of both on cell growth was estimated by SRB assay. Western blotting was used to determine the phosphorylation of intracellular signalling proteins and cell cycle phase distribution was measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS The addition of cetuximab had only limited effects on cell growth, with a maximum inhibition of approximately 30%, but was correlated with the amount of protein expression and gene copy number of EGFR. When combined with irradiation, the effect of cetuximab was only additive and not dependent on the inherent radio-sensitivity of the cell lines. Persistent phosphorylation of Akt and/or p44/42 MAPK was detected by western blot in all of the cell lines, whereas there was no phosphorylation of Jak2 or STAT3. CONCLUSIONS None of these factors alone could predict the sensitivity to cetuximab. Rather, the results suggest that it might be necessary to determine the activation status of several intracellular signalling proteins to better predict the sensitivity to cetuximab treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamatodani
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Lund University Hospital, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
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Marangoni E, Vincent-Salomon A, Auger N, Degeorges A, Assayag F, de Cremoux P, de Plater L, Guyader C, De Pinieux G, Judde JG, Rebucci M, Tran-Perennou C, Sastre-Garau X, Sigal-Zafrani B, Delattre O, Diéras V, Poupon MF. A new model of patient tumor-derived breast cancer xenografts for preclinical assays. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:3989-98. [PMID: 17606733 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish a panel of human breast cancer (HBC) xenografts in immunodeficient mice suitable for pharmacologic preclinical assays. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 200 samples of HBCs were grafted into Swiss nude mice. Twenty-five transplantable xenografts were established (12.5%). Their characterization included histology, p53 status, genetic analysis by array comparative genomic hybridization, gene expression by Western blotting, and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Biological profiles of nine xenografts were compared with those of the corresponding patient's tumor. Chemosensitivities of 17 xenografts to a combination of Adriamycin and cyclophosphamide (AC), docetaxel, trastuzumab, and Degarelix were evaluated. RESULTS Almost all patient tumors established as xenografts displayed an aggressive phenotype, i.e., high-grade, triple-negative status. The histology of the xenografts recapitulated the features of the original tumors. Mutation of p53 and inactivation of Rb and PTEN proteins were found in 83%, 30%, and 42% of HBC xenografts, respectively. Two HBCx had an ERBB2 (HER2) amplification. Large variations were observed in the expression of HER family receptors and in genomic profiles. Genomic alterations were close to those of original samples in paired tumors. Three xenografts formed lung metastases. A total of 15 of the 17 HBCx (88%) responded to AC, and 8 (47%) responded to docetaxel. One ERBB2-amplified xenograft responded to trastuzumab, whereas the other did not. The drug response of HBC xenografts was concordant with that of the patient's tumor in five of seven analyzable cases. CONCLUSIONS This panel of breast cancer xenografts includes 15 triple-negative, one ER positive and 2 ERBB2 positive. This panel represents a useful preclinical tool for testing new agents and protocols and for further exploration of the biological basis of drug responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Marangoni
- U612 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, Pharmacologie Préclinique Antitumorale, Paris Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologique, Hôpital Trousseau, Tours, France
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Henriksson E, Kjellén E, Wahlberg P, Wennerberg J, Kjellström JH. Differences in estimates of cisplatin-induced cell kill in vitro between colorimetric and cell count/colony assays. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2007; 42:320-3. [PMID: 17316066 DOI: 10.1290/0604022.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Accepted: 05/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate some bioassays that are different in principle: cell counting, colony forming assay, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), sulforhodamine B (SRB), crystal violet, and alamarBlue, with respect to their ability to measure cisplatin-induced cell death of in vitro-cultivated squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). Cisplatin was applied in concentrations of 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, 50.0, and 100 microM. The cells were incubated for 1 h, and the cell survival was measured 5 d after treatment. We found the colorimetric assays and cell counting to be comparable. The colony forming assay indicated a higher degree of cell kill compared with the other techniques. Measurement of cell survival after treatment with cisplatin can be done by use of any of the above tested assays. However, the majority of SCCHN cell lines available do not form colonies easily, or at all. Therefore, comparing the chemosensitivity between such cell lines is limited to alternative assays. In this respect, any of the tested colorimetric assays can be used. However, they seem to underestimate cell kill. Cell counting is also an alternative. This technique, however, is time consuming and operator dependent, as in the case of manual counting, or relatively expensive when counting is performed electronically, compared with the colorimetric assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Henriksson
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Malmö, S-205 02 Malmö, Sweden.
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