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Nix Z, Kota D, Ratnayake I, Wang C, Smith S, Wood S. Spectral characterization of cell surface motion for mechanistic investigations of cellular mechanobiology. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 176:3-15. [PMID: 36108781 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the specific mechanisms responsible for anabolic and catabolic responses to static or dynamic force are largely poorly understood. Because of this, most research groups studying mechanotransduction due to dynamic forces employ an empirical approach in deciding what frequencies to apply during experiments. While this has been shown to elucidate valuable information regarding how cells respond under controlled provocation, it is often difficult or impossible to determine a true optimal frequency for force application, as many intracellular complexes are involved in receiving, propagating, and responding to a given stimulus. Here we present a novel adaptation of an analytical technique from the fields of civil and mechanical engineering that may open the door to direct measurement of mechanobiological cellular frequencies which could be used to target specific cell signaling pathways leveraging synergy between outside-in and inside-out mechanotransduction approaches. This information could be useful in identifying how specific proteins are involved in the homeostatic balance, or disruption thereof, of cells and tissue, furthering the understanding of the pathogenesis and progression of many diseases across a wide variety of cell types, which may one day lead to the development of novel mechanobiological therapies for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Nix
- Department of Nanoscience & Biomedical Engineering, BioSystems Networks / Translational Research (BioSNTR), South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, USA
| | - Divya Kota
- Department of Nanoscience & Biomedical Engineering, BioSystems Networks / Translational Research (BioSNTR), South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, USA
| | - Ishara Ratnayake
- Department of Nanoscience & Biomedical Engineering, BioSystems Networks / Translational Research (BioSNTR), South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, USA
| | - Congzhou Wang
- Department of Nanoscience & Biomedical Engineering, BioSystems Networks / Translational Research (BioSNTR), South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, USA
| | - Steve Smith
- Department of Nanoscience & Biomedical Engineering, BioSystems Networks / Translational Research (BioSNTR), South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, USA
| | - Scott Wood
- Department of Nanoscience & Biomedical Engineering, BioSystems Networks / Translational Research (BioSNTR), South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, USA.
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Díaz-Payno PJ, Browe DC, Cunniffe GM, Kelly DJ. The identification of articular cartilage and growth plate extracellular matrix-specific proteins supportive of either osteogenesis or stable chondrogenesis of stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 528:285-291. [PMID: 32473752 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-specific extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins can play a key role in regulating the fate of stem cells and can potentially be utilized for therapeutic applications. Realising this potential requires further characterization of the diversity of biomolecules present in tissue-specific ECMs and an evaluation of their role as regulatory cues for regenerative medicine applications. The goal of this study was to identify specific soluble factors within the ECM of articular cartilage (AC) and growth plate (GP) that may impart chondro-inductivity or osteo-inductivity respectively. To this end, the significantly different proteins between both matrisomes were searched against the STRING database platform, from which C-type lectin domain family-11 member-A (CLEC11A) and S100 calcium-binding protein-A10 (S100A10) were identified as potential candidates for supporting osteogenesis, and Gremlin-1 (GREM1) and TGF-β induced gene human clone-3 (βIGH3) were identified as potential candidates for supporting stable chondrogenesis. Stimulation of chondrogenically-primed bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs) with the AC-specific proteins GREM1 and βIGH3 had no noticeable effect on the deposition of collagen-II, a marker of chondrogenesis, but appeared to suppress the production of the hypertrophic marker collagen-X, particularly for higher concentrations of GREM1. Stimulation with GREM1 was also found to suppress the direct osteoblastic differentiation of BMSCs. In contrast, stimulation with the GP-specific factors CLEC11A and S100A10 was found to enhance osteogenesis of BMSCs, increasing the levels of mineralization, particularly for higher concentration of CLEC11A. Together these results demonstrate that AC- and GP-specific proteins may play a key role in developing novel strategies for engineering phenotypically stable articular cartilage or enhancing the regeneration of critically-sized bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J Díaz-Payno
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David C Browe
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gráinne M Cunniffe
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel J Kelly
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
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Wang Q, Zhou C, Zhang D, Zou J, Liu W, Cai L, Cui Y, Lai W, Xie J. The involvement of the ERK-MAPK pathway in TGF-β1-mediated connexin43-gap junction formation in chondrocytes. Connect Tissue Res 2019; 60:477-486. [PMID: 30897973 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2019.1593394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Purposes: Gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) exhibits a key role in maintaining the homeostasis of articular cartilage. Connexin43 (Cx43) protein is predominant in the structures that form gap junctions. We aim to determine the potential underlying mechanisms of TGF-β1 (Transforming growth factor-β1)-regulated cell communication in chondrocytes. Materials and methods: After exposure of chondrocytes to recombinant TGF-β1, quantitative real-time PCR was used to detect expression levels of Cx43 mRNA. Western blot analysis was used to check Cx43 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family components. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to confirm ERK-MAPK pathway activation and Cx43 protein distribution. MAPK inhibitors (ERK inhibitor U0126, JNK inhibitor SP 600125 and P38 inhibitor SP 203580) were applied to verify the specificity effects of ERK-MAPK pathway. GJIC between chondrocytes were evaluated using Scrape loading/dye transfer (SLDT) assay. Results: It was first found that TGF-β1modulatedthe Cx43protein expressions and its sub-cellular distribution. TGF-β1 promoted gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) formations in chondrocytes, especially in a higher cell intensity. ERK-MAPK signaling pathway was activated in TGF-β1-mediated gap junctions among chondrocytes. Furthermore, the inhibitor of ERK attenuated the increases of Cx43 expressions and functional gap junction formations induced by TGF-β1, while cross-talk between ERK-MAPK and Smad signal pathways exists shown in the process. Conclusions: This study provides evidence to show the importance of the ERK-MAPK pathway in TGF-β1-mediated Cx43 expression and functional gap junction formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxuan Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Chenchen Zhou
- a State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Demao Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Jing Zou
- a State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Linyi Cai
- a State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Yujia Cui
- a State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Wenli Lai
- a State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Jing Xie
- a State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
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Fahy N, Alini M, Stoddart MJ. Mechanical stimulation of mesenchymal stem cells: Implications for cartilage tissue engineering. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:52-63. [PMID: 28763118 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is a load-bearing tissue playing a crucial mechanical role in diarthrodial joints, facilitating joint articulation, and minimizing wear. The significance of biomechanical stimuli in the development of cartilage and maintenance of chondrocyte phenotype in adult tissues has been well documented. Furthermore, dysregulated loading is associated with cartilage pathology highlighting the importance of mechanical cues in cartilage homeostasis. The repair of damaged articular cartilage resulting from trauma or degenerative joint disease poses a major challenge due to a low intrinsic capacity of cartilage for self-renewal, attributable to its avascular nature. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered a promising cell type for cartilage replacement strategies due to their chondrogenic differentiation potential. Chondrogenesis of MSCs is influenced not only by biological factors but also by the environment itself, and various efforts to date have focused on harnessing biomechanics to enhance chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs. Furthermore, recapitulating mechanical cues associated with cartilage development and homeostasis in vivo, may facilitate the development of a cellular phenotype resembling native articular cartilage. The goal of this review is to summarize current literature examining the effect of mechanical cues on cartilage homeostasis, disease, and MSC chondrogenesis. The role of biological factors produced by MSCs in response to mechanical loading will also be examined. An in-depth understanding of the impact of mechanical stimulation on the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs in terms of endogenous bioactive factor production and signaling pathways involved, may identify therapeutic targets and facilitate the development of more robust strategies for cartilage replacement using MSCs. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:52-63, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Fahy
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Alini
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland
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Harshman SG, Shea MK. The Role of Vitamin K in Chronic Aging Diseases: Inflammation, Cardiovascular Disease, and Osteoarthritis. Curr Nutr Rep 2016; 5:90-98. [PMID: 27648390 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-016-0162-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin K is an enzyme cofactor required for the carboxylation of vitamin K dependent proteins, several of which have been implicated in diseases of aging. Inflammation is recognized as a crucial component of many chronic aging diseases and evidence suggests vitamin K has an anti-inflammatory action that is independent of its role as an enzyme co-factor. Vitamin K-dependent proteins and inflammation have been implicated in cardiovascular disease and osteoarthritis, which are leading causes of disability and mortality in older adults. The purpose of this review is to summarize observational studies and randomized trials focused on vitamin K status and inflammation, cardiovascular disease, and osteoarthritis. Although mechanistic evidence suggests a protective role for vitamin K in these age-related conditions, the benefit of vitamin K supplementation is controversial because observational data are equivocal and the number of randomized trials is few.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie G Harshman
- Jean Mayer Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, Phone number: 617-556-3151, Fax number: 617 556 3149
| | - M Kyla Shea
- Jean Mayer Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, Phone number: 617-556-3073, fax number: 617 556 3344
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6
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Bleuel J, Zaucke F, Brüggemann GP, Niehoff A. Effects of cyclic tensile strain on chondrocyte metabolism: a systematic review. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119816. [PMID: 25822615 PMCID: PMC4379081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrocytes reorganize the extracellular matrix of articular cartilage in response to externally applied loads. Thereby, different loading characteristics lead to different biological responses. Despite of active research in this area, it is still unclear which parts of the extracellular matrix adapt in what ways, and how specific loading characteristics affect matrix changes. This review focuses on the influence of cyclic tensile strain on chondrocyte metabolism in vitro. It also aimed to identify anabolic or catabolic chondrocyte responses to different loading protocols. The key findings show that loading cells up to 3% strain, 0.17 Hz, and 2 h, resulted in weak or no biological responses. Loading between 3–10% strain, 0.17–0.5 Hz, and 2–12 h led to anabolic responses; and above 10% strain, 0.5 Hz, and 12 h catabolic events predominated. However, this review also discusses that various other factors are involved in the remodeling of the extracellular matrix in response to loading, and that parameters like an inflammatory environment might influence the biological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Bleuel
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Köln, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Frank Zaucke
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
- Cologne Center for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Gert-Peter Brüggemann
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Köln, Germany
- Cologne Center for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Anja Niehoff
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Köln, Germany
- Cologne Center for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
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Shea MK, Kritchevsky SB, Hsu FC, Nevitt M, Booth SL, Kwoh CK, McAlindon TE, Vermeer C, Drummen N, Harris TB, Womack C, Loeser RF. The association between vitamin K status and knee osteoarthritis features in older adults: the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015; 23:370-8. [PMID: 25528106 PMCID: PMC4339507 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin K-dependent (VKD) proteins, including the mineralization inhibitor matrix-gla protein (MGP), are found in joint tissues including cartilage and bone. Previous studies suggest low vitamin K status is associated with higher osteoarthritis (OA) prevalence and incidence. OBJECTIVE To clarify what joint tissues vitamin K is relevant to in OA, we investigated the cross-sectional and longitudinal association between vitamin K status and knee OA structural features measured using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS Plasma phylloquinone (PK, vitamin K1) and dephosphorylated-uncarboxylated MGP ((dp)ucMGP) were measured in 791 older community-dwelling adults who had bilateral knee MRIs (mean ± SD age = 74 ± 3 y; 67% female). The adjusted odds ratios (and 95% confidence intervals) [OR (95%CI)] for presence and progression of knee OA features according to vitamin K status were calculated using marginal models with generalized estimating equations (GEEs), adjusted for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), triglycerides and other pertinent confounders. RESULTS Longitudinally, participants with very low plasma PK (<0.2 nM) were more likely to have articular cartilage and meniscus damage progression after 3 years [OR (95% CIs): 1.7(1.0-3.0), 2.6(1.3-5.2) respectively] compared to sufficient PK (≥ 1.0 nM). Higher plasma (dp)ucMGP (reflective of lower vitamin K status) was associated with higher odds of meniscus damage, osteophytes, bone marrow lesions, and subarticular cysts cross-sectionally [ORs (95% CIs) comparing highest to lowest quartile: 1.6(1.1-2.3); 1.7(1.1-2.5); 1.9(1.3-2.8); 1.5(1.0-2.1), respectively]. CONCLUSION Community-dwelling men and women with very low plasma PK were more likely to have progression of articular cartilage and meniscus damage. Plasma (dp)ucMGP was associated with presence of knee OA features but not progression. Future studies are needed to clarify mechanisms underlying vitamin Ks role in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Shea
- USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - S B Kritchevsky
- Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - F-C Hsu
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - M Nevitt
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S L Booth
- USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C K Kwoh
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - T E McAlindon
- Division of Rheumatology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - T B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, USA
| | - C Womack
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - R F Loeser
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Xu T, Yang K, You H, Chen A, Wang J, Xu K, Gong C, Shao J, Ma Z, Guo F, Qi J. Regulation of PTHrP expression by cyclic mechanical strain in postnatal growth plate chondrocytes. Bone 2013; 56:304-11. [PMID: 23831868 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical loading has been widely considered to be a crucial regulatory factor for growth plate development, but the exact mechanisms of this regulation are still not completely understood. In the growth plate, parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) regulates chondrocyte differentiation and longitudinal growth. Cyclic mechanical strain has been demonstrated to influence growth plate chondrocyte differentiation and metabolism, whereas the relationship between cyclic mechanical strain and PTHrP expression is not clear. The objective of this study was to investigate whether short-term cyclic tensile strain regulates PTHrP expression in postnatal growth plate chondrocytes in vitro and to explore whether the organization of cytoskeletal F-actin microfilaments is involved in this process. To this end, we obtained growth plate chondrocytes from 2-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats and sorted prehypertrophic and hypertrophic chondrocytes using immunomagnetic beads coated with anti-CD200 antibody. The sorted chondrocytes were subjected to cyclic tensile strain of varying magnitude and duration at a frequency of 0.5 Hz. We found that cyclic strain regulates PTHrP expression in a magnitude- and time-dependent manner. Incubation of chondrocytes with cytochalasin D, an actin microfilament-disrupting reagent, blocked the induction of PTHrP expression in response to strain. The results suggest that short-term cyclic tensile strain induces PTHrP expression in postnatal growth plate prehypertrophic and hypertrophic chondrocytes and that PTHrP expression by these chondrocytes may subsequently affect growth plate development. The results also support the idea that the organization of cytoskeletal F-actin microfilaments plays an important role in mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
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Brachvogel B, Zaucke F, Dave K, Norris EL, Stermann J, Dayakli M, Koch M, Gorman JJ, Bateman JF, Wilson R. Comparative proteomic analysis of normal and collagen IX null mouse cartilage reveals altered extracellular matrix composition and novel components of the collagen IX interactome. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:13481-92. [PMID: 23530037 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.444810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Collagen IX is an integral cartilage extracellular matrix component important in skeletal development and joint function. RESULTS Proteomic analysis and validation studies revealed novel alterations in collagen IX null cartilage. CONCLUSION Matrilin-4, collagen XII, thrombospondin-4, fibronectin, βig-h3, and epiphycan are components of the in vivo collagen IX interactome. SIGNIFICANCE We applied a proteomics approach to advance our understanding of collagen IX ablation in cartilage. The cartilage extracellular matrix is essential for endochondral bone development and joint function. In addition to the major aggrecan/collagen II framework, the interacting complex of collagen IX, matrilin-3, and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) is essential for cartilage matrix stability, as mutations in Col9a1, Col9a2, Col9a3, Comp, and Matn3 genes cause multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, in which patients develop early onset osteoarthritis. In mice, collagen IX ablation results in severely disturbed growth plate organization, hypocellular regions, and abnormal chondrocyte shape. This abnormal differentiation is likely to involve altered cell-matrix interactions but the mechanism is not known. To investigate the molecular basis of the collagen IX null phenotype we analyzed global differences in protein abundance between wild-type and knock-out femoral head cartilage by capillary HPLC tandem mass spectrometry. We identified 297 proteins in 3-day cartilage and 397 proteins in 21-day cartilage. Components that were differentially abundant between wild-type and collagen IX-deficient cartilage included 15 extracellular matrix proteins. Collagen IX ablation was associated with dramatically reduced COMP and matrilin-3, consistent with known interactions. Matrilin-1, matrilin-4, epiphycan, and thrombospondin-4 levels were reduced in collagen IX null cartilage, providing the first in vivo evidence for these proteins belonging to the collagen IX interactome. Thrombospondin-4 expression was reduced at the mRNA level, whereas matrilin-4 was verified as a novel collagen IX-binding protein. Furthermore, changes in TGFβ-induced protein βig-h3 and fibronectin abundance were found in the collagen IX knock-out but not associated with COMP ablation, indicating specific involvement in the abnormal collagen IX null cartilage. In addition, the more widespread expression of collagen XII in the collagen IX-deficient cartilage suggests an attempted compensatory response to the absence of collagen IX. Our differential proteomic analysis of cartilage is a novel approach to identify candidate matrix protein interactions in vivo, underpinning further analysis of mutant cartilage lacking other matrix components or harboring disease-causing mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bent Brachvogel
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
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Yu H, Wergedal JE, Zhao Y, Mohan S. Targeted disruption of TGFBI in mice reveals its role in regulating bone mass and bone size through periosteal bone formation. Calcif Tissue Int 2012; 91:81-7. [PMID: 22644324 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-012-9613-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta induced (TGFBI) and periostin are two closely related proteins in structure as well as in function. A previous study found that periostin positively regulates bone size. Here, we hypothesize that TGFBI has a similar function in bone development. To test this hypothesis, we employed TGFBI-deficient mice, which were generated by targeted disruption of the TGFBI gene. We bred these mice with C57BL/6J mice to generate homozygous TGFBI-deficient (TGFBI(-/-)) mice and homozygous wild-type littermates. All mice were raised to 12 weeks of age. Bone mass parameters were determined by PIXImus and micro-CT, bone strength parameters by three-point bending, and bone formation and resorption parameters by histomorphometry. We found that targeted disruption of TGFBI led to reduced body size, bone mass, bone size, and bone strength. This indicates that, like periostin, TGFBI also positively regulates bone size and that changes in bone size affect bone strength. Furthermore, there was also a significant decrease in periosteal, but not endosteal, bone formation rate of cortical bone in TGFBI(-/-) mice, suggesting that the observed effect of TGFBI on bone mass and bone size was largely caused by the effect of TGFBI on periosteal bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrun Yu
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L. Pettis Memorial VA Medical Center, 11201 Benton Street (151), Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA.
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Larsson T, Mørkøre T, Kolstad K, Østbye TK, Afanasyev S, Krasnov A. Gene expression profiling of soft and firm Atlantic salmon fillet. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39219. [PMID: 22745718 PMCID: PMC3379969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Texture of salmon fillets is an important quality trait for consumer acceptance as well as for the suitability for processing. In the present work we measured fillet firmness in a population of farmed Atlantic salmon with known pedigree and investigated the relationship between this trait and gene expression. Transcriptomic analyses performed with a 21 K oligonucleotide microarray revealed strong correlations between firmness and a large number of genes. Highly similar expression profiles were observed in several functional groups. Positive regression was found between firmness and genes encoding proteasome components (41 genes) and mitochondrial proteins (129 genes), proteins involved in stress responses (12 genes), and lipid metabolism (30 genes). Coefficients of determination (R(2)) were in the range of 0.64-0.74. A weaker though highly significant negative regression was seen in sugar metabolism (26 genes, R(2) = 0.66) and myofiber proteins (42 genes, R(2) = 0.54). Among individual genes that showed a strong association with firmness, there were extracellular matrix proteins (negative correlation), immune genes, and intracellular proteases (positive correlation). Several genes can be regarded as candidate markers of flesh quality (coiled-coil transcriptional coactivator b, AMP deaminase 3, and oligopeptide transporter 15) though their functional roles are unclear. To conclude, fillet firmness of Atlantic salmon depends largely on metabolic properties of the skeletal muscle; where aerobic metabolism using lipids as fuel, and the rapid removal of damaged proteins, appear to play a major role.
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Ramaswamy G, Sohn P, Eberhardt A, Serra R. Altered responsiveness to TGF-β results in reduced Papss2 expression and alterations in the biomechanical properties of mouse articular cartilage. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:R49. [PMID: 22394585 PMCID: PMC3446415 DOI: 10.1186/ar3762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies have indicated that transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling has a critical role in cartilage homeostasis and repair, yet the mechanisms of TGF-β's chondroprotective effects are not known. Our objective in this study was to identify downstream targets of TGF-β that could act to maintain biochemical and biomechanical properties of cartilage. METHODS Tibial joints from 20-week-old mice that express a dominant-negative mutation of the TGF-β type II receptor (DNIIR) were graded histologically for osteoarthritic changes and tested by indentation to evaluate their mechanical properties. To identify gene targets of TGF-β, microarray analysis was performed using bovine articular chondrocytes grown in micromass culture that were either treated with TGF-β or left untreated. Phosphoadenosine phosphosynthetase 2 (PAPSS2) was identified as a TGF-β-responsive gene. Papss2 expression is crucial for proper sulfation of cartilage matrix, and its deficiency causes skeletal defects in mice and humans that overlap with those seen in mice with mutations in TGF-β-signaling genes. Regulation of Papss2 was verified by real time RT-PCR and Western blot analyses. Alterations in sulfation of glycosaminoglycans were analyzed by critical electrolyte concentration and Alcian blue staining and immunofluorescence for chondroitin-4-sulfate, unsulfated chondroitin and the aggrecan core protein. RESULTS DNIIR mutants showed reduced mechanical properties and osteoarthritis-like changes when compared to wild-type control mice. Microarray analysis identified a group of genes encoding matrix-modifying enzymes that were regulated by TGF-β. Papss2 was upregulated in bovine articular chondrocytes after treatment with TGF-β and downregulated in cartilage from DNIIR mice. Articular cartilage in DNIIR mice demonstrated reduced Alcian blue staining at critical electrolyte concentrations and reduced chondroitin-4-sulfate staining. Staining for unsulfated chondroitin sulfate was increased, whereas staining for the aggrecan core protein was comparable in DNIIR and wild-type mice. CONCLUSION TGF-β maintains biomechanical properties and regulates expression of Papss2 and sulfation of glycosaminoglycans in mouse articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish Ramaswamy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-0005, USA
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de Mos M, Koevoet W, van Schie HTM, Kops N, Jahr H, Verhaar JAN, van Osch GJVM. In vitro model to study chondrogenic differentiation in tendinopathy. Am J Sports Med 2009; 37:1214-22. [PMID: 19279223 DOI: 10.1177/0363546508331137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of midportion Achilles tendinopathy is hampered by limited knowledge of the pathophysiology. HYPOTHESIS Chondrogenic differentiation of tendon cells might take place in midportion Achilles tendinopathy and could be used as a target for drug treatment. An in vitro model for chondrogenic differentiation would be useful to evaluate existing and future treatment opportunities. STUDY A controlled laboratory study. METHODS Perioperatively harvested tissue from human midportion Achilles tendinotic lesions and healthy Achilles tendons was analyzed by microscopy and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. In vitro chondrogenic differentiation of tendon explants was induced using transforming-growth-factor beta. This model was modulated by removing the chondrogenic stimulus or adding triamcinolone or platelet-rich plasma. RESULTS Midportion Achilles tendinotic lesions had increased glycosaminoglycan staining and more rounded cell nuclei. Chondrogenic markers (sex-determining region Y)-box9, aggrecan, collagen 2, and RUNT-related transcription factor 2 were upregulated, but collagen 10 was not. Nondegenerative tendon explants cultured on chondrogenic medium had higher expression of aggrecan, collagen 2, and collagen 10 but not (sex-determining region Y)-box9 and RUNT-related transcription factor 2. Removing the chondrogenic stimulus decreased expression of aggrecan, collagen 2, and collagen 10. Both triamcinolone and platelet-rich plasma influenced the chondrogenic gene expression pattern in the in vitro model. CONCLUSION Chondrogenic differentiation is present in midportion Achilles tendinopathy. An in vitro model to study this chondrogenic differentiation was developed. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This model can be used to investigate chondrogenic differentiation as a possible target for drug treatment, contributing to the development of more successful mechanism-based treatment opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke de Mos
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Orthopaedics, Room Ee1618, PO Box 1738, Rotterdam 3015 GE, The Netherlands.
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Von den Hoff JW, Delatte M. Interplay of mechanical loading and growth factors in the mandibular condyle. Arch Oral Biol 2008; 53:709-15. [PMID: 18395696 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 02/21/2008] [Accepted: 03/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The mandibular condyle is an important growth site in the developing mandible. The growth of the condyle is known to be highly adaptable to functional factors. This property is exploited in orthodontics for the treatment of class II malocclusions and mandibular asymmetries. However, there is an ongoing debate on the efficacy of functional appliances. The comparison of experimental studies is complicated by the lack of detailed analyses of the load distribution within the condyle. In spite of this, there is a large body of evidence showing that mechanical manipulation of the condyle induces metabolic changes, and changes in the expression of growth factors and other signalling molecules. This review aims to give an overview of the role of growth factors in the condyle with special emphasis on their responsiveness to mechanical perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Von den Hoff
- Department of Orthodontics and Oral Biology, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Ueki M, Tanaka N, Tanimoto K, Nishio C, Honda K, Lin YY, Tanne Y, Ohkuma S, Kamiya T, Tanaka E, Tanne K. The Effect of Mechanical Loading on the Metabolism of Growth Plate Chondrocytes. Ann Biomed Eng 2008; 36:793-800. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-008-9462-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Foster BL, Popowics TE, Fong HK, Somerman MJ. Advances in defining regulators of cementum development and periodontal regeneration. Curr Top Dev Biol 2007; 78:47-126. [PMID: 17338915 DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2153(06)78003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Substantial advancements have been made in defining the cells and molecular signals that guide tooth crown morphogenesis and development. As a result, very encouraging progress has been made in regenerating crown tissues by using dental stem cells and recombining epithelial and mesenchymal tissues of specific developmental ages. To date, attempts to regenerate a complete tooth, including the critical periodontal tissues of the tooth root, have not been successful. This may be in part due to a lesser degree of understanding of the events leading to the initiation and development of root and periodontal tissues. Controversies still exist regarding the formation of periodontal tissues, including the origins and contributions of cells, the cues that direct root development, and the potential of these factors to direct regeneration of periodontal tissues when they are lost to disease. In recent years, great strides have been made in beginning to identify and characterize factors contributing to formation of the root and surrounding tissues, that is, cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. This review focuses on the most exciting and important developments over the last 5 years toward defining the regulators of tooth root and periodontal tissue development, with special focus on cementogenesis and the potential for applying this knowledge toward developing regenerative therapies. Cells, genes, and proteins regulating root development are reviewed in a question-answer format in order to highlight areas of progress as well as areas of remaining uncertainty that warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Foster
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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