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Sakata Y, Kobayashi K, Makita A. Multi-trophic consequences of mass flowering in two bamboos (Poales: Poaceae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blac121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Mass flowering (masting) has been hypothesized to be an adaptive strategy to satiate florivores/granivores. However, few studies have corroborated this by examining seed predation in multiple flowering patches of varying sizes across a wide geographical range over multiple years. Moreover, the trophic consequences of masting for the parasitoids of florivores/granivores and their feedback effects are poorly understood. Here, we used the nationwide masting of two bamboo species, Sasamorpha borealis var. borealis and Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis, in Japan and compared florivory and seed sets in multiple flowering patches during the masting year and the following sporadic flowering years. We found lower florivory damage in both bamboo species and higher seed set for Sasamorpha borealis var. borealis in patches with massive and spatiotemporally isolated flowering. Additionally, the relative level of parasitism of florivores increased considerably in the sporadic flowering year, particularly in large flowering patches of Sasamorpha borealis var. borealis. Our results indicate the importance of spatiotemporal isolation during masting for satiating two dipteran florivores and suggest that parasitoids might rapidly suppress the extent of florivory in the sporadic flowering years after masting. Collectively, our study highlights the importance of considering multi-trophic consequences in understanding the adaptive significance of masting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzu Sakata
- Department of Biological Environment, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University , Shimoshinjyo-Nakano, Akita 010 - 0915 , Japan
| | - Keito Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8502 , Japan
- Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute , Kyoto 612 - 0855 , Japan
| | - Akifumi Makita
- Department of Biological Environment, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University , Shimoshinjyo-Nakano, Akita 010 - 0915 , Japan
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Buckley TR, Hoare RJB, Leschen RAB. Key questions on the evolution and biogeography of New Zealand alpine insects. J R Soc N Z 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/03036758.2022.2130367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Buckley
- Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Abstract
Masting, or synchronous production of large seed crops, is widespread among plants. The predator satiation hypothesis states that masting evolved to overwhelm seed predators with an excess of food. Yet, this popular explanation faced few rigorous tests. We conducted a meta-analysis of studies that related the magnitude of seed production to the intensity of seed predation. Our results validate certain theoretical notions (e.g., that predator satiation is more effective at higher latitudes) but challenge others (e.g., that specialist and generalist consumers differ in the type of functional response to masting). We also found that masting is losing its ability to satiate consumers, probably because global warming affected masting patterns. This shift might considerably impair the reproduction of masting plants. Predator satiation is the most commonly tested hypothesis that explains the evolutionary advantages of masting. It proposes that masting benefits plant reproduction by reducing the proportion of seed crop that is consumed by predators. This hypothesis is widely accepted, but many theoretical notions about predator satiation have not been subjected to a robust evaluation. To address this issue, we conducted a meta-analysis of studies that quantified seed predation in relation to mast seeding. We found evidence of both numerical (starvation between mast years) and functional (satiation during mast years) response of consumers to masting. These two effects reinforced each other. Masting satiated invertebrate but not vertebrate seed predators. Satiation was more pronounced at higher, temperate, and boreal latitudes, perhaps because masting is more effective in reducing seed losses when plant communities are less diverse. The effectiveness of masting in satiating invertebrate consumers declined over time (1972 to 2018), probably reflecting the impact of climate change on the frequency and intensity of masting. If masting ceases to reduce seed losses, a crucial advantage of this reproductive strategy will be lost, and sustainability of many tree populations will decline.
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Wright BR. Evidence that predator satiation drives reproductive synchrony in the desert masting grass, soft spinifex (
Triodia pungens
). AUSTRAL ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boyd R. Wright
- Botany, School of Environmental and Rural Science University of New England Armidale New South Wales Australia
- School of Agriculture and Food Science University of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
- Department of Environment, Parks and Water Security Alice Springs Herbarium, Northern Territory Government Alice Springs Northern Territory Australia
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Amouroux P, Normand F, Delatte H, Roques A, Nibouche S. Diapause incidence and duration in the pest mango blossom gall midge, Procontarinia mangiferae (Felt), on Reunion Island. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2014; 104:661-670. [PMID: 24963639 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485314000480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The mango blossom gall midge, Procontarinia mangiferae, is a multivoltine species that induces galls in inflorescences and leaves of the mango tree, Mangifera indica. In subtropical Reunion Island, populations of P. mangiferae are observed all-year round, but the pattern and the role of dormancy in their life cycle have never been documented. We performed field and laboratory experiments using more than 15,000 larvae. We demonstrated that a larval diapause may affect a part of the midge population, regardless of the season. The total duration of the diapause varied from 6 weeks to more than 1 year. One year of field monitoring showed that the highest incidence of diapause was observed in larvae collected during the summer from mango leaves, where it affected approximately one-third of the individuals. This facultative diapause allows the permanent presence of P. mangiferae in the orchards. By recording diapause duration during 22 weeks under controlled conditions, we showed that high temperatures (26 °C) increased diapause duration and extended the range of the dates of diapause emergence, whereas cool temperatures (20 °C) shortened diapause duration and shortened the range of the dates of emergence from diapause. A temperature decrease from 26 to 20 °C triggered the emergence of diapausing individuals. These mechanisms ensure the synchronization of the emergence of diapausing individuals with the appearance of mango inflorescences, which is also induced by cool winter temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Amouroux
- CIRAD, UPR HortSys, 97455 Saint-Pierre, La Réunion,France
| | - F Normand
- CIRAD, UPR HortSys, 97455 Saint-Pierre, La Réunion,France
| | - H Delatte
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, 97410 Saint-Pierre, La Réunion,France
| | - A Roques
- INRA, UR633 Zoologie Forestière, 45075 Orléans,France
| | - S Nibouche
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, 97410 Saint-Pierre, La Réunion,France
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Kelly D, Geldenhuis A, James A, Penelope Holland E, Plank MJ, Brockie RE, Cowan PE, Harper GA, Lee WG, Maitland MJ, Mark AF, Mills JA, Wilson PR, Byrom AE. Of mast and mean: differential-temperature cue makes mast seeding insensitive to climate change. Ecol Lett 2012; 16:90-8. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dave Kelly
- Biological Sciences; University of Canterbury; Private Bag 4800; Christchurch; 8140; New Zealand
| | - Andre Geldenhuis
- Biomathematics Research Centre; University of Canterbury; Private Bag 4800; Christchurch; 8140; New Zealand
| | - Alex James
- Biomathematics Research Centre; University of Canterbury; Private Bag 4800; Christchurch; 8140; New Zealand
| | | | - Michael J. Plank
- Biomathematics Research Centre; University of Canterbury; Private Bag 4800; Christchurch; 8140; New Zealand
| | | | | | - Grant A. Harper
- Department of Conservation; PO Box 55, St Arnaud; Nelson; 7053; New Zealand
| | | | - Matt J. Maitland
- Department of Conservation; PO Box 55, St Arnaud; Nelson; 7053; New Zealand
| | - Alan F. Mark
- Botany Department; University of Otago; Dunedin; 9054; New Zealand
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Turnbull MH, Pharis RP, Kurepin LV, Sarfati M, Mander LN, Kelly D. Flowering in snow tussock (Chionochloa spp.) is influenced by temperature and hormonal cues. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2012; 39:38-50. [PMID: 32480758 DOI: 10.1071/fp11116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Snow tussocks (Chionochloa spp.) in New Zealand exhibit extreme mast (episodic) seeding which has important implications for plant ecology and plant-insect interactions. Heavy flowering appears to be triggered by very warm/dry summers in the preceding year. In order to investigate the physiological basis for mast flowering, mature snow tussock plants in the field and younger plants in a glasshouse and shadehouse were subjected to a range of manipulative treatments. Field treatments included combinations of warming, root pruning and applications of two native gibberellins (GAs) GA3, which is known to be highly floral inductive and GA4, which is associated with continued floral apex development in another long-day grass. Warming, GA3 alone and especially warming+GA3, significantly promoted flowering, as did applications of GA4 alone and GA4+CCC (2-chloroethyltrimethylammonium chloride, which is a known synergist of GA3-induced flowering in the annual grass, Lolium temulentum L.). Our results provide support for the concept that mast flowering events in tussock species are causally related to high temperature-induced increases in endogenous gibberellin levels. It is likely that GAs (endogenous or applied) promote the continued development of a previously long-day induced floral apex. In addition to the promotion of flowering, applied GA3 also disturbed the plant's innate resource threshold requirements, as shown by the death, over winter, of many non-flowering tillers. Applied GA4 did not show this effect, likely due to its rapid catabolic metabolism to an inactive form. High temperature-induced flowering mediated by elevated levels of endogenous floral-promotive GAs could have important implications for regulating the evolutionary interaction between these masting plants and their seed predators.
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White TCR. The significance of unripe seeds and animal tissues in the protein nutrition of herbivores. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2010; 86:217-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00143.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sarfati MS, Kelly D, Brockerhoff EG. The parasitoids of seed predators attacking snow tussocks,Chionochloaspp. (Poaceae). NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/03014221003602182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Wilson DJ, Lee WG. Primary and secondary resource pulses in an alpine ecosystem: snow tussock grass (Chionochloa spp.) flowering and house mouse (Mus musculus) populations in New Zealand. WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2010. [DOI: 10.1071/wr09118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context. Rodent populations in many parts of the world fluctuate in response to resource pulses generated by periodic high seed production (masting) by forest trees, with cascading effects on predation risk to other forest species. In New Zealand forests, populations of exotic house mice (Mus musculus) irrupt after periodic heavy beech (Nothofagus spp.) seedfall. However, in alpine grasslands, where snow tussock grasses (Chionochloa spp.) also flower and set seeds periodically, little is known about house mouse population dynamics.
Aims. Our primary objective was to test for an increase in alpine mouse density following a summer when snow tussocks flowered profusely. We also estimated mouse density in adjacent montane forest over 2 years, and assessed mouse diet, to predict their potential impacts on native species.
Methods. Flowering intensity of Chionochloa was assessed by counting flowering tillers on permanent transects (2003–06). Mouse density was estimated with capture–mark–recapture trapping in alpine (2003–07) and forest (2003–04) habitats. Mice were also collected and their stomach contents analysed. Flowering or fruiting of alpine shrubs and herbs, and beech seedfall at forest sites, were also measured.
Key results. Chionochloa flowered profusely in austral summer 2005/06. Between autumn (May) and spring (November) 2006, mean alpine mouse density increased from 4 ha–1 to 39 ha–1, then declined to 8 ha–1 by autumn (May 2007). No mice were captured in 768 trap-nights during the following spring (November 2007). Prior to the mouse irruption, mouse density was consistently higher at alpine (0.4–4.0 mice ha–1) than at montane forest (0.02–1.8 mice ha–1) sites (in 2003–04). Alpine mouse diet was dominated by arthropods before mast flowering, and by seeds during it.
Conclusions. The density and dynamics of alpine mice in relation to intensive snow-tussock flowering were similar to those in New Zealand beech forest in relation to beech masts.
Implications. We predict the timing and duration of periods of heightened predation risk to native alpine fauna, as the result of pulses in mouse density and likely associated pulses in the density of stoats (Mustela erminea), a key exotic predator.
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Buhl PN, Sarfati MS, Brockerhoff EG, Kelly D. Description, phenology and biology ofZelostemma chionochloaeBuhl sp. nov., a platygastrid parasitoid ofEucalyptodiplosis chionochloae(Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in New Zealand. NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/03014220809510122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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