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Bueno DJ, Rodríguez FI, Machado LC, Soria MA, Procura F, Gómez SC, Hoffmann TM, Alcain A, Caffer MI, Latorre JD, Quintar JO. Study of Salmonella spp. from Cage Papers Belonging to Pet Birds in an Argentinean Canary Breeder Championship. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1207. [PMID: 38672354 PMCID: PMC11047313 DOI: 10.3390/ani14081207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Birds, including canaries and other birds, have become increasingly popular as pets. Bird fairs, where breeders gather and show their production in a championship setting, present a setting for possible Salmonella spp. contamination and transmission. Therefore, this study estimated the rate of Salmonella spp. isolation from cage papers, located in the bottom of cages of exotic pet birds, including canaries. Collected Salmonella isolates were used to determine the antimicrobial resistance profile to 52 antibiotics and 17 commercial disinfectants, based on pure or a mixture of acids, alcohols, aldehydes, alkalis, halogens, peroxygen, and quaternary ammonium compounds. The samples consisted of 774 cage papers taken in the 2015 Argentinean canary breeder championship, pooling three cage papers into one sterile sampling bag. Only one pool of the cage papers was positive for Salmonella spp. (0.4%), which belonged to the sample from three frill canary cages. Two strains of Salmonella serotype Glostrup were isolated, which were only resistant to sulfonamides and erythromycin and sensitive to alkali-based product PL301 AS. Although the rate of Salmonella spp. isolation from cage papers in an Argentinean canary breeder championship is low, it should not be discounted because Salmonella ser. Glostrup can be a source of human Salmonella outbreaks and they show high resistance to disinfecting products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante J. Bueno
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria EEA Concepción del Uruguay, Ruta Provincial 39 Km 143.5, Concepción del Uruguay E3260, Entre Ríos, Argentina;
- Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología sede Basavilbaso, Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos, Barón Hirsch Nº 175, Basavilbaso E3170, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - Francisco I. Rodríguez
- Agencia Santafecina de Seguridad Alimentaria, Francia, Santa Fe S3000, Santa Fe, Argentina;
| | - Luciana C. Machado
- BBR Industries Argentina, Calle 70, La Plata B1904BHQ, Buenos Aires, Argentina;
| | - Mario A. Soria
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria EEA Concepción del Uruguay, Ruta Provincial 39 Km 143.5, Concepción del Uruguay E3260, Entre Ríos, Argentina;
| | - Francisco Procura
- Facultad de Bromatología, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Pte. Perón 1154, Gualeguaychú E2820, Entre Ríos, Argentina;
| | - Silvana C. Gómez
- Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos, 25 de Mayo 353, Concepción del Uruguay E3260, Entre Ríos, Argentina;
| | - Teresa M. Hoffmann
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Departamento Avicultura, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria EEA Concepción del Uruguay, Ruta Provincial 39 Km 143.5, Concepción del Uruguay E3170, Entre Ríos, Argentina;
| | - Andrea Alcain
- Servicio Enterobacterias, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas (I.N.E.I.), Dr. “Carlos G. Malbrán”, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 583, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1282AFF, Argentina; (A.A.); (M.I.C.)
| | - María I. Caffer
- Servicio Enterobacterias, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas (I.N.E.I.), Dr. “Carlos G. Malbrán”, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 583, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1282AFF, Argentina; (A.A.); (M.I.C.)
| | - Juan D. Latorre
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
| | - Javier O. Quintar
- Los Twity, Estrada 575, Concepción del Uruguay E3260, Entre Ríos, Argentina;
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2
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Palmer MA, Garland MJ, Stewart LD, Helyar SJ, O'Connell NE. Variations in the Physical Properties and Microbial Community of Dairy Cow Manure-Implications for Testing and Efficacy of Footbathing Products. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2386. [PMID: 37508163 PMCID: PMC10376490 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Footbaths containing disinfectants are used on dairy farms to reduce the spread of digital dermatitis; however, they commonly become contaminated with manure. This trial investigated the physical properties and microbial composition of dairy cow manure from two production systems and examined whether the source of manure impacted the efficacy of footbathing disinfectants. Manure was collected from eighteen dairy cows, nine housed and fed grass silage (HOUSED) and nine at pasture (PASTURE). The pH and dry matter content was determined, total DNA was extracted and the region v3-v4 of the 16s rRNA gene sequenced. The efficacy of formalin and two trial products (TP1: peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide; TP2: chlorocresol and triamine) was evaluated when mixed with manure from the two production systems. Production system differences were found in manure dry matter content, bacterial microbiome and the efficacy of both trial footbathing products but not formalin. The properties of manure affected the results of laboratory testing and therefore have the potential to influence footbathing disinfectant efficacy when footbaths are contaminated with manure. Further research into the impact of organic contaminants on the efficacy of disinfectants could facilitate the development of improved testing programmes and disinfectant products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maeve A Palmer
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Martin J Garland
- Functional Chemical Research Centre, Kersia Group UK and Ireland Ltd., Belfast BT36 4TY, UK
| | - Linda D Stewart
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Sarah J Helyar
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Niamh E O'Connell
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
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3
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Montoro-Dasi L, Lorenzo-Rebenaque L, Marco-Fuertes A, Vega S, Marin C. Holistic Strategies to Control Salmonella Infantis: An Emerging Challenge in the European Broiler Sector. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1765. [PMID: 37512937 PMCID: PMC10386103 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. has been globally recognized as one of the leading causes of acute human bacterial gastroenteritis resulting from the consumption of animal-derived products. Salmonella Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, and its monophasic variant are the main serovars responsible for human disease. However, a serovar known as S. Infantis has emerged as the fourth most prevalent serovar associated with human disease. A total of 95% of isolated S. Infantis serovars originate from broilers and their derived products. This serovar is strongly associated with an elevated antimicrobial (AMR) and multidrug resistance, a resistance to disinfectants, an increased tolerance to environmental mercury, a heightened virulence, and an enhanced ability to form biofilms and attach to host cells. Furthermore, this serovar harbors genes that confer resistance to colistin, a last-resort antibiotic in human medicine, and it has the potential to acquire additional transferable AMR against other critically important antimicrobials, posing a new and significant challenge to global public health. This review provides an overview of the current status of the S. Infantis serovar in the poultry sector, focusing on its key virulence factors, including its virulence genes, antimicrobial resistance, and biofilm formation. Additionally, novel holistic strategies for controlling S. Infantis along the entire food chain are presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Montoro-Dasi
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Calle Santiago Ramón y Cajal 20, 45115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Lorenzo-Rebenaque
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Calle Santiago Ramón y Cajal 20, 45115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Marco-Fuertes
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Calle Santiago Ramón y Cajal 20, 45115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - Santiago Vega
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Calle Santiago Ramón y Cajal 20, 45115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - Clara Marin
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Calle Santiago Ramón y Cajal 20, 45115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
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Montagnin C, Cawthraw S, Ring I, Ostanello F, Smith RP, Davies R, Martelli F. Efficacy of Five Disinfectant Products Commonly Used in Pig Herds against a Panel of Bacteria Sensitive and Resistant to Selected Antimicrobials. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12202780. [PMID: 36290166 PMCID: PMC9597786 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing threat of antimicrobial resistance worldwide has led to an increasing concern in the human, veterinary, and environmental fields, highlighting the need for strategies to effectively control bacterial contamination. Correct biosecurity practices, including the appropriate use of disinfectants, play a crucial role in controlling bacterial contamination. This study aimed to verify whether the recommended concentrations defined according to the Defra General Orders concentration (GO, published by the UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs' disinfectant-approval scheme) of five commercial disinfectant preparations (peroxygen-based, phenol-based, two halogen-releasing agents, and glutaraldehyde/quaternary ammonium compound-based; disinfectants A to E, respectively) were sufficient to inhibit growth and inactivate selected bacterial strains, including some that carry known phenotypic patterns of multidrug resistance. The effectiveness of each disinfectant was expressed as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values, determined by the broth-microdilution method. The results indicate that the type of disinfectant and its concentration influence the inhibitory and bactericidal efficacy. The glutaraldehyde/quaternary ammonium compound-based (disinfectant D) and chlorocresol-based products (disinfectant B) were the most effective, and the GO concentration was bactericidal in all the strains tested. The efficacy of the other compounds varied, depending on the bacterial species tested. The GO concentrations were at least able to inhibit the bacterial growth in all the products and bacterial strains tested. A greater tolerance to the compounds was observed in the strains of E. coli with multidrug-resistance profiles compared to the strains that were sensitive to the same antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Montagnin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna, Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Shaun Cawthraw
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Isaac Ring
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Fabio Ostanello
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Richard P. Smith
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Rob Davies
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Francesca Martelli
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK
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Wales AD, Gosling RJ, Bare HL, Davies RH. Disinfectant testing for veterinary and agricultural applications: A review. Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 68:361-375. [PMID: 33939312 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Disinfectants for veterinary and livestock use, plus skin antiseptics, are critical elements for the control of infectious agents, including zoonotic and antimicrobial-resistant micro-organisms, in managed animal species. Such agents impact animal welfare, economic performance and human health. Testing of disinfectants is needed for safety, efficacy and quality control. The present review examines the principal types of test (carrier, suspension, surface and field) that have been developed or attempted, plus the features inherent in the respective tests, particularly with respect to variability. Elements of testing that have to be controlled, or which can be manipulated, are discussed in the context of real-world scenarios and anticipated applications. Current national and international testing regimes are considered, with an emphasis on the UK, continental Europe and North America, and with further detail provided in the Supporting Information. Challenges to disinfectant efficacy include: the nature of the biological targets (bacteria, fungi, yeasts, spores, viruses and prions), the need for economical and safe working concentrations, the physical and chemical nature of contaminated surfaces, constraints on contact times and temperatures, the presence of organic soil and other barrier or neutralising substances (including biofilms), and thoroughness of pre-cleaning and disinfectant application. The principal challenges with veterinary disinfectant testing are the control of test variability, and relating test results to likely performance in variable field conditions. Despite some ambitions to develop standardised field tests for disinfectants, aside from skin antiseptic trials the myriad problems such tests pose with respect to cost, reproducibility and generalisability remain intractable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Wales
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Rebecca J Gosling
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA - Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
| | - Harriet L Bare
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA - Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
| | - Robert H Davies
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA - Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
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Drauch V, Ibesich C, Vogl C, Hess M, Hess C. In-vitro testing of bacteriostatic and bactericidal efficacy of commercial disinfectants against Salmonella Infantis reveals substantial differences between products and bacterial strains. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 328:108660. [PMID: 32450393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella (S.) Infantis is currently the most common serovar in broilers and boiler meat in the European Union. In the field, eradication of S. Infantis in affected poultry flocks is considered extremely difficult. Despite stringent cleaning and disinfection measures between the placement of flocks, recurrent infections are often reported. So far, the efficacy of disinfectants on S. Infantis has rarely been studied. Therefore, in the present in-vitro study the bacteriostatic and bactericidal efficacy of ten commercial disinfectants were tested against seven S. Infantis field isolates. Combinations of aldehyde and quarternary ammonium were the active compounds of five, peroxygen of three, cresol and alkylamines of one disinfectant, respectively. Investigations were performed according to standard protocols and regulations. Different concentrations of disinfectants were used to test the bacteriostatic efficacy. Different temperatures and low and high protein exposures were applied as variables to investigate the bactericidal efficacy. Following neutralization of the disinfectants an additional incubation step was introduced to investigate the revitalisation potential of S. Infantis. The bacteriostatic efficacy could be assessed for seven disinfectants. For three disinfectants a bacteriostatic effect was observed when the recommended concentration was used, whereas with four disinfectants only increased concentrations led to this effect. The bactericidal efficacy was not influenced by temperature, whereas high protein exposure decreased the efficacy of nine disinfectants. Furthermore, reactivation of S. Infantis was revealed after application of disinfectants for the majority of products. Interestingly, the strain of S. Infantis influenced the efficacy of the disinfectants. Overall, products based on aldehydes and quarternary ammonium compounds proved most efficient, followed by peroxgen, cresol and alkylamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Drauch
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Claudia Ibesich
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Claus Vogl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Michael Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Claudia Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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Affiliation(s)
- RJ Gosling
- Senior Research Scientist, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK
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Martelli F, Lambert M, Butt P, Cheney T, Tatone FA, Callaby R, Rabie A, Gosling RJ, Fordon S, Crocker G, Davies RH, Smith RP. Evaluation of an enhanced cleaning and disinfection protocol in Salmonella contaminated pig holdings in the United Kingdom. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178897. [PMID: 28594930 PMCID: PMC5464571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is the second most commonly reported zoonotic gastrointestinal pathogen in the European Union, and a significant proportion of the cases are linked to the consumption of contaminated pork. Reduction of Salmonella at the farm level helps to mininimise the contamination pressure at the slaughterhouse, and therefore the number of Salmonella bacteria entering the food chain. Cleaning and disinfection (C&D) between batches of pigs is an intervention measure that has potential to reduce the transmission of Salmonella contamination within farms. In this study, two pig finisher buildings in each of 10 Salmonella positive farms were sampled pre-C&D, post-C&D, post-restocking with the following batch of pigs, and shortly before these pigs were sent to slaughter. The incoming batch of pigs was also sampled before it reached the study building (pre-restocking). At each visit, pooled and individual faecal samples were collected and Salmonella isolation was carried out according to an ISO 6579:2002 Annex D-based method. One building on each farm (intervention) was cleaned and disinfected according to a rigorous protocol consisting of several steps and a Defra-approved disinfectant used at the General Orders concentration, whilst the other building (control) was cleaned and disinfected as per normal farm routine. At the post-C&D visit, Enterobacteriaceae and total bacterial counts were determined to evaluate residual faecal contamination and general hygiene levels. Rodent specialists visited the farms before and after C&D and rodent carcasses were collected for Salmonella testing. The intervention buildings were significantly less likely (p = 0.004) to be positive for Salmonella after C&D. The pre-restocking pigs had the highest likelihood (p<0.001) of being Salmonella positive (often with multiple serovars) and there was no significant difference between intervention and control buildings in Salmonella prevalence at the post-restocking visit (p = 0.199). However, the pigs housed in the intervention buildings were significantly less likely (p = 0.004) to be positive for Salmonella at slaughter age. Multivariable analysis suggested that cleaning all fixtures of buildings, leaving the pens empty for 2-3 days and using an effective disinfectant are factors significantly improving the likelihood of removing Salmonella contamination during C&D. Signs of rodents were recorded in all farms, but rodent activity and harbourage availability decreased between visits. All the rats tested were Salmonella negative. S. Typhimurium or its monophasic variants were isolated from 6 mouse carcasses in 3 farms where the same serovars were isolated from pigs. This study demonstrates that an appropriate C&D programme significantly reduces the likelihood of residual contamination in Salmonella positive pig buildings, and suggests a significant reduction in the prevalence of Salmonella in the pigs in appropriately cleaned and disinfected buildings when sampled before slaughter. Due to a high prevalence of infection in replacement pigs, control of Salmonella in pig farms is challenging. Rodents may also contribute to the carry-over of infection between batches. C&D is a useful measure to help reduce the number of infected pigs going to the slaughterhouse, but should be supplemented by other control measures along the pig breeding and production chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Martelli
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Lambert
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Sand Hutton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tanya Cheney
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rebecca Callaby
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Sand Hutton, United Kingdom
| | - André Rabie
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca J. Gosling
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Robert H. Davies
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Piers Smith
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
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Gosling RJ, Mawhinney I, Vaughan K, Davies RH, Smith RP. Efficacy of disinfectants and detergents intended for a pig farm environment where Salmonella is present. Vet Microbiol 2017; 204:46-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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