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Leineweber C, Lücht M, Gohl C, Steinmetz HW, Marschang RE. Capillary Zone Electrophoresis in Humboldt Penguins ( Spheniscus humboldti). J Avian Med Surg 2024; 38:1-6. [PMID: 38686882 DOI: 10.1647/avianms-d-23-00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Electrophoresis is a useful diagnostic tool for detecting inflammation, including inflammation associated with infectious diseases (eg, aspergillosis in penguins). To our knowledge, reference intervals are not available for plasma proteins via electrophoresis in Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti). Therefore, preliminary reference intervals for blood plasma proteins measured by capillary zone electrophoresis were calculated for Humboldt penguins from a single zoological collection, and possible differences between the sexes and the ages of the birds were evaluated. Lithium heparinized plasma samples from 39 Humboldt penguins were analyzed. The following sex- and age-independent reference intervals were calculated: total protein 33.8-70.4 g/L, prealbumin 1.9-4.9 g/L, albumin 12.9-31.1 g/L, albumin: globulin ratio 0.7-1.7, α-globulins 4.5-11.6 g/L, β-globulins 5.6-20.6 g/L, and γ-globulins 2.6-8.4 g/L. Male penguins had a significantly (P = 0.047) higher albumin: globulin ratio and lower percentage of β-globulins (P = 0.015) in comparison with female penguins. Prealbumin (g/L) significantly (P = 0.021) decreased with increased age of the penguins. These results showed some differences between the sexes and ages of the penguins, which should be considered when interpreting the results. Further studies are needed to determine whether differences in other age groups or seasons exist, and also to evaluate which infectious diseases affect plasma proteins and how the reference values calculated here may deviate in ill penguins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maike Lücht
- Tierpark Hellabrunn AG, 81543 Munich, Germany
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Rinder M, Baas N, Hagen E, Drasch K, Korbel R. Canary Bornavirus ( Orthobornavirus serini) Infections Are Associated with Clinical Symptoms in Common Canaries ( Serinus canaria dom.). Viruses 2022; 14:v14102187. [PMID: 36298742 PMCID: PMC9607494 DOI: 10.3390/v14102187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
While parrot bornaviruses are accepted as the cause of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) in psittacine birds, the pathogenic role of bornaviruses in common canaries is still unclear. To answer the question of whether canary bornaviruses (species Orthobornavirus serini) are associated with a PDD-like disease in common canaries (Serinus canaria f. dom.), the clinical data of 201 canary bird patients tested for bornaviruses using RT-PCR assays, were analyzed for the presence of PDD-like gastrointestinal or central nervous system signs and for other viruses (mainly circovirus and polyomavirus), yeasts and trichomonads. Canary bornavirus RNA was detected in the clinical samples of 40 out of 201 canaries (19.9%) coming from 28 of 140 flocks (20%). All nucleotide sequences obtained could unequivocally be determined as canary bornavirus 1, 2, or 3 supporting the current taxonomy of the species Orthobornavirus serini. PDD-like signs were found associated with canary bornavirus detection, and to a lesser extent, with circoviruses detection, but not with the detection of polyomaviruses, yeasts or trichomonads. The data indicate that canary bornaviruses contribute to a PDD-like disease in naturally infected canaries, and suggest a promoting effect of circoviruses for the development of PDD-like signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Rinder
- Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles and Ornamental Fish, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Munich, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Noreen Baas
- Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles and Ornamental Fish, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Munich, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Hagen
- Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles and Ornamental Fish, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Munich, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Katrin Drasch
- Institute of Sociology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Korbel
- Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles and Ornamental Fish, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Munich, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Rubbenstroth D. Avian Bornavirus Research—A Comprehensive Review. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071513. [PMID: 35891493 PMCID: PMC9321243 DOI: 10.3390/v14071513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian bornaviruses constitute a genetically diverse group of at least 15 viruses belonging to the genus Orthobornavirus within the family Bornaviridae. After the discovery of the first avian bornaviruses in diseased psittacines in 2008, further viruses have been detected in passerines and aquatic birds. Parrot bornaviruses (PaBVs) possess the highest veterinary relevance amongst the avian bornaviruses as the causative agents of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD). PDD is a chronic and often fatal disease that may engulf a broad range of clinical presentations, typically including neurologic signs as well as impaired gastrointestinal motility, leading to proventricular dilatation. It occurs worldwide in captive psittacine populations and threatens private bird collections, zoological gardens and rehabilitation projects of endangered species. In contrast, only little is known about the pathogenic roles of passerine and waterbird bornaviruses. This comprehensive review summarizes the current knowledge on avian bornavirus infections, including their taxonomy, pathogenesis of associated diseases, epidemiology, diagnostic strategies and recent developments on prophylactic and therapeutic countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
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Leal de Araújo J, Rech RR. Seeing beyond a Dilated Proventriculus: Diagnostic Tools for Proventricular Dilatation Disease in Psittacine Birds. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123558. [PMID: 34944332 PMCID: PMC8697990 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) is a life-threatening neurological disease caused by parrot bornaviruses (PaBVs) that affects several species worldwide. PDD can be clinically manifested as either a central nervous system condition or a gastrointestinal condition if the nerves and ganglia of the gastrointestinal tract are compromised. We intend to provide a concise review for veterinary clinicians and diagnosticians with focus on the main tools available for PDD diagnosis, including gross and histopathology, immunohistochemistry, molecular techniques and serology. We suggest that a combination of different strategies can increase the success of diagnostic outcomes, as tools such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) can be implemented for identification of bornaviral infections in live patients, and gross pathology, histopathology, immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR can provide reliable results for postmortem diagnosis of PDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeann Leal de Araújo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, Areia 58397000, Paraiba, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Raquel Rubia Rech
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4467, USA;
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Cray C. Protein electrophoresis of non-traditional species: A review. Vet Clin Pathol 2021; 50:478-494. [PMID: 34881455 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
EPH has been demonstrated to be a useful tool in companion animals while providing an opportunity to characterize globulinemias, including paraproteinemia. In EPH of non-traditional species, these same applications are important, but the primary use is to gauge the acute-phase and humoral immune responses. This includes the valid quantitation of albumin as well as the examination of fractions reflective of increases in acute-phase reactants and immunoglobulins. Agarose gel EPH and, more recently, capillary zone EPH have been applied to samples from these species. Performing these analyses provides special challenges in the placement of fraction delimits, generation of RIs, and interpretation of results. Recommended as part of routine bloodwork, EPH can also provide key results that are helpful in clinical and field-based health assessments as well as in prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Cray
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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Aryakia B, Zaeemi M, Heidarpour M, Razmyar J. Protein Electrophoresis of Serum and Heparinized Plasma in the Common Mynah ( Acridotheres tristis). J Avian Med Surg 2021; 35:305-312. [PMID: 34677029 DOI: 10.1647/20-00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although serum protein electrophoresis is a diagnostic tool available through many veterinary laboratories, there currently are no reference intervals for protein fractions in healthy common mynahs (Acridotheres tristis). Therefore, electrophoretic patterns of proteins in serum and heparinized plasma of the common mynah were evaluated. Blood specimens were collected from 55 healthy adult common mynahs of unknown age (26 males and 29 females). The serum total protein and protein fractions were measured using the biuret method followed by cellulose acetate electrophoresis (CAE). The serum level of albumin was compared with bromocresol green (BCG) dye-binding and CAE methods. Four protein fractions, including albumin and α, β, and γ globulins, were recorded in the electrophoretogram of serum specimens. Sex appeared to have no significant effect on the measured parameters. The serum BCG albumin fraction was significantly higher than the CAE albumin fraction (P = .01). Also, the comparison of total protein and protein fractions in serum and plasma specimens of 25 of the 55 birds sampled showed that total protein (Cohen index d = 0.66, P = .03), gamma globulin (d = 1.13, P = .00), and total globulin (d = 0.67, P = .00) in plasma samples were significantly higher than those in serum samples. The results of this study provide the specific reference intervals for total protein and protein fractions in common mynahs, which are essential for proper interpretation of laboratory results and also revealed that the albumin measurement by the BCG method yields unreliable results in common mynahs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Aryakia
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Zaeemi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran,
| | - Mohammad Heidarpour
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Jamshid Razmyar
- Department of Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Leineweber C, Gohl C, Lücht M, Marschang RE. Comparison of Capillary Zone Electrophoresis in Greater Flamingos ( Phoenicopterus roseus) and American Flamingos ( Phoenicopterus ruber). J Avian Med Surg 2021; 35:180-186. [PMID: 34256548 DOI: 10.1647/19-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Electrophoresis can be used to aid in the diagnosis of infectious diseases (eg, aspergillosis) in avian species. Reference intervals for blood plasma proteins of 2 different flamingo species (Phoenicopterus roseus and Phoenicopterus ruber) and their hybrids were calculated by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and differences between these species, sexes, and age groups were evaluated. Lithium-heparinized plasma samples from 111 animals from a zoological collection were analyzed by CZE and statistically evaluated. Differences were only found between greater and American flamingos (P = .003) and between greater flamingos and hybrids (P = .001) in the γ-globulin fraction. Male greater flamingos showed significantly higher α-globulins (P = .022) and females higher total albumin by CZE (P = .037). In American flamingos, the percent total albumin (P = .017), total albumin (P = .025), prealbumin (P = .005), and albumin/ globulin (A/G) ratio (P = .008) were higher in females, and α- (P = .023) and β-globulins (P = .021) were higher in males of the same species. The following parameters differed significantly between the age groups: γ-globulins (P = .048) in greater and α- (P = .021) and β-globulins (P = .001) in American flamingos increased with increased age and percent total albumin (P = .002), total albumin (P = .024), and A/G ratio (P = .002) decreased with age in American flamingos. The results showed only small differences between the species, but greater differences between the sexes and ages, especially in American flamingos, which must be considered when interpreting laboratory results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maike Lücht
- Tier-park Hellabrunn AG, 81543 Munich, Germany
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Gartner AM, Link J, Bücking B, Enderlein D, Herzog S, Petzold J, Malberg S, Herden C, Lierz M. Age-dependent development and clinical characteristics of an experimental parrot bornavirus-4 (PaBV-4) infection in cockatiels ( Nymphicus hollandicus). Avian Pathol 2021; 50:138-150. [PMID: 33215512 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2020.1852177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Parrot bornavirus (PaBV) is a pathogen often found in psittacine populations. Infected, clinically healthy carrier birds are of major importance for epidemiology, but the underlying pathomechanism of this carrier status is poorly understood. The age, implying the maturation status of the immune system, at the time of infection might be significant for the clinical outcome. Therefore, two groups of 11 cockatiels of different ages (adult and newly hatched) were inoculated with a PaBV-4 isolate intravenously. The trial lasted for 233 days and all birds were observed for clinical signs, PaBV-RNA shedding and anti-PaBV antibody production. At the end of the trial, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, PCR and virus re-isolation were performed. All 22 birds seroconverted and shed PaBV-RNA during the investigation period; the juvenile group earlier and more homogeneously. Nine of 11 birds of the adult group developed clinical signs; five birds died or had to be euthanized before the end of the study. In the juvenile group none of the birds developed clinical signs and only one bird died due to bacterial septicaemia. Eight birds of the adult group, but none of the juvenile group, showed a dilatation of the proventriculus. PaBV-RNA detection and virus re-isolation were successful in all birds. Immunohistochemically, PaBV antigen was found in all birds. Histopathology revealed mononuclear infiltrations in organs in birds of both groups, but the juveniles were less severely affected in the brain.Thus, PaBV infection at an age with a more naïve immune system makes the production of carrier birds more likely.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS PaBV infection at a young age might favour the development of carrier birds.Cockatiels infected at a very young age showed inflammation but no clinical signs.The juvenile group started seroconversion and PaBV-RNA shedding earlier.Seroconversion and PaBV-RNA shedding occurred more homogeneously in the juveniles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Gartner
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jessica Link
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Bianca Bücking
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Dirk Enderlein
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sibylle Herzog
- Institute of Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jana Petzold
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sara Malberg
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christiane Herden
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael Lierz
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS OF PLASMA SAMPLES FROM BOA CONSTRICTORS WITH AND WITHOUT REPTARENAVIRUS INFECTION. J Zoo Wildl Med 2020; 51:350-356. [PMID: 32549564 DOI: 10.1638/2019-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reptarenaviruses infect a variety of boid and pythonid snake species worldwide and have been shown to be the cause of inclusion body disease (IBD). Little is known about the correlations between virus infection and clinical disease, as well as the effects of viral infection on the immune system and the blood protein fractions. The goal of this study was to examine the differences in the plasma protein fractions in reptarenavirus reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-negative and -positive tested snakes with and without clinical signs of disease. Blood from a total of 111 boa constrictors (Boa constrictor) was evaluated. Reverse transcription PCRs and H&E staining for inclusion bodies were carried out on each sample for the detection of reptarenavirus, and the plasma protein fractions were evaluated by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). Thirty four of the 111 evaluated snakes were positive by RT-PCR and 19 of the 34 showed clinical signs of disease. In comparison with IBD-negative healthy boa constrictors, the positive snakes with clinical signs had significantly lower albumin levels (P = 0.0052), lower A: G ratios (P = 0.0037), and lower α-globulin levels (P = 0.0073), while their γ-globulin levels were significantly higher (P = 0.0004). In the same comparison, clinically healthy arenavirus-positive boas showed only significantly lower α-globulin (P = 0.0124) and higher γ-globulin levels (P = 0.0394). The results of the present study indicate that reptarenavirus infection may influence plasma protein fractions in boa constrictors.
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Abstract
Over the last 10 years, exotic animal clinical pathology has been evolving, improving health assessment in avian, mammal, fish, reptile, and amphibian patients. These advances are reviewed in this article. Species-specific reference intervals for blood parameters are becoming more available (eg, for ionized calcium, endocrine panels, and vitamin D plasmatic concentrations). In addition, new technologies are being developed to facilitate targeted metabolite detection and result acquisition by veterinarians. Novel techniques, biomarkers, and clinical changes related to disease have been described in avian, mammal, fish, reptile and amphibian species. The use of mobile applications may also be helpful.
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Sa-Ardta P, Rinder M, Sanyathitiseree P, Weerakhun S, Lertwatcharasarakul P, Lorsunyaluck B, Schmitz A, Korbel R. First detection and characterization of Psittaciform bornaviruses in naturally infected and diseased birds in Thailand. Vet Microbiol 2019; 230:62-71. [PMID: 30827406 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In Thailand a proventricular dilation disease (PDD)-like syndrome commonly occurs in captive psittacine birds. The etiology, however, has been unknown to date and studies to detect parrot bornaviruses have never been performed in Southeastern Asia. Therefore, 111 psittacines (22 different species) including birds with suspected PDD based on clinical examination results (n = 65), cage mates of PDD suspected parrots without any clinical signs (n = 39) and dead birds with previous clinic suspicious for PDD (n = 7) were tested for bornaviruses using various reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and realtime RT-PCR protocols, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunohistochemistry, and genome sequencing. Bornaviral infections, indicated by the presence of RNA or antibody positive reactions were detected in 60 birds (54.1%) belonging to 15 psittaciform species and originating from 41 owners. Occurrence of Psittaciform 1 orthobornavirus was confirmed by sequencing of PCR products in 24 of these birds. Parrot bornavirus (PaBV)-5, belonging to the species Psittaciform 2 orthobornavirus and found only in single birds in the United States of America, Japan and Hungary until now, was identified in a macaw. Full genome sequencing revealed features shared with other strains of this virus. PaBV-4 was the prevalent virus type and the viruses grouped in two of the five genetic PaBV-4 subclusters known so far while PaBV-2 was found in a single patient. Forty-five psittacines of the group of PDD-suspected birds (69.2%), 4 dead birds and 11 clinically healthy cage mates were positive in at least one test the latter suggesting inefficient horizontal transmission in natural infections. Lymphoplasmacytic infiltrations (non-purulent inflammation, ganglioneuritis) and bornavirus antigen were detected in diverse tissues confirming PDD as the disease involved. These results may have a major impact on conservation projects including the five near-threatened parrot species living in the wild in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phirawich Sa-Ardta
- Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles and Ornamental Fish, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand.
| | - Monika Rinder
- Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles and Ornamental Fish, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Pornchai Sanyathitiseree
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Sompoth Weerakhun
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Preeda Lertwatcharasarakul
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Benchapol Lorsunyaluck
- Exotic Pet Clinic, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Anna Schmitz
- Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles and Ornamental Fish, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Korbel
- Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles and Ornamental Fish, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
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