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Gütgemann F, Heuvelink A, Müller A, Churin Y, Buter R, Jung A, Feberwee A, Wiegel J, Kumm F, Braun AS, Yue M, Soriano-Vargas E, Swanepoel S, Botteldoorn N, Kirchner M, Kehrenberg C. Recommendation of a standardized broth microdilution method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Avibacterium paragallinarum and resistance monitoring. J Clin Microbiol 2024; 62:e0101123. [PMID: 38363142 PMCID: PMC10935639 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01011-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a method for standardized broth microdilution antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of Avibacterium (Av.) paragallinarum, the causative agent of infectious coryza in chickens. For this, a total of 83 Av. paragallinarum isolates and strains were collected from 15 countries. To select unrelated isolates for method validation steps, macrorestriction analyses were performed with 15 Av. paragallinarum. The visible growth of Av. paragallinarum was examined in six broth media and growth curves were compiled. In Veterinary Fastidious Medium and cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth (CAMHB) + 1% chicken serum + 0.0025% NADH (CAMHB + CS + NADH), visible growth of all isolates was detected and both media allowed adequate bacterial growth. Due to the better readability of Av. paragallinarum growth in microtiter plates, CAMHB + CS + NADH was chosen for AST. Repetitions of MIC testing with five epidemiologically unrelated isolates using a panel of 24 antimicrobial agents resulted in high essential MIC agreements of 96%-100% after 48-h incubation at 35 ± 2°C. Hence, the remaining 78 Av. paragallinarum were tested and demonstrated easily readable MICs with the proposed method. Differences in MICs were detected between isolates from different continents, with isolates from Africa showing lower MICs compared to isolates from America and Europe, which more often showed elevated MICs of aminoglycosides, quinolones, tetracyclines, and/or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. PCR analyses of isolates used for method development revealed that isolates with elevated MICs of tetracyclines harbored the tetracycline resistance gene tet(B) but none of the other tested resistance genes were detected. Therefore, whole-genome sequencing data from 62 Av. paragallinarum were analyzed and revealed the presence of sequences showing nucleotide sequence identity to the genes aph(6)-Id, aph(3″)-Ib, blaTEM-1B, catA2, sul2, tet(B), tet(H), and mcr-like. Overall, the proposed method using CAMHB + CS + NADH for susceptibility testing with 48-h incubation time at 35 ± 2°C in ambient air was shown to be suitable for Av. paragallinarum. Due to a variety of resistance genes detected, the development of clinical breakpoints is highly recommended. IMPORTANCE Avibacterium paragallinarum is an important pathogen in veterinary medicine that causes infectious coryza in chickens. Since antibiotics are often used for treatment and resistance of the pathogen is known, targeted therapy should be given after resistance testing of the pathogen. Unfortunately, there is currently no accepted method in standards that allows susceptibility testing of this fastidious pathogen. Therefore, we have worked out a method that allows harmonized susceptibility testing of the pathogen. The method meets the requirements of the CLSI and could be used by diagnostic laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Gütgemann
- Institute for Veterinary Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Anja Müller
- Institute for Veterinary Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Yury Churin
- Institute for Veterinary Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Arne Jung
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Franziska Kumm
- Institute for Veterinary Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ann Sophie Braun
- Institute for Veterinary Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Min Yue
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Science, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Edgardo Soriano-Vargas
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Mexico
| | | | | | - Miranda Kirchner
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Corinna Kehrenberg
- Institute for Veterinary Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Buter R, Feberwee A, de Wit S, Heuvelink A, da Silva A, Gallardo R, Soriano Vargas E, Swanepoel S, Jung A, Tödte M, Dijkman R. Molecular characterization of the HMTp210 gene of Avibacterium paragallinarum and the proposition of a new genotyping method as alternative for classical serotyping. Avian Pathol 2023; 52:362-376. [PMID: 37470411 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2023.2239178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Avibacterium paragallinarum (A. paragallinarum) is the aetiological agent of infectious coryza (IC) in chickens and characterized by acute respiratory distress and severe drop in egg production. Vaccination is important in the control of IC outbreaks and the efficacy of vaccination is dependent on A. paragallinarum serovars included in the vaccine. Classical serotyping of A. paragallinarum is laborious and hampered by poor availability of antigens and antisera. The haemagglutinin, important in classical serotyping, is encoded by the HMTp210 gene. HMTp210 gene analysis has been shown to have potential as alternative to classical serotyping. The aim of the present study was to further investigate the potential of sequence analyses of partial region 1 of the HMTp210 gene, the HMTp210 hypervariable region and the concatenated sequences of both fragments. For this analysis, 123 HMTp210 gene sequences (field isolates, A. paragallinarum serovar reference strains and vaccine strains) were included. Evaluation of serovar references and vaccine strains revealed a need for critical evaluation, especially within Page serovar B and C. Phylogenetic analysis of HMTp210 region 1 resulted in a separation of Page serovar A, B and C strains. Analysis of the HMTp210 HVR alone was not sufficient to discriminate all nine different Kume serovar references. The concatenated sequences of HMTp210 region 1 and HMTp210 HVR resulted in 14 clusters with a high correlation with Page serovar and with the nine currently known Kume serovars and is therefore proposed as a novel genotyping method that could be used as an alternative for classical serotyping of A. paragallinarum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sjaak de Wit
- Royal GD, Deventer, the Netherlands
- Department of Population Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ana da Silva
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rodrigo Gallardo
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Edgardo Soriano Vargas
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
| | - Stefan Swanepoel
- Deltamune, Unit 34, Oxford Business Park, Centurion, South Africa
| | - Arne Jung
- Klinik für Geflügel, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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Putra FN, Wahyuni AETH, Sutrisno B. Molecular detection and pyrG sequence analysis of Avibacterium paragallinarum using clinical samples of infraorbital exudates from layer chickens with infectious coryza symptoms in Indonesia. Vet World 2023; 16:1655-1660. [PMID: 37766719 PMCID: PMC10521176 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1655-1660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Infectious coryza (IC) or snot, is caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum and leads to upper respiratory disease in poultry. Various diagnostic methods are available, including isolation and identification through bacterial culture and biochemical tests. However, the isolation and subsequent identification of A. paragallinarum are challenging because the bacteria are fastidious and require specific growth factors. This study aimed to detect A. paragallinarum in clinical samples taken from the exudate of the infraorbital sinus of layer hens showing clinical signs of IC. Materials and Methods Samples were collected from 10 layer hens with IC symptoms. Following DNA extraction, HPG-2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were performed. The PCR amplicons underwent electrophoresis to determine those of the correct target size (511 bp), and these were sequenced. The resultant sequences were analyzed using the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) basic local alignment search tool. MEGA X was used for bioinformatics analysis. Results The presence of A. paragallinarum was confirmed by HPG-2 PCR in 4/10 samples. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the amino acid sequence of the samples and the A. paragallinarum reference sequences in the NCBI database were grouped within the same cluster. Furthermore, the nucleotide sequences showed 98.64%-100% of similarity with the reference sequences. The phylogenetic reconstruction of partial pyrG sequences from 55 A. paragallinarum strains/isolates deposited in GenBank confirmed that the four HPG-2 PCR-positive samples fell within the A. paragallinarum cluster, separate from the Pasteurella multocida, Avibacterium spp., and Rodentibacter pneumotropicus clusters. Conclusion Avibacterium paragallinarum infection was molecularly confirmed in 4/10 (40%) samples by HPG-2 PCR amplicon detection. Clustering of the pyrG partial gene sequences revealed that the positive samples fell within the A. paragallinarum cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadhli Nanda Putra
- 1. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - A. E. T. H. Wahyuni
- 1. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Bambang Sutrisno
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
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Mei C, Zhi Y, Xu J, Liang Z, Zhang X, Hu G, Wang H. Characterization of a highly virulent Avibacterium paragallinarum isolate. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad365. [PMID: 37882211 PMCID: PMC10638103 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious coryza (IC) is an important respiratory infectious disease in chickens. In this study, an Avibacterium paragallinarum Page serovar C strain, named ZJ-C, was isolated from a local layer flock that was routinely vaccinated with an inactivated trivalent vaccine, using reference strain Modesto as the serovar C immunogen. The pathogenicity, immunogenicity, and genetic characteristics of ZJ-C were studied. The minimum pathogenic dose of the isolate was 100 CFU, which was 1/1,000 of the dose of the serovar C reference strain Modesto. The vaccination-challenge trial in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens showed that the ZJ-C bacterin could provide 100% protection against challenge from both ZJ-C and Modesto strains, whereas Modesto provided 100% protection against challenge from itself, but only 70% protection against ZJ-C. Sequence analysis of the HMTp210 hypervariable region (region 2) showed that the homology of region 2 between ZJ-C and Modesto was 96.14%, whereas the homology between ZJ-C and the Kume serovar C-4 reference strain HP60 was 99.83%. Phylogenetic analysis of region 2 showed that ZJ-C was most closely related to cluster C-4, represented by HP60. The experimental data obtained in this study will help the selection of optimal vaccine strains and assist serotyping studies of Av. paragallinarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Mei
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixuan Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Ge Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
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Beiranvand S, Piri‐Gharaghie T, Dehganzad B, Khedmati F, Jalali F, AsadAlizadeh M, Momtaz H. Novel NAD-independent Avibacterium paragallinarum: Isolation, characterization and molecular identification in Iran. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:1157-1165. [PMID: 35182464 PMCID: PMC9122455 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious coryza (IC) is an invasive upper respiratory disease caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum that affects birds, particularly chickens. The objective of this study is to isolate, characterize and molecularly identify the bacterium A. paragallinarum in poultry birds, as well as to determine its antibiotic sensitivity and resistance. METHODS A total of 10 chickens from four different Iranian farms with typical IC symptoms were used in this study. The nasal swabs were streaked onto chocolate agar plates and blood agar plates and incubated at 37°C in 5% CO2 for 24 to 48 h. As part of the identification of bacteria, bacteriological observations and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing are conducted. The antibiotic sensitivity tests were also performed using the disk diffusion method against A. paragallinarum and the prevalence in different farms was determined. RESULTS By using biochemical assays and PCR analyses, seven strains of A. paragallinarum were isolated from samples of four chicken farms with typical IC clinical signs. Most isolates (4/7) showed the typical requirement for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and an enriched CO2 atmosphere for growth. Three of the seven strains of A. paragallinarum were found to be novel NAD-independent under anaerobic conditions. There was one biochemical biovar identified in terms of carbohydrate fermentation patterns, although changes in maltose carbohydrate fermentation patterns were detected in the No. 5 strain. All isolates were sensitive to gentamicin and spectinomycin. Three novel NAD-independent strains (Nos.1, 5 and 7) were found to be multidrug-resistant (MDR) and resistant to at least three classes of antibiotics. There was greater antibiotic resistance in the three NAD-independent isolates than in normal NAD-dependent bacteria. CONCLUSION By discovering NAD-independent forms of A. paragallinarum, these species have a greater range than previously believed. A clear, cautious approach should be taken in diagnosing and possibly controlling IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheida Beiranvand
- Biotechnology Research CenterShahrekord BranchIslamic Azad UniversityShahrekordIran
| | - Tohid Piri‐Gharaghie
- Biotechnology Research CenterShahrekord BranchIslamic Azad UniversityShahrekordIran
| | - Behnaz Dehganzad
- Department of BiotechnologyRaberashidi University of TabrizTabrizIran
| | - Faranak Khedmati
- Department of MicrobiologyFaculty of Basic SciencesRudehen BranchIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
| | - Fatemeh Jalali
- Department of Medical NanotechnologyFaculty of Basic SciencesGolestan University of Medical ScienceGolestanIran
| | - Mahya AsadAlizadeh
- Department of BiologyFaculty of Basic SciencesUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - Hassan Momtaz
- Department of MicrobiologyShahrekord BranchIslamic Azad UniversityShahrekordIran
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Luna-Castrejón LP, Buter R, Pantoja-Nuñez GI, Acuña-Yanes M, Ceballos-Valenzuela K, Talavera-Rojas M, Salgado-Miranda C, Heuvelink A, de Wit S, Soriano-Vargas E, Feberwee A. Identification, HPG2 Sequence Analysis, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Avibacterium paragallinarum Isolates Obtained from Outbreaks of Infectious Coryza in Commercial Layers in Sonora State, Mexico. Avian Dis 2021; 65:95-101. [PMID: 34339129 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-20-00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This is the first extensive report on the identification and characterization of Avibacterium paragallinarum (AVP) isolates obtained from outbreaks of infectious coryza (IC) in IC-vaccinated layer flocks from Sonora State in Mexico. Isolates obtained from IC outbreaks during the years 2007, 2014, 2015, 2017, and 2019 were identified by conventional PCR test and 16S rRNA gene analysis, serotyped by Page serotyping and genotyped by the recently described partial sequence analysis of the HPG2 region. Furthermore, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were determined by a recently improved minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) test. The conventional PCR test and the 16S rRNA analyses confirmed the isolates as AVP. Serotyping results showed the involvement of isolates belonging to serotypes A, B, and C in the IC outbreaks. Genotyping of the HPG2 region revealed the presence of sequence type (ST)1, ST4, and ST11, of which the latter has also been identified in Europe. The MIC susceptibility test showed that all tested isolates were susceptible for the majority of tested antimicrobials, including erythromycin and tetracycline, which are important antibiotics for the treatment of IC. The IC situation in Sonora State, Mexico, is complex because of the presence of serotypes A, B, and C. This finding emphasizes the importance of biosecurity in combination with the application of the most optimal vaccination programs in the control of IC in Sonora State, Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Patricia Luna-Castrejón
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Toluca 50250, México
| | - Rianne Buter
- Royal GD, Arnsbergstraat 7, 7418 EZ Deventer, the Netherlands
| | | | - Martín Acuña-Yanes
- Pecuarius Laboratorios S.A., Calle Sufragio Efectivo 616, 85000, Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, México
| | | | - Martín Talavera-Rojas
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Toluca 50250, México
| | - Celene Salgado-Miranda
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Toluca 50250, México
| | - Annet Heuvelink
- Royal GD, Arnsbergstraat 7, 7418 EZ Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - Sjaak de Wit
- Royal GD, Arnsbergstraat 7, 7418 EZ Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - Edgardo Soriano-Vargas
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Toluca 50250, México,
| | - Anneke Feberwee
- Royal GD, Arnsbergstraat 7, 7418 EZ Deventer, the Netherlands,
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