1
|
Verma AK, Kumar M, Murugkar HV, Nagarajan S, Tosh C, Namdeo P, Singh R, Mishra S, Senthilkumar D, Singh VP, Sanyal A. Highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) infection in crows through ingestion of infected crow carcasses. Microb Pathog 2023; 183:106330. [PMID: 37661072 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to investigate the role of cannibalism in transmission of H5N1 avian influenza virus to house crows (Corvus splendens). Four crows were intranasally inoculated with 108.0 EID50 (A/crow/India/01CA249/2021) H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus and were observed for 14 days for any overt signs of illness. Two of the infected crows showed signs of wing paralysis, incoordination, and torticollis. For cannibalism experiment, two crows showing clinical signs were euthanized on 14th day post-infection (dpi) and were kept in the isolator and four naïve healthy crows were introduced along with the euthanized crows. The viscera from the infected carcasses were eaten by all the four crows. Oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs were collected up to 14 days to assess virus excretion. All four crows showed clinical signs viz., dullness, reluctance to move with ruffled feathers on 6th day post cannibalism along with neurological signs including incoordination and paralysis of the wings. All the crows gradually recovered after showing clinical signs and were euthanized on 21st day of observation period. Virus excretion was observed from 3rd to 11th day post cannibalism through both oropharyngeal and cloacal routes with maximum shedding through oropharyngeal route. The virus was isolated from lungs and trachea of one the infected crows at 21st day after euthanasia. All the four crows seroconverted against H5N1 virus infection at 14th day post cannibalism. Our study confirms the transmission of H5N1 virus in crows through cannibalism and highlights how H5N1 virus might circulate in a crow colony once they become infected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asha Kumari Verma
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Harshad V Murugkar
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | | | - Chakradhar Tosh
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Pushpendra Namdeo
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rupal Singh
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Suman Mishra
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - D Senthilkumar
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Vijendra Pal Singh
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Aniket Sanyal
- ICAR- National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Soda K, Tomioka Y, Usui T, Ozaki H, Ito H, Nagai Y, Yamamoto N, Okamatsu M, Isoda N, Kajihara M, Sakoda Y, Takada A, Ito T. Susceptibility of common dabbling and diving duck species to clade 2.3.2.1 H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus: an experimental infection study. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:942-949. [PMID: 37495526 PMCID: PMC10539830 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the winter of 2010-2011, Japan experienced a large outbreak of infections caused by clade 2.3.2.1 H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) in wild birds. Interestingly, many tufted ducks (Aythya fuligula), which are migratory diving ducks, succumbed to the infection, whereas only one infection case was reported in migratory dabbling duck species, the major natural hosts of the influenza A virus, during the outbreak. To assess whether the susceptibility of each duck species to HPAIVs was correlated with the number of cases, tufted duck and dabbling duck species (Eurasian wigeon, Mareca penelope; mallard, Anas platyrhynchos; Northern pintail, Anas acuta) were intranasally inoculated with A/Mandarin duck/Miyazaki/22M807-1/2011 (H5N1), an index clade 2.3.2.1 virus previously used for experimental infection studies in various bird species. All ducks observed for 10 days post-inoculation (dpi) mostly shed the virus via the oral route and survived. The tufted ducks shed a higher titer of the virus than the other dabbling duck species, and one of them showed apparent neurological symptoms after 7 dpi, which were accompanied by eye lesions. No clinical symptoms were observed in the dabbling ducks, although systemic infection and viremia were observed in some of them sacrificed at 3 dpi. These results suggest that the susceptibility of clade 2.3.2.1 HPAIVs might differ by duck species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Soda
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yukiko Tomioka
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Tatsufumi Usui
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hiroichi Ozaki
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yasuko Nagai
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
- Present address: Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Norikazu Isoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kajihara
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ayato Takada
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
The wintering ecology of the Rook Corvus frugilegus in Northern Kyushu, Japan. Urban Ecosyst 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-022-01273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
4
|
Soda K, Tomioka Y, Usui T, Uno Y, Nagai Y, Ito H, Hiono T, Tamura T, Okamatsu M, Kajihara M, Nao N, Sakoda Y, Takada A, Ito T. Susceptibility of herons (family: Ardeidae) to clade 2.3.2.1 H5N1 subtype high pathogenicity avian influenza virus. Avian Pathol 2021; 51:146-153. [PMID: 34967244 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2021.2022599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenicity of the H5 subtype high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) in Ardeidae bird species has not been investigated yet, despite the increasing infections reported. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the susceptibility of the Ardeidae species, which had already been reported to be susceptible to HPAIVs, to a clade 2.3.2.1 H5N1 HPAIV. Juvenile herons (4 grey herons, 1 intermediate egret, 2 little egrets, and 3 black-crowned night herons) were intranasally inoculated with 106 50% egg infectious dose of the virus and observed for 10 days. Two of the four grey herons showed lethargy and conjunctivitis; among them, one died at 6 days post-inoculation (dpi). The viruses were transmitted to the other two cohoused naïve grey herons. Some little egrets and black-crowned night herons showing neurological disorders died at 4-5 dpi; these birds mainly shed the virus via the oral route. The viruses dominantly replicated in the brains of birds that died of infection. Seroconversion was observed in most surviving birds, except some black-crowned night herons. These results demonstrate that most Ardeidae species are susceptible to H5 HPAIVs, sometimes with lethal effects. Herons are mostly colonial and often share habitats with Anseriformes, natural hosts of influenza A viruses; therefore, the risks of cluster infection and contribution to viral dissemination should be continuously evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Soda
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.,Avian Zoonosis Research Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Yukiko Tomioka
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Tatsufumi Usui
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.,Avian Zoonosis Research Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Yukiko Uno
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Yasuko Nagai
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.,Avian Zoonosis Research Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hiono
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Tamura
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kajihara
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, 001-0020 Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naganori Nao
- Division of International Research Promotion, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, 001-0020 Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.,International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, 001-0020 Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ayato Takada
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, 001-0020 Sapporo, Japan.,International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, 001-0020 Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Department of Joint Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.,Avian Zoonosis Research Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Soda K, Ozaki H, Ito H, Usui T, Okamatsu M, Matsuno K, Sakoda Y, Yamaguchi T, Ito T. Dynamics of invasion and dissemination of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in 2016-2017 winter in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1891-1898. [PMID: 34732610 PMCID: PMC8762421 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Large highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks caused by clade 2.3.4.4e H5N6
viruses occurred in Japan during the 2016–2017 winter. To date, several reports regarding
these outbreaks have been published, however a comprehensive study including geographical
and time course validations has not been performed. Herein, 58 Japanese HPAI virus (HPAIV)
isolates from the 2016–2017 season were added for phylogenetic analyses and the antigenic
relationships among the causal viruses were elucidated. The locations where HPAIVs were
found in the early phase of the outbreaks were clustered into three regions. Genotypes C1,
C5, and C6–8 HPAIVs were found in specific areas. Two strains had phylogenetically
distinct hemagglutinin (HA) and non-structural (NS) genes from other previously identified
strains, respectively. The estimated latest divergence date between the viral genotypes
suggests that genetic reassortment occurred in bird populations before their winter
migration to Japan. Antigenic differences in 2016–2017 HPAIVs were not observed,
suggesting that antibody pressure in the birds did not contribute to the selection of
HPAIV genotypes. In the late phase, the majority of HPAI cases in wild birds occurred
south of the lake freezing line. At the end of the outbreak, HPAI re-occurred in East
coast region, which may be due to the spring migration route of Anas bird
species. These trends were similar to those observed in the 2010–2011 outbreaks,
suggesting there is a typical pattern of seeding and dissemination of HPAIV in Japan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Soda
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University.,Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Hiroichi Ozaki
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University.,Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University.,Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Tatsufumi Usui
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University.,Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Keita Matsuno
- Division of Risk Analysis and Management, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University.,International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University.,One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University.,International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamaguchi
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University.,Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University.,Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Uno Y, Soda K, Tomioka Y, Ito T, Usui T, Yamaguchi T. Pathogenicity of clade 2.3.2.1 H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in American kestrel ( Falco sparverius). Avian Pathol 2020; 49:515-525. [PMID: 32619103 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2020.1787337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Birds of prey, including endangered species, have been infected with H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) in several countries. In this present study, we assessed the pathogenicity of the clade 2.3.2.1 H5N1 HPAIV in American kestrels (Falco sparverius) with a view to preventing future outbreaks in raptors. The kestrels were intranasally inoculated with the virus or fed the meat of chicks that had died from viral infection. Kestrels in both groups initially had reduced food intake, showed clinical signs such as depression and neurologic manifestations, and succumbed to the infection within 6 days. The kestrels primarily shed the virus orally from 1 day post-inoculation until death, with an average titre of 104.5-5.7 EID50/ml, which is comparable to the inoculum titre. The viruses replicated in almost all tested tissues; notably, the feather calamuses also contained infectious virions and/or viral genes. Pancreatic lesions were present in several infected birds, as shown in previous cases of HPAIV infection in raptors. These results indicate that kestrels are highly susceptible to infection by clade 2.3.2.1 H5 HPAIVs, which readily occurs through the consumption of infected bird carcasses. Early detection and removal of HPAIV infected carcasses in the field is essential for preventing outbreaks in raptors. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Clade 2.3.2.1 H5 HPAIV caused lethal infection in American kestrels. Kestrels with the HPAIV showed neurologic signs and eye disorders. The HPAIV replicated in systemic tissues of kestrels, and was orally shed. The HPAIV was recovered from feather calamus of kestrels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Uno
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kosuke Soda
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yukiko Tomioka
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Tatsufumi Usui
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamaguchi
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| |
Collapse
|