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Effects of Reticuloendotheliosis virus on TLR-3/IFN-Β pathway in specific pathogen-free chickens. Res Vet Sci 2023; 156:36-44. [PMID: 36774696 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Birds infected by Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) are vulnerable to other microorganisms. This immunosuppression is related to the immune organs (thymus, bursa of Fabricius, and spleen) damaged by REV. The regulation of IFN-β greatly depends on pattern recognition receptor TLR-3 and nuclear factors IRF-7, NF-κB. To address if and how the TLR-3/IFN-β pathway is disturbed by REV, 60 one-day-old specific-pathogen-free chickens were intraperitoneally injected with RE virus dilution (n = 30) or stroke-physiological saline solution (n = 30). At 1, 3, 7, 21, and 28 days post-infection, after collecting thymuses, bursas, and spleens, we monitor the kinetics of TLR-3, IFN-β, NF-κB p65, and IRF-7 at transcriptional and translational levels using qPCR, Western blotting, and ELISA separately. As a result, compared with control chickens, the mRNA levels of TLR-3, IRF-7, and NF-κB p65 showed increasingly differences in the early period of REV infection. Synchronal changes occurred at translation levels. In the latter infection period, a decrease of NF-κB p65 was contemporaneous with a fall in IFN-β at both transcriptional and translational levels in the thymuses and bursas. These data suggest that the changes of IFN-β content are closely related to NF-κB p65 when REV invades chicken central immune organs. That reveals new insights into the immunosuppression mechanism of REV in avian.
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Sun F, Ferro PJ, Lupiani B, Kahl J, Morrow ME, Flanagan JP, Estevez C, Clavijo A. A duplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the simultaneous detection of long terminal repeat regions and envelope protein gene sequences of Reticuloendotheliosis virus in avian blood samples. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 23:937-41. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638711416631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) group of retroviruses infects a wide range of avian species, including chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, quail, and prairie chickens. The objective of the present study was to develop a highly sensitive and specific diagnostic test for the detection of REV in whole blood samples. In order to increase the diagnostic sensitivity, a duplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that detects both the envelope protein gene ( env) and the long terminal repeat (LTR) region of REV was designed. This assay demonstrated greater analytical and diagnostic sensitivity than the gel-based PCR assay when using DNA extracted from whole blood by both phenol-chloroform and magnetic bead methods. In general, threshold cycle values in the duplex real-time PCR assay were lower from DNA extracted using the magnetic bead system compared to DNA extracted by the phenol-chloroform method. Data presented herein show the successful development of a rapid and accurate test procedure, with high-throughput capability, for the diagnosis of REV infection using avian blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Sun
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Sun, Kahl, Estevez, Clavijo)
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX (Ferro, Lupiani)
- Attwater Prairie Chicken National Wildlife Refuge, Eagle Lake, TX (Morrow)
- Houston Zoo Inc., Houston, TX (Flanagan)
| | - Pamela J. Ferro
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Sun, Kahl, Estevez, Clavijo)
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX (Ferro, Lupiani)
- Attwater Prairie Chicken National Wildlife Refuge, Eagle Lake, TX (Morrow)
- Houston Zoo Inc., Houston, TX (Flanagan)
| | - Blanca Lupiani
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Sun, Kahl, Estevez, Clavijo)
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX (Ferro, Lupiani)
- Attwater Prairie Chicken National Wildlife Refuge, Eagle Lake, TX (Morrow)
- Houston Zoo Inc., Houston, TX (Flanagan)
| | - Janell Kahl
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Sun, Kahl, Estevez, Clavijo)
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX (Ferro, Lupiani)
- Attwater Prairie Chicken National Wildlife Refuge, Eagle Lake, TX (Morrow)
- Houston Zoo Inc., Houston, TX (Flanagan)
| | - Michael E. Morrow
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Sun, Kahl, Estevez, Clavijo)
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX (Ferro, Lupiani)
- Attwater Prairie Chicken National Wildlife Refuge, Eagle Lake, TX (Morrow)
- Houston Zoo Inc., Houston, TX (Flanagan)
| | - Joseph P. Flanagan
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Sun, Kahl, Estevez, Clavijo)
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX (Ferro, Lupiani)
- Attwater Prairie Chicken National Wildlife Refuge, Eagle Lake, TX (Morrow)
- Houston Zoo Inc., Houston, TX (Flanagan)
| | - Carlos Estevez
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Sun, Kahl, Estevez, Clavijo)
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX (Ferro, Lupiani)
- Attwater Prairie Chicken National Wildlife Refuge, Eagle Lake, TX (Morrow)
- Houston Zoo Inc., Houston, TX (Flanagan)
| | - Alfonso Clavijo
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Sun, Kahl, Estevez, Clavijo)
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX (Ferro, Lupiani)
- Attwater Prairie Chicken National Wildlife Refuge, Eagle Lake, TX (Morrow)
- Houston Zoo Inc., Houston, TX (Flanagan)
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Morrow CJ, Samu G, Mátrai E, Klausz Á, Wood AM, Richter S, Jaskulska B, Hess M. Avian hepatitis E virus infection and possible associated clinical disease in broiler breeder flocks in Hungary. Avian Pathol 2008; 37:527-35. [DOI: 10.1080/03079450802356946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris J. Morrow
- a Bioproperties Ltd , 36 Charter St, Ringwood , Victoria , Australia , 3134
| | - Győző Samu
- b Bábolna Breeding Farms KFT , H-2943 , Meszaros u. 1 , Hungary
| | - Eszter Mátrai
- b Bábolna Breeding Farms KFT , H-2943 , Meszaros u. 1 , Hungary
| | - Ákos Klausz
- c Aviagen Kft, Győr, Fehérvári u. 75 , H-9028 , Hungary
| | - Alasdair M. Wood
- d Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan , Penicuik , Midlothian , EH26 0PZ , UK
| | - Susanne Richter
- e Department for Electronmicroscopy , Institute for Veterinary Disease Control , Robert Kochgasse 17 , A-2340 , Mödling , Austria
| | - Barbara Jaskulska
- f Clinic for Avian, Reptile and Fish Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1 , University of Veterinary Medicine , A-1210 , Vienna , Austria
| | - Michael Hess
- f Clinic for Avian, Reptile and Fish Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1 , University of Veterinary Medicine , A-1210 , Vienna , Austria
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Davidson I, Braverman Y. Insect contribution to horizontal transmission of Reticuloendotheliosis virus. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2005; 42:128-33. [PMID: 15799521 PMCID: PMC7107493 DOI: 10.1093/jmedent/42.2.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2003] [Accepted: 03/24/2004] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of insects in Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) transmission was examined by testing insects trapped at commercial farms and by controlled feeding experiments using mosquitoes, Culex pipiens L. and house flies, Musca domestica L. We established sensitive methods of REV detection, including reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for REV-LTR and REV-gag genes, REV antigenemia measurements by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and virus isolation in tissue cultures. A variety of blood-sucking species of insects were trapped at farms with infected poultry and tested, but none were positive. To rule out the possibility of PCR inhibition by insect RNA, spiking experiments were conducted and no interference was observed. Because Cx. pipiens mosquitoes were trapped frequently at farms, we performed feeding experiments with mosquito females fed on a REV-containing tissue culture medium and chicken blood mixture. Virus was detected in the mosquitoes up to 5 h postfeeding, compared with 96 h in the feeding mixture, indicating that Cx. pipiens can only harbor REV for a short period. House flies were suspected to be involved in the virus transmission because they frequently were trapped on positive farms. In contrast to mosquitoes, REV was harbored within the house fly digestive tract for up to 72 h and could infect chickens, as demonstrated by seroconversion and by detection of viral gag-sequence in the cloaca. The current study is supportive for the role of house flies as a mechanical vector of REV among poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irit Davidson
- Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
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