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Basiri R, Manji K, LeLievre PM, Toole J, Kim F, Khan SS, Popovic MR. Protocol for metadata and image collection at diabetic foot ulcer clinics: enabling research in wound analytics and deep learning. Biomed Eng Online 2024; 23:12. [PMID: 38287324 PMCID: PMC10826077 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-024-01210-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The escalating impact of diabetes and its complications, including diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), presents global challenges in quality of life, economics, and resources, affecting around half a billion people. DFU healing is hindered by hyperglycemia-related issues and diverse diabetes-related physiological changes, necessitating ongoing personalized care. Artificial intelligence and clinical research strive to address these challenges by facilitating early detection and efficient treatments despite resource constraints. This study establishes a standardized framework for DFU data collection, introducing a dedicated case report form, a comprehensive dataset named Zivot with patient population clinical feature breakdowns and a baseline for DFU detection using this dataset and a UNet architecture. RESULTS Following this protocol, we created the Zivot dataset consisting of 269 patients with active DFUs, and about 3700 RGB images and corresponding thermal and depth maps for the DFUs. The effectiveness of collecting a consistent and clean dataset was demonstrated using a bounding box prediction deep learning network that was constructed with EfficientNet as the feature extractor and UNet architecture. The network was trained on the Zivot dataset, and the evaluation metrics showed promising values of 0.79 and 0.86 for F1-score and mAP segmentation metrics. CONCLUSIONS This work and the Zivot database offer a foundation for further exploration of holistic and multimodal approaches to DFU research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Basiri
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
- KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Karim Manji
- Zivot Limb Preservation Centre, Peter Lougheed Centre, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Philip M LeLievre
- Zivot Limb Preservation Centre, Peter Lougheed Centre, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - John Toole
- Zivot Limb Preservation Centre, Peter Lougheed Centre, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Faith Kim
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Shehroz S Khan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Milos R Popovic
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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Cao Z, Zeng Z, Xie J, Zhai H, Yin Y, Ma Y, Tian Y. Diabetic Plantar Foot Segmentation in Active Thermography Using a Two-Stage Adaptive Gamma Transform and a Deep Neural Network. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8511. [PMID: 37896605 PMCID: PMC10610917 DOI: 10.3390/s23208511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Pathological conditions in diabetic feet cause surface temperature variations, which can be captured quantitatively using infrared thermography. Thermal images captured during recovery of diabetic feet after active cooling may reveal richer information than those from passive thermography, but diseased foot regions may exhibit very small temperature differences compared with the surrounding area, complicating plantar foot segmentation in such cold-stressed active thermography. In this study, we investigate new plantar foot segmentation methods for thermal images obtained via cold-stressed active thermography without the complementary information from color or depth channels. To better deal with the temporal variations in thermal image contrast when planar feet are recovering from cold immersion, we propose an image pre-processing method using a two-stage adaptive gamma transform to alleviate the impact of such contrast variations. To improve upon existing deep neural networks for segmenting planar feet from cold-stressed infrared thermograms, a new deep neural network, the Plantar Foot Segmentation Network (PFSNet), is proposed to better extract foot contours. It combines the fundamental U-shaped network structure, a multi-scale feature extraction module, and a convolutional block attention module with a feature fusion network. The PFSNet, in combination with the two-stage adaptive gamma transform, outperforms multiple existing deep neural networks in plantar foot segmentation for single-channel infrared images from cold-stressed infrared thermography, achieving an accuracy of 97.3% and 95.4% as measured by Intersection over Union (IOU) and Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjie Cao
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China; (Z.C.); (Y.M.)
- College of Computer and Information Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China; (J.X.); (H.Z.)
| | - Zhi Zeng
- College of Computer and Information Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China; (J.X.); (H.Z.)
- Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Jinfang Xie
- College of Computer and Information Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China; (J.X.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hao Zhai
- College of Computer and Information Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China; (J.X.); (H.Z.)
| | - Ying Yin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China;
| | - Yue Ma
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China; (Z.C.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yibin Tian
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China; (Z.C.); (Y.M.)
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Cutti AG, Morosato F, Gentile C, Gariboldi F, Hamoui G, Santi MG, Teti G, Gruppioni E. A Workflow for Studying the Stump-Socket Interface in Persons with Transtibial Amputation through 3D Thermographic Mapping. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23115035. [PMID: 37299763 DOI: 10.3390/s23115035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The design and fitting of prosthetic sockets can significantly affect the acceptance of an artificial limb by persons with lower limb amputations. Clinical fitting is typically an iterative process, which requires patients' feedback and professional assessment. When feedback is unreliable due to the patient's physical or psychological conditions, quantitative measures can support decision-making. Specifically, monitoring the skin temperature of the residual limb can provide valuable information regarding unwanted mechanical stresses and reduced vascularization, which can lead to inflammation, skin sores and ulcerations. Multiple 2D images to examine a real-life 3D limb can be cumbersome and might only offer a partial assessment of critical areas. To overcome these issues, we developed a workflow for integrating thermographic information on the 3D scan of a residual limb, with intrinsic reconstruction quality measures. Specifically, workflow allows us to calculate a 3D thermal map of the skin of the stump at rest and after walking, and summarize this information with a single 3D differential map. The workflow was tested on a person with transtibial amputation, with a reconstruction accuracy lower than 3 mm, which is adequate for socket adaptation. We expect the workflow to improve socket acceptance and patients' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federico Morosato
- Centro Protesi Inail, Via Rabuina 14, Vigorso di Budrio, 40054 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cosimo Gentile
- Centro Protesi Inail, Via Rabuina 14, Vigorso di Budrio, 40054 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Gariboldi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via VIII Febbraio, 2, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Hamoui
- Centro Protesi Inail, Via Rabuina 14, Vigorso di Budrio, 40054 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Santi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via VIII Febbraio, 2, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Gregorio Teti
- Centro Protesi Inail, Via Rabuina 14, Vigorso di Budrio, 40054 Bologna, Italy
| | - Emanuele Gruppioni
- Centro Protesi Inail, Via Rabuina 14, Vigorso di Budrio, 40054 Bologna, Italy
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Chemello G, Salvatori B, Morettini M, Tura A. Artificial Intelligence Methodologies Applied to Technologies for Screening, Diagnosis and Care of the Diabetic Foot: A Narrative Review. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:985. [PMID: 36354494 PMCID: PMC9688674 DOI: 10.3390/bios12110985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic foot syndrome is a multifactorial pathology with at least three main etiological factors, i.e., peripheral neuropathy, peripheral arterial disease, and infection. In addition to complexity, another distinctive trait of diabetic foot syndrome is its insidiousness, due to a frequent lack of early symptoms. In recent years, it has become clear that the prevalence of diabetic foot syndrome is increasing, and it is among the diabetes complications with a stronger impact on patient's quality of life. Considering the complex nature of this syndrome, artificial intelligence (AI) methodologies appear adequate to address aspects such as timely screening for the identification of the risk for foot ulcers (or, even worse, for amputation), based on appropriate sensor technologies. In this review, we summarize the main findings of the pertinent studies in the field, paying attention to both the AI-based methodological aspects and the main physiological/clinical study outcomes. The analyzed studies show that AI application to data derived by different technologies provides promising results, but in our opinion future studies may benefit from inclusion of quantitative measures based on simple sensors, which are still scarcely exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Chemello
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Micaela Morettini
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Tura
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
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