1
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Stewart J, Pavic A. Advances in enteropathogen control throughout the meat chicken production chain. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:2346-2407. [PMID: 37038302 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Enteropathogens, namely Salmonella and Campylobacter, are a concern in global public health and have been attributed in numerous risk assessments to a poultry source. During the last decade, a large body of research addressing this problem has been published. The literature reviewed contains review articles on certain aspects of poultry production chain; however, in the past decade there has not been a review on the entire chain-farm to fork-of poultry production. For this review, a pool of 514 articles were selected for relevance via a systematic screening process (from >7500 original search articles). These studies identified a diversity of management and intervention strategies for the elimination or reduction of enteropathogens in poultry production. Many studies were laboratory or limited field trials with implementation in true commercial operations being problematic. Entities considering using commercial antienteropathogen products and interventions are advised to perform an internal validation and fit-for-purpose trial as Salmonella and Campylobacter serovars and biovars may have regional diversity. Future research should focus on nonchemical application within the processing plant and how a combination of synergisticinterventions through the production chain may contribute to reducing the overall carcass burden of enteropathogens, coupled with increased consumer education on safe handling and cooking of poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Stewart
- Birling Laboratories Pty Ltd, Bringelly, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony Pavic
- Birling Laboratories Pty Ltd, Bringelly, New South Wales, Australia
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2
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The Role of Nutraceuticals and Phytonutrients in Chickens’ Gastrointestinal Diseases. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12070892. [PMID: 35405880 PMCID: PMC8997120 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The use of nutraceuticals and phytonutrients in poultry nutrition has been extensively explored over the past decade. The interest in these substances is linked to the search for natural compounds that can be effectively used to prevent and treat some of the main diseases of the chicken. The serious problem of antibiotic resistance and the consequent legislative constraints on their use required the search for alternatives. The purpose of this review is to describe the current status of the effects of some substances, such as probiotics and prebiotics, organic acids, vitamins and phytogenic feed additives, focusing specifically on studies concerning the prevention and treatment of four main gastrointestinal diseases in chicken: salmonellosis, necrotic enteritis (caused by Clostridium perfringens), campylobacteriosis, and coccidiosis. A brief description of these diseases and the effects of the main bioactive principles of the nutraceutical or phytonutrient groups will be provided. Although there are conflicting results, some works show very promising effects, with a reduction in the bacterial or protozoan load following treatment. Further studies are needed to verify the real effectiveness of these compounds and make them applicable in the field. Abstract In poultry, severe gastrointestinal diseases are caused by bacteria and coccidia, with important economic losses in the poultry industry and requirement of treatments which, for years, were based on the use of antibiotics and chemotherapies. Furthermore, Salmonella spp., Clostridium perfringens, and Campylobacter jejuni can cause serious foodborne diseases in people, resulting from consumption of poultry meat, eggs, and derived products. With the spread of antibiotic resistance, which affects both animals and humans, the restriction of antibiotic use in livestock production and the identification of a list of “critically important antimicrobials” became necessary. For this reason, researchers focused on natural compounds and effective alternatives to prevent gastrointestinal disease in poultry. This review summarizes the results of several studies published in the last decade, describing the use of different nutraceutical or phytonutrients in poultry industry. The results of the use of these products are not always encouraging. While some of the alternatives have proven to be very promising, further studies will be needed to verify the efficacy and practical applicability of other compounds.
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3
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Anderson RC, Levent G, Petrujkić BT, Harvey RB, Hume ME, He H, Genovese KJ, Beier RC, Poole TL, Crippen TL, Nisbet DJ. Antagonistic Effects of Lipids Against the Anti- Escherichia coli and Anti- Salmonella Activity of Thymol and Thymol-β-d-Glucopyranoside in Porcine Gut and Fecal Cultures In Vitro. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:751266. [PMID: 34631867 PMCID: PMC8497039 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.751266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Strategies are sought to reduce the carriage and dissemination of zoonotic pathogens and antimicrobial-resistant microbes within food-producing animals and their production environment. Thymol (an essential oil) is a potent bactericide in vitro but in vivo efficacy has been inconsistent, largely due to its lipophilicity and absorption, which limits its passage and subsequent availability in the distal gastrointestinal tract. Conjugation of thymol to glucose to form thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside can decrease its absorption, but in vivo passage of effective concentrations to the lower gut remains suboptimal. Considering that contemporary swine diets often contain 5% or more added fat (to increase caloric density and reduce dustiness), we hypothesized that there may be sufficient residual fat in the distal intestinal tract to sequester free or conjugated thymol, thereby limiting the availability and subsequent effectiveness of this biocide. In support of this hypothesis, the anti-Salmonella Typhimurium effects of 6 mM free or conjugated thymol, expressed as log10-fold reductions of colony-forming units (CFU) ml-1, were diminished 90 and 58%, respectively, following 24-h in vitro anaerobic fecal incubation (at 39°C) with 3% added vegetable oil compared to reductions achieved during culture without added oil (6.1 log10 CFU ml-1). The antagonistic effect of vegetable oil and the bactericidal effect of free and conjugated thymol against Escherichia coli K88 tested similarly were diminished 86 and 84%, respectively, compared to reductions achieved in cultures incubated without added vegetable oil (5.7 log10 CFU ml-1). Inclusion of taurine (8 mg/ml), bile acids (0.6 mg/ml), or emulsifiers such as polyoxyethylene-40 stearate (0.2%), Tween 20, or Tween 80 (each at 1%) in the in vitro incubations had little effect on vegetable oil-caused inhibition of free or conjugated thymol. Based on these results, it seems reasonable to suspect that undigested lipid in the distal gut may limit the effectiveness of free or conjugated thymol. Accordingly, additional research is warranted to learn how to overcome obstacles diminishing bactericidal activity of free and conjugated thymol in the lower gastrointestinal tract of food-producing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin C Anderson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Gizem Levent
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, United States.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Branko T Petrujkić
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, United States.,Department of Nutrition and Botany, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Roger B Harvey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Michael E Hume
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Haiqi He
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Kenneth J Genovese
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Ross C Beier
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Toni L Poole
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Tawni L Crippen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, United States
| | - David J Nisbet
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, College Station, TX, United States
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4
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Floris B, Galloni P, Conte V, Sabuzi F. Tailored Functionalization of Natural Phenols to Improve Biological Activity. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1325. [PMID: 34572538 PMCID: PMC8467377 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenols are widespread in nature, being the major components of several plants and essential oils. Natural phenols' anti-microbial, anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, pharmacological and nutritional properties are, nowadays, well established. Hence, given their peculiar biological role, numerous studies are currently ongoing to overcome their limitations, as well as to enhance their activity. In this review, the functionalization of selected natural phenols is critically examined, mainly highlighting their improved bioactivity after the proper chemical transformations. In particular, functionalization of the most abundant naturally occurring monophenols, diphenols, lipidic phenols, phenolic acids, polyphenols and curcumin derivatives is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Floris
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Pierluca Galloni
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Valeria Conte
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Federica Sabuzi
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
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5
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Levent G, Anderson RC, Petrujkić B, Poole TL, He H, Genovese KJ, Hume ME, Beier RC, Harvey RB, Nisbet DJ. Evaluation of Thymol-β-d-Glucopyranoside as a Potential Prebiotic Intervention to Reduce Carriage of Zoonotic Pathogens in Weaned and Feeder Pigs. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040860. [PMID: 33923741 PMCID: PMC8073024 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut of food-producing animals is a reservoir for foodborne pathogens. Thymol is bactericidal against foodborne pathogens but rapid absorption of thymol from the proximal gut precludes the delivery of effective concentrations to the lower gut where pathogens mainly colonize. Thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside is reported to be more resistant to absorption than thymol in everted jejunal segments and could potentially function as a prebiotic by resisting degradation and absorption in the proximal gut but being hydrolysable by microbial β-glycosidase in the distal gut. Previous in vitro studies showed bactericidal effects of thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside against Campylobacter, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in the presence but not absence of intestinal microbes expressing β-glycosidase activity, indicating that hydrolysis was required to obtain antimicrobial activity. Presently, the oral administration of thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside was studied to examine the effects on intestinal carriage of Campylobacter, E. coli, and S. Typhimurium in swine. The effects of thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside or thymol on antimicrobial sensitivity of representative E. coli isolates and characterized Salmonella strains were also explored. Results from two in vivo studies revealed little antimicrobial effects of thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside on Campylobacter, E. coli, or S. Typhimurium in swine gut. These findings add credence to current thinking that hydrolysis and absorption of thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside and thymol may be sufficiently rapid within the proximal gut to preclude delivery to the distal gut. Antibiotic susceptibilities of selected bacterial isolates and strains were mainly unaffected by thymol. Further research is warranted to overcome obstacles, preventing the delivery of efficacious amounts of thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside to the lower gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Levent
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (G.L.); (B.P.); (T.L.P.); (H.H.); (K.J.G.); (M.E.H.); (R.C.B.); (R.B.H.); (D.J.N.)
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA
| | - Robin C. Anderson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (G.L.); (B.P.); (T.L.P.); (H.H.); (K.J.G.); (M.E.H.); (R.C.B.); (R.B.H.); (D.J.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-979-260-9317
| | - Branko Petrujkić
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (G.L.); (B.P.); (T.L.P.); (H.H.); (K.J.G.); (M.E.H.); (R.C.B.); (R.B.H.); (D.J.N.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Toni L. Poole
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (G.L.); (B.P.); (T.L.P.); (H.H.); (K.J.G.); (M.E.H.); (R.C.B.); (R.B.H.); (D.J.N.)
| | - Haiqi He
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (G.L.); (B.P.); (T.L.P.); (H.H.); (K.J.G.); (M.E.H.); (R.C.B.); (R.B.H.); (D.J.N.)
| | - Kenneth J. Genovese
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (G.L.); (B.P.); (T.L.P.); (H.H.); (K.J.G.); (M.E.H.); (R.C.B.); (R.B.H.); (D.J.N.)
| | - Michael E. Hume
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (G.L.); (B.P.); (T.L.P.); (H.H.); (K.J.G.); (M.E.H.); (R.C.B.); (R.B.H.); (D.J.N.)
| | - Ross C. Beier
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (G.L.); (B.P.); (T.L.P.); (H.H.); (K.J.G.); (M.E.H.); (R.C.B.); (R.B.H.); (D.J.N.)
| | - Roger B. Harvey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (G.L.); (B.P.); (T.L.P.); (H.H.); (K.J.G.); (M.E.H.); (R.C.B.); (R.B.H.); (D.J.N.)
| | - David J. Nisbet
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (G.L.); (B.P.); (T.L.P.); (H.H.); (K.J.G.); (M.E.H.); (R.C.B.); (R.B.H.); (D.J.N.)
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6
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Zielińska-Błajet M, Feder-Kubis J. Monoterpenes and Their Derivatives-Recent Development in Biological and Medical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7078. [PMID: 32992914 PMCID: PMC7582973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoterpenes, comprising hydrocarbons, are the largest class of plant secondary metabolites and are commonly found in essential oils. Monoterpenes and their derivatives are key ingredients in the design and production of new biologically active compounds. This review focuses on selected aliphatic, monocyclic, and bicyclic monoterpenes like geraniol, thymol, myrtenal, pinene, camphor, borneol, and their modified structures. The compounds in question play a pivotal role in biological and medical applications. The review also discusses anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticonvulsant, analgesic, antiviral, anticancer, antituberculosis, and antioxidant biological activities exhibited by monoterpenes and their derivatives. Particular attention is paid to the link between biological activity and the effect of structural modification of monoterpenes and monoterpenoids, as well as the introduction of various functionalized moieties into the molecules in question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Zielińska-Błajet
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joanna Feder-Kubis
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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7
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Van Noten N, Van Liefferinge E, Degroote J, De Smet S, Desmet T, Michiels J. Fate of Thymol and Its Monoglucosides in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Piglets. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:5241-5248. [PMID: 32201813 PMCID: PMC7081444 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The monoterpene thymol has been proposed as a valuable alternative to in-feed antibiotics in animal production. However, the effectiveness of the antimicrobial is comprised by its fast absorption in the upper gastrointestinal tract. In this work, two glucoconjugates, thymol α-d-glucopyranoside (TαG) and thymol β-d-glucopyranoside (TβG), were compared with free thymol for their potential to deliver higher concentrations of the active compound to the distal small intestine of supplemented piglets. Additionally, an analytical method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of thymol and its glucoconjugates in different matrices. In stomach contents of pigs fed with 3333 μmol kg-1 thymol, TαG, or TβG, total thymol concentrations amounted to 3048, 2357, and 1820 μmol kg-1 dry matter, respectively. In glucoconjugate-fed pigs, over 30% of this concentration was present in the unconjugated form, suggesting partial hydrolysis in the stomach. No quantifiable levels of thymol or glucoconjugates were detected in the small intestine or cecum for any treatment, indicating that conjugation with one glucose unit did not sufficiently protect thymol from early absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Van Noten
- Department
of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elout Van Liefferinge
- Department
of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Degroote
- Department
of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan De Smet
- Department
of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Desmet
- Department
of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joris Michiels
- Department
of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- . Phone: +32 9/264.90.00
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8
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Single components of botanicals and nature-identical compounds as a non-antibiotic strategy to ameliorate health status and improve performance in poultry and pigs. Nutr Res Rev 2020; 33:218-234. [PMID: 32100670 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422420000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the current post-antibiotic era, botanicals represent one of the most employed nutritional strategies to sustain antibiotic-free and no-antibiotic-ever production. Botanicals can be classified either as plant extracts, meaning the direct products derived by extraction from the raw plant materials (essential oils (EO) and oleoresins (OR)), or as nature-identical compounds (NIC), such as the chemically synthesised counterparts of the pure bioactive compounds of EO/OR. In the literature, differences between the use of EO/OR or NIC are often unclear, so it is difficult to attribute certain effects to specific bioactive compounds. The aim of the present review was to provide an overview of the effects exerted by botanicals on the health status and growth performance of poultry and pigs, focusing attention on those studies where only NIC were employed or those where the composition of the EO/OR was defined. In particular, phenolic compounds (apigenin, quercetin, curcumin and resveratrol), organosulfur compounds (allicin), terpenes (eugenol, thymol, carvacrol, capsaicin and artemisinin) and aldehydes (cinnamaldehyde and vanillin) were considered. These molecules have different properties such as antimicrobial (including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and antiprotozoal), anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, as well as the improvement of intestinal morphology and integrity of the intestinal mucosa. The use of NIC allows us to properly combine pure compounds, according to the target to achieve. Thus, they represent a promising non-antibiotic tool to allow better intestinal health and a general health status, thereby leading to improved growth performance.
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Micciche A, Rothrock MJ, Yang Y, Ricke SC. Essential Oils as an Intervention Strategy to Reduce Campylobacter in Poultry Production: A Review. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1058. [PMID: 31139172 PMCID: PMC6527745 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is a major foodborne pathogen and can be acquired through consumption of poultry products. With 1.3 million United States cases a year, the high prevalence of Campylobacter within the poultry gastrointestinal tract is a public health concern and thus a target for the development of intervention strategies. Increasing demand for antibiotic-free products has led to the promotion of various alternative pathogen control measures both at the farm and processing level. One such measure includes utilizing essential oils in both pre- and post-harvest settings. Essential oils are derived from plant-based extracts, and there are currently over 300 commercially available compounds. They have been proposed to control Campylobacter in the gastrointestinal tract of broilers. When used in concentrations low enough to not influence sensory characteristics, essential oils have also been proposed to decrease bacterial contamination of the poultry product during processing. This review explores the use of essential oils, particularly thymol, carvacrol, and cinnamaldehyde, and their role in reducing Campylobacter concentrations both pre- and post-harvest. This review also details the suggested mechanisms of action of essential oils on Campylobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Micciche
- Center of Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Michael J. Rothrock
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Yichao Yang
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Center of Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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Jyoti, Dheer D, Singh D, Kumar G, Karnatak M, Chandra S, Prakash Verma V, Shankar R. Thymol Chemistry: A Medicinal Toolbox. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573407214666180503120222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: Thymol is a natural phenolic monoterpenoid widely used in pharmaceutical and
food preservative applications. Thymol isomeric with carvacrol, extracted primarily from Thymus species
(Trachyspermum ammi) and other plants sources such as Baccharisgrise bachii and Centipeda minima,
has ethnopharmacological characteristics.
<p></p>
Methods: This review was prepared by analyzing articles published on thymol moiety in last decade and
selected from Science Direct, Scopus, Pub Med, Web of Science and SciFinder. The selected articles are
classified and gives brief introduction about thymol and its isolation, illustrates its natural as well as
synthetic sources, and also therapeutic benefits of thymol worldwide
<p></p>
Results: Thymol has been covering different endeavors such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiinflammatory,
antibacterial, antifungal, antidiarrhoeal, anthelmintic, analgesic, digestive, abortifacient,
antihypertensive, spermicidal, depigmenting, antileishmanial, anticholinesterase, insecticidal and many
others. This phenolic compound is among the essential scaffolds for medicinal chemists to synthesize
more bio-active molecules by further derivatization of the thymol moiety.
<p></p>
Conclusion: Thymol is an interesting scaffold due to its different activities and derivatization of thymol
is proved to enhance its biological activities. However, more robust, randomised, controlled clinical
trials would be desirable with well-characterised thymol preparations to corroborate its beneficial effects
in diseased patients. Moreover, in view of the potential use of thymol and thymol-rich essential oils in
the treatment of human infections, comprehensive studies on chronic and acute toxicity and also teratogenicity
are to be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti
- Bio-organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Divya Dheer
- Bio-organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Davinder Singh
- Bio-organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Gulshan Kumar
- Bio-organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Manvika Karnatak
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali, Rajasthan 304022, India
| | - Suresh Chandra
- Genetics Resources & Agrotechnology Division, CSIR-IIIM, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Ved Prakash Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali, Rajasthan 304022, India
| | - Ravi Shankar
- Bio-organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
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11
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Wales AD, Vidal AB, Davies RH, Rodgers JD. Field Interventions Against Colonization of Broilers by Campylobacter. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 18:167-188. [PMID: 33337018 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Poultry accounts for a high proportion of human campylobacteriosis cases, and the problem of Campylobacter colonization of broiler flocks has proven to be intractable. Owing to their broad host range and genetic instability, Campylobacter organisms are ubiquitous and adaptable in the broiler farm environment, colonizing birds heavily and spreading rapidly after introduction into a flock. This review examines strategies to prevent or suppress such colonization, with a heavy emphasis on field investigations. Attempts to exclude Campylobacter via enhanced biosecurity and hygiene measures have met with mixed success. Reasons for this are becoming better understood as investigations focus on houses, ventilation, biosecurity practices, external operators, and compliance, among other factors. It is evident that piecemeal approaches are likely to fail. Complementary measures include feed and drinking water treatments applied in either preventive or suppressive modes using agents including organic acids and their derivatives, also litter treatments, probiotics, prebiotics, and alterations to diet. Some treatments aim to reduce the number of Campylobacter organisms entering abattoirs by suppressing intestinal colonization just before slaughter; these include acid water treatment or administration of bacteriophages or bacteriocins. Experimental vaccines historically have had little success, but some recent subunit vaccines show promise. Overall, there is wide variation in the control achieved, and consistency and harmonization of trials is needed to enable robust evaluation. There is also some potential to breed for resistance to Campylobacter. Good and consistent control of flock colonization by Campylobacter may require an as-yet undetermined combination of excellent biosecurity plus complementary measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Wales
- Dept. of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Univ. of Surrey, Vet School Main Building, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford, GU2 7AL, U.K
| | - Ana B Vidal
- Veterinary Medicines Directorate, Antimicrobial Resistance Policy and Surveillance Team, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3LS, U.K
| | - Robert H Davies
- Dept. of Bacteriology and Food Safety, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA - Weybridge), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, U.K
| | - John D Rodgers
- Dept. of Bacteriology and Food Safety, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, Surrey, U.K
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Sweeney T, Meredith H, Ryan M, Gath V, Thornton K, O'Doherty J. Effects of Ascophyllum nodosum supplementation on Campylobacter jejuni colonisation, performance and gut health following an experimental challenge in 10day old chicks. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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13
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Haghani A, Mehrbod P, Safi N, Aminuddin NA, Bahadoran A, Omar AR, Ideris A. In vitro and in vivo mechanism of immunomodulatory and antiviral activity of Edible Bird's Nest (EBN) against influenza A virus (IAV) infection. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 185:327-340. [PMID: 26976767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE For centuries, Edible Bird Nest (EBN) has been used in treatment of variety of respiratory diseases such as flu and cough as a Chinese natural medicine. AIM OF THE STUDY This natural remedy showed the potential to inhibit influenza A virus (IAV). However, little is known about the mechanism of this process and also the evaluation of this product in an animal model. Hence, the current study was designed to elucidate the antiviral and immunomodulatory effects of EBN against IAV strain A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1). MATERIALS AND METHODS First, influenza infected MDCK cells treated with EBNs from two locations of Malaysia (Teluk Intan and Gua Madai) that prepared with different enzymatic preparations were analyzed by RT-qPCR and ELISA for detection of viral and cytokines genes. The sialic acid composition of these EBNs was evaluated by H-NMR. Subsequently, after toxicity evaluation of EBN from Teluk Intan, antiviral and immunomodulatory effects of this natural product was evaluated in BALB/c mice by analysis of the viral NA gene and cytokine expressions in the first week of the infection. RESULTS EBN showed high neuraminidase inhibitory properties in both in vitro and in vivo, which was as effective as Oseltamivir phosphate. In addition, EBN decreased NS1 copy number (p<0.05) of the virus along with high immunomodulatory effects against IAV. Some of the immune changes during treatment of IAV with EBN included significant increase in IFNγ, TNFα, NFκB, IL2, some proinflammatory cytokines like IL1β, IL6, and cytokines with regulatory properties like IL10, IL27, IL12, CCL2 and IL4 depends on the stage of the infection. EBNs from two locations contained different composition of sialic acid and thymol derivatives, which gave them different antiviral properties. EBN from Gua Madai that contained more acetylated sialic acid (Neu2,4,7,8,9 Ac6) showed higher antiviral activity. CONCLUSION The findings of this study support the antiviral activity of EBN against influenza virus and validate the traditional usage of this natural remedy by elucidation of toxicity and the molecular mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Haghani
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Parvaneh Mehrbod
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Nikoo Safi
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Nur Ain Aminuddin
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Azadeh Bahadoran
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Abdul Rahman Omar
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Aini Ideris
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Ezzat Abd El-Hack M, Alagawany M, Ragab Farag M, Tiwari R, Karthik K, Dhama K, Zorriehzahra J, Adel M. Beneficial impacts of thymol essential oil on health and production of animals, fish and poultry: a review. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2016.1153002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mayada Ragab Farag
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Uttar PradeshPandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwa Vidyalaya Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura (Uttar Pradesh) India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly (Uttar Pradesh), India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly (Uttar Pradesh) India
| | - Jalil Zorriehzahra
- Aquatic Animal Health & Diseases Department, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization(AREEO),Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Milad Adel
- Aquatic Animal Health and Diseases Department, Caspian Sea Ecology Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, I.R. Iran
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Meunier M, Guyard-Nicodème M, Dory D, Chemaly M. Control strategies against Campylobacter
at the poultry production level: biosecurity measures, feed additives and vaccination. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:1139-73. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Meunier
- HQPAP - Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products; French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES); Ploufragan France
- GVB - Viral Genetics and Biosafety Unit; French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES); Ploufragan France
- UEB - European University of Brittany; Rennes France
| | - M. Guyard-Nicodème
- HQPAP - Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products; French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES); Ploufragan France
- UEB - European University of Brittany; Rennes France
| | - D. Dory
- GVB - Viral Genetics and Biosafety Unit; French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES); Ploufragan France
- UEB - European University of Brittany; Rennes France
| | - M. Chemaly
- HQPAP - Unit of Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pork Products; French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES); Ploufragan France
- UEB - European University of Brittany; Rennes France
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16
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Levent G, Harvey RB, Ciftcioglu G, Beier RC, Genovese KJ, He HL, Anderson RC, Nisbet DJ. In Vitro Effects of Thymol-β-D-Glucopyranoside on Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium and Escherichia coli K88. J Food Prot 2016; 79:299-303. [PMID: 26818992 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although thymol is bactericidal against many pathogens in vitro, its in vivo effectiveness against pathogens in the lower gastrointestinal tract is limited because of its rapid absorption in the proximal gut. Thymol-β-<small>D</small>-glucopyranoside (β-thymol), a conjugated form of thymol, can deliver thymol to the lower gastrointestinal tract and has shown antibacterial effects. In the present study, we examined the in vitro effects of β-thymol on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST) and Escherichia coli K88 (K88). We inoculated one-half strength Mueller-Hinton broth with 5.8 ± 0.09 log CFU/ml novobiocin- and naladixic acid-resistant (NN) ST (NVSL 95-1776) and 5.1 ± 0.09 log CFU ml(-1) NN-resistant K88, with or without porcine feces (0.1% [wt/vol]) (fecal incubations). The resultant bacterial suspensions were distributed under N2 to triplicate sets of tubes to achieve initial concentrations of 0, 3, 6, and 12 mM for ST treatments and 0, 3, 12, and 30 mM for K88 treatments. Samples were incubated at 39°C and then plated onto NN-containing brilliant green agar and NN-containing MacConkey agar; ST and K88 CFU concentrations were determined via 10-fold dilutions, and viable cell counts were performed at 0, 6, and 24 h. No differences in ST CFU counts were observed in β-thymol-treated tubes without the added porcine feces (i.e., pure culture) at 6 or 24 h. However, in tubes that contained fecal incubations, ST CFU counts were reduced (P < 0.05) from controls at 6 h in tubes treated with 6 and 12 mM β-thymol, whereas in tubes treated with 3, 6, and 12 mM β-thymol the CFU counts were reduced (P < 0.05) at 24 h. No differences were observed in K88 CFU counts in pure culture or in fecal incubations at 6 h, but K88 CFU counts were reduced (P < 0.05) in both pure and fecal incubations at 24 h. The results from this study demonstrate that β-thymol, in the presence of fecal suspensions, has anti-Salmonella and anti-E. coli effects, suggesting a role of β-glycoside-hydrolyzing microbes for the release of bactericidal thymol from β-thymol.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Levent
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, Texas 77845, USA; Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - R B Harvey
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, Texas 77845, USA.
| | - G Ciftcioglu
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - R C Beier
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
| | - K J Genovese
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
| | - H L He
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
| | - R C Anderson
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
| | - D J Nisbet
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
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Epps SV, Petrujkić BT, Sedej I, Krueger NA, Harvey RB, Beier RC, Stanton TB, Phillips TD, Anderson RC, Nisbet DJ. Comparison of anti-Campylobacter activity of free thymol and thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside in absence or presence of β-glycoside-hydrolysing gut bacteria. Food Chem 2015; 173:92-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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