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Ma Z, Li NA, Ning C, Liu Y, Guo Y, Ji C, Zhu X, Meng Q, Xia X, Zhang X, Cai X, Cai K, Jun Q. A Novel LysR Family Factor STM0859 is Associated with The Responses of Salmonella Typhimurium to Environmental Stress and Biofilm Formation. Pol J Microbiol 2022; 70:479-487. [PMID: 35003279 PMCID: PMC8702606 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2021-045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST) is an intracellularly parasitic bacterium. This zoonotic pathogen causes food poisoning and thus imposes a severe threat to food safety. Here, to understand the regulatory roles of the novel transcription factor STM0859 on the response of ST to environmental stress and biofilm formation, the STM0859 gene-deficient strain and the complementation strain ΔSTM0859/STM0859 were generated, respectively. Then, its capacity of responding to environmental stresses and biofilm (BF) formation ability under different stresses, including acid, alkali, high salt, cholate, and oxidative stresses was tested. We further analyzed the interaction between the STM0859 protein and the promoter of the acid stress response-related gene rcsB by performing an electrophoresis mobility shift assay (EMSA). The results showed that acid resistance and BF formation capacities of ST-ΔSTM0859 strain were significantly weaker, as compared with those of Salmonella Typhimurium SL1344 (ST-SL1344) wild strain (p < 0.01). Quantitative qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression levels of acid stress and BF formation-related genes, rcsB and rpoS, of ST-ΔSTM0859 strain were significantly reduced at the transcription levels, while the transcription levels of these genes were fully restored in complementation strain ST-ΔSTM0859/STM0859. The results of EMSA showed that STM0859 was capable of binding the promoter DNA fragments of the rcsB gene, suggesting that STM0859 can promote the transcription of the rcsB gene through interaction with its promoter, thereby exerting an indirectly regulatory role on the adaptive responses to acid stress and BF formation of ST. This study provided new insights into the regulatory mechanisms of the LysR family factors on the tolerances of ST under adverse environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmei Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - N A Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Chengcheng Ning
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yucheng Liu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Research, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, China
| | - Yun Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Chunhui Ji
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Xiaozhen Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Qingling Meng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Xingxing Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Research, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, China
| | - Xuepeng Cai
- State Key Lab of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kuojun Cai
- Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Urumqi, China
| | - Qiao Jun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
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Richardson K, Cosby D, Berrang M, Cox N, Clay S, Weller C, Holcombe N. Evaluation of the tris phosphate carbonate Salmonella pre-enrichment medium for poultry feed and feed ingredients. J APPL POULTRY RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Ricke SC, Dittoe DK, Richardson KE. Formic Acid as an Antimicrobial for Poultry Production: A Review. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:563. [PMID: 33088825 PMCID: PMC7494846 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic acids continue to receive considerable attention as feed additives for animal production. Most of the emphasis to date has focused on food safety aspects, particularly on lowering the incidence of foodborne pathogens in poultry and other livestock. Several organic acids are currently either being examined or are already being implemented in commercial settings. Among the several organic acids that have been studied extensively, is formic acid. Formic acid has been added to poultry diets as a means to limit Salmonella spp. and other foodborne pathogens both in the feed and potentially in the gastrointestinal tract once consumed. As more becomes known about the efficacy and impact formic acid has on both the host and foodborne pathogens, it is clear that the presence of formic acid can trigger certain pathways in Salmonella spp. This response may become more complex when formic acid enters the gastrointestinal tract and interacts not only with Salmonella spp. that has colonized the gastrointestinal tract but the indigenous microbial community as well. This review will cover current findings and prospects for further research on the poultry microbiome and feeds treated with formic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C. Ricke
- Department of Food Science, Center of Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Dana K. Dittoe
- Department of Food Science, Center of Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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Wang H, Huang M, Zeng X, Peng B, Xu X, Zhou G. Resistance Profiles of Salmonella Isolates Exposed to Stresses and the Expression of Small Non-coding RNAs. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:130. [PMID: 32180763 PMCID: PMC7059537 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella can resist various stresses and survive during food processing, storage, and distribution, resulting in potential health risks to consumers. Therefore, evaluation of bacterial survival profiles under various environmental stresses is necessary. In this study, the resistance profiles of five Salmonella isolates [serotypes with Agona, Infantis, Typhimurium, Enteritidis, and a standard strain (ATCC 13076, Enteritidis serotype)] to acidic, hyperosmotic, and oxidative stresses were examined, and the relative expressions of non-coding small RNAs were also evaluated, including CyaR, MicC, MicA, InvR, RybB, and DsrA, induced by specific stresses. The results indicated that although all tested strains displayed a certain resistance to stresses, there was great diversity in stress resistance among the strains. According to the reduction numbers of cells exposed to stress for 3 h, S. Enteritidis showed the highest resistance to acidic and hyperosmotic stresses, whereas ATCC 13076 showed the greatest resistance to oxidative stress, with less than 0.1 Log CFU/ml of cell reduction. Greater resistance of cells to acidic, hyperosmotic, and oxidative stresses was observed within 1 h, after 2 h, and from 1 to 2 h, respectively. The relative expression of sRNAs depended on the isolate for each stress; acidic exposure for the tested isolates induced high expression levels of DsrA, MicC, InvR, RybB, MicA, and CyaR. The sRNA RybB, associated with sigma E and outer membrane protein in bacteria, showed a fold change of greater than 7 in S. Enteritidis exposed to the tested stresses. CyaR and InvR involved in general stress responses and stress adaptation were also induced to show high expression levels of Salmonella exposed to hyperosmotic stress. Overall, these findings demonstrated that the behaviors of Salmonella under specific stresses varied according to strain and were likely not related to other profiles. The finding also provided insights into the survival of Salmonella subjected to short-term stresses and for controlling Salmonella in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huhu Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingyuan Huang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianming Zeng
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing Peng
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- College of Animal Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Xinglian Xu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guanghong Zhou
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Richardson KE, Cox NA, Cosby DE, Berrang ME, Holcombe NL, Weller CE. Impact of Enrichment Media on H2 S-Negative Salmonella Isolated From Xylose-Lysine-Tergitol 4 Agar. J APPL POULTRY RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfz093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Richardson KE, Cox NA, Cosby DE, Berrang ME, Holcombe NL, Weller CE. Dry and heat stress affects H 2S production of Salmonella on selective plating media. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2019; 54:313-316. [PMID: 30696340 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2019.1567200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The pH of Salmonella pre-enrichment media can become acidic (pH 4.0-5.0) when feeds/ingredients are incubated for 24 h. Salmonella in feed that have been stressed by heat and desiccation exhibit different pH tolerances than non-stressed cultures. Acidic conditions can result in cell injury/death and affect biochemical pathways. In this study, eight serotypes of Salmonella were grown in sterile meat and bone meal that was subjected to desiccation and heat stress. Cultures of non-stressed and stressed isolates were subsequently exposed to acidic pH from 4.0 to 7.0 in 0.5 pH increments (3 replicates/pH increment) in citrate buffer. At 6 and 24 h, serial dilutions were plated in duplicate on XLT-4 (xylose lysine tergitol-4) agar. Four serotypes showed an impaired ability to decarboxylate lysine on XLT-4. This inability to decarboxylate lysine was dependent on isolate, stress status, and incubation time. When the isolates' ability to decarboxylate lysine was examined using biochemical tests, cultures were found to be able to decarboxylate lysine with the exception of S. Infantis. This suggests that XLT-4 contains a biochemical stressor(s) which affects the rate of decarboxylation by these Salmonella. These results suggest that acidic conditions may influence the detection and confirmation of Salmonella in feed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nelson A Cox
- b U.S. National Poultry Research Center , USDA, ARS , Athens , Georgia , USA
| | - Doug E Cosby
- b U.S. National Poultry Research Center , USDA, ARS , Athens , Georgia , USA
| | - Mark E Berrang
- b U.S. National Poultry Research Center , USDA, ARS , Athens , Georgia , USA
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Thompson CP, Doak AN, Amirani N, Schroeder EA, Wright J, Kariyawasam S, Lamendella R, Shariat NW. High-Resolution Identification of Multiple Salmonella Serovars in a Single Sample by Using CRISPR-SeroSeq. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e01859-18. [PMID: 30170999 PMCID: PMC6193385 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01859-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is represented by >2,600 serovars that can differ in routes of transmission, host colonization, and in resistance to antimicrobials. S. enterica is the leading bacterial cause of foodborne illness in the United States, with well-established detection methodology. Current surveillance protocols rely on the characterization of a few colonies to represent an entire sample; thus, minority serovars remain undetected. Salmonella contains two CRISPR loci, CRISPR1 and CRISPR2, and the spacer contents of these can be considered serovar specific. We exploited this property to develop an amplicon-based and multiplexed sequencing approach, CRISPR-SeroSeq (serotyping by sequencing of the CRISPR loci), to identify multiple serovars present in a single sample. Using mixed genomic DNA from two Salmonella serovars, we were able to confidently detect a serovar that constituted 0.01% of the sample. Poultry is a major reservoir of Salmonella spp., including serovars that are frequently associated with human illness, as well as those that are not. Numerous studies have examined the prevalence and diversity of Salmonella spp. in poultry, though these studies were limited to culture-based approaches and therefore only identified abundant serovars. CRISPR-SeroSeq was used to investigate samples from broiler houses and a processing facility. Ninety-one percent of samples harbored multiple serovars, and there was one sample in which four different serovars were detected. In another sample, reads for the minority serovar comprised 0.003% of the total number of Salmonella spacer reads. The most abundant serovars identified were Salmonella enterica serovars Montevideo, Kentucky, Enteritidis, and Typhimurium. CRISPR-SeroSeq also differentiated between multiple strains of some serovars. This high resolution of serovar populations has the potential to be utilized as a powerful tool in the surveillance of Salmonella species.IMPORTANCESalmonella enterica is the leading bacterial cause of foodborne illness in the United States and is represented by over 2,600 distinct serovars. Some of these serovars are pathogenic in humans, while others are not. Current surveillance for this pathogen is limited by the detection of only the most abundant serovars, due to the culture-based approaches that are used. Thus, pathogenic serovars that are present in a minority remain undetected. By exploiting serovar-specific differences in the CRISPR arrays of Salmonella spp., we have developed a high-throughput sequencing tool to be able to identify multiple serovars in a single sample and tested this in multiple poultry samples. This novel approach allows differences in the dynamics of individual Salmonella serovars to be measured and can have a significant impact on understanding the ecology of this pathogen with respect to zoonotic risk and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron P Thompson
- Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexandra N Doak
- Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Naufa Amirani
- Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Erin A Schroeder
- Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Justin Wright
- Wright Labs, Juniata Center for Entrepreneurial Leadership, Huntingdon, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Subhashinie Kariyawasam
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Regina Lamendella
- Wright Labs, Juniata Center for Entrepreneurial Leadership, Huntingdon, Pennsylvania, USA
- Biology Department, Juniata College, Huntingdon, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nikki W Shariat
- Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, USA
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