In vivo mutagenic effects and oxidative stress parameters evaluation of cypermethrin and benzoate of emamectin and their mixtures in female mice

Bio-fabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles from Picea smithiana and their potential antimicrobial activities against Xanthomonas campestris pv. Vesicatoria and Ralstonia solanacearum causing bacterial leaf spot and bacterial wilt in tomato

Due to an inevitable disadvantage of chemical or physical synthesis routes, biosynthesis approach to nanoparticles, especially metallic oxide is attractive nowadays. Metallic oxides nanoparticles present a new approach to the control of plant pathogens. ZnO nanoparticles (ZNPs) have very important role in phytopathology. In current study, biosynthesized ZNPs were tested against two devastating bacterial pathogens including Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria and Ralstonia solanacearum causing bacterial leaf spot and bacterial wilt in tomato. ZNPs were produced using a new extract from the plant Picea smithiana using an environmentally friendly, cost-effective and simple procedure. Zinc acetate was added to P. smithiana extract, stirred and heated to 200 °C. The white precipitation at the bottom were clear indication of synthesis of nanoparticles, which were further dried by subjecting them at 450 °C. X-ray diffraction pattern determined that the ZNPs had a crystallite size of about 26 nm, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated a peak between 450 and 550 cm^-1 and the particle size estimated by dynamic light scattering was about 25 nm on average. Scanning electron microscopic analysis indicated that the particles were hexagonal in shape 31 nm in diameter. Antibacterial tests showed ZNPs synthesized by P. smithiana resulted in clear inhibition zones of 20.1 ± 1.5 and 18.9 ± 1.5 mm and 44.74 and 45.63% reduction in disease severity and 78.40 and 80.91% reduction in disease incidence in X. compestris pv. vesicatoria and R. solanacearum respectively at concentration of 100 µg/ml. Our findings reveal that the concentration of ZNPs was important for their efficient antibacterial activity. Overall, the biosynthesized ZNPs have been found to have effective antimicrobial activities against bacterial wilt and bacterial leaf spot in tomato.

The protective effects of baicalin and chrysin against emamectin benzoate-induced toxicity in Wistar albino rats

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of baicalin, chrysin and their combinations against emamectin benzoate-induced toxicity in rats. For this purpose, sixty four rats were divided into evenly 8 groups with 6-8-week-old male Wistar albino rats, weighing 180-250 g, in each group. While the first group was kept as a control (corn oil), the remaining 7 groups were administered with emamectin benzoate (10 mg/kg bw), baicalin (50 mg/kg bw) and chrysin (50 mg/kg bw) alone or together for 28 days. Oxidative stress parameters, serum biochemical parameters and blood/tissue (liver, kidney, brain, testis and heart) and tissue histopathology were investigated. Compared to the control group, the emamectin benzoate-intoxicated rats had significantly higher tissue/plasma concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as lower tissue glutathione (GSH) concentrations and antioxidant enzyme activity (glutathione peroxidase/GSH-Px, glutathione reductase/GR, glutathione-S-transferase/GST, superoxide dismutase/SOD, catalase/CAT). Biochemical analysis showed that emamectin benzoate administration significantly increased serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities, as well as triglyceride, cholesterol, creatinine, uric acid and urea levels, and decreased serum total protein and albumin levels. The histopathological examination of the liver, kidney, brain, heart and testis tissues of the emamectin benzoate-intoxicated rats demonstrated necrotic changes. Baicalin and/or chrysin reversed the biochemical and histopathological alterations induced by emamectin benzoate on these tested organs. Therefore, baicalin and chrysin (alone or in combination) could offer protection against emamectin benzoate-induced toxicity.